蔣 婭 綜述,李 波 審校
急性肺栓塞(acute pulmonary embolism,APE)是一種潛在的致命性疾病,右心功能不全(right ventricular dysfunction,RVD)是APE患者危險分層的重要指標,也是住院期間臨床死亡的預測因素[1]。RVD是APE常見的嚴重并發(fā)癥,栓子阻塞肺動脈引起血管機械因素、神經(jīng)反射及體液調節(jié)等因素發(fā)生變化,輕者不會引起顯著改變,重者可出現(xiàn)肺循環(huán)阻力增加,右心負荷增大,室壁張力增高,引起右心衰竭。研究顯示RVD與APE患者的預后密切相關[2]。早期識別這類患者有助于臨床決策的快速實施,合并RVD的患者可從溶栓療法、外科取栓術中獲益[1]。近年來,心肌損傷標志物、超聲心動圖、CT肺血管成像等作為評估心室大小及心臟功能的重要檢查手段已廣泛開展[3-4]。本文主要探討APE患者右心功能相關指標的臨床變化及臨界診斷值。
超聲心動圖對評價心功能有獨特的優(yōu)勢,可測量心房及心室的形態(tài)、運動幅度、大小,室間隔的厚度以及測定肺動脈內徑和肺動脈壓,同時能測定三尖瓣返流情況、右心室射血分數(shù)等心功能指數(shù),可在檢出肺栓塞的同時觀察到患者右心功能異常[5]。是目前評估急性肺栓塞患者合并RVD的主要診斷手段,Becattini等[6]認為符合以下標準至少一項以上可診斷為RVD:①右心室運動功能減退(右心室的收縮不對稱或延遲);②室間隔反常運動或右心室擴大(四腔心切面右室舒張末期內徑>30 mm或右室/左室舒張末期內徑>1);③肺動脈高壓:肺動脈收縮壓>40 mmHg。Jaff等[7]認為超聲心動圖評價RVD的指南不夠準確。目前RVD的各種診斷標準如下。定性評估:①右心室游離壁運動減弱[6,8];②室間隔反常運動[6];③McConnell征[6,8]。定量評估:①右心室擴大[6-9]:舒張末期右室/左室橫向間隔直徑 > 0.9[7]、胸骨旁觀右室舒張末期直徑 >30 mm[6,9];②肺動脈高壓[6,9]:三尖瓣返流[6,9]、肺動脈收縮壓 > 30 mmHg[6,9]。Cho 等[10]以超聲診斷標準將3283名血流動力學穩(wěn)定的APE患者分為RVD和非RVD組,RVD組患者短期死亡率增加2.29倍,其中住院期間死亡率增加2.60倍,30 d死亡率增加1.98倍。研究表明通過超聲心動圖評價的RVD的患者屬于臨床高危人群,其住院期間并發(fā)癥和遠期死亡率增加。
APE的嚴重程度與心電圖改變呈正相關,急性肺栓塞的患者常常合并胸前導聯(lián)T波倒置。研究表明,前壁導聯(lián)T波倒置(NTW)是APE患者合并RVD的最常見的心電圖表現(xiàn)[11]。NTW出現(xiàn)可能與急性肺源性心臟病的進展有關,肺動脈主干或分支阻塞,肺血管床容量減少,肺內血液循環(huán)阻力增加,進而引起肺動脈高壓,急性右室負荷增加,右心室急劇擴張,導致右室功能不全,右室排血量減少,此外右室擴張會引起室間隔左移,左心室舒張期充盈不足,左室心搏量下降,主動脈與右心室之間壓力差變小,冠狀動脈灌注不足,而且肺栓塞發(fā)生時,各種化學介質、如兒茶酚胺,組胺的釋放引起冠狀動脈收縮,共同引起心肌缺血,心肌復極順序發(fā)生改變,出現(xiàn) ST-T 改變[11-12]。Choi等[13]通過多因素回歸分析證實 NTW 與 RVD 相關(0R=22.8,P=0.007),相比其他心電圖特征和實驗室指標,胸前導聯(lián)T波倒置大于3個以上是RVD的重要預測因素,NTW的動態(tài)變化伴隨右心功能的變化,前壁導聯(lián)倒置T波的消失可以預測右心功能的恢復。Punukollu等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)V1~V3導聯(lián)T波倒置診斷RVD的特異性高,敏感性中等。Kukla等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)T波倒置個數(shù)是評估APE患者住院期間相關并發(fā)癥和死亡率的獨立預測因子。S1Q3T3可反映QRS初始向量向右上偏移,提示急性右心擴張,是APE患者的典型心電圖表現(xiàn),新發(fā)的右束支阻滯(RBBB)提示肺動脈主干栓塞,RBBB及S1Q3T3診斷RVD特異性高,敏感性低,其出現(xiàn)強烈提示APE患者合并右心功能不全,但排除診斷價值不高[16]。RBBB、S1Q3T3、V1 ~ V4導聯(lián)T波倒置與右心室負荷增加有關,這些心電圖表現(xiàn)增加了對RVD患者預后的評估價值[11]。
N端-前腦鈉肽(NT-proBNP)是由76個氨基酸殘基組成的N端肽片段。心室壁負荷增加是導致NT-proBNP血中含量升高的最強刺激因素,對于預測心力衰竭具有較高的靈敏度和特異度[17]。臨床上已廣泛應用于左心功能不全的評估以及慢性心衰患者預后的分析。近年來國外學者研究應用生物標志物對APE患者進行風險評估,在無其他導致BNP釋放的因素(左心衰竭,腎臟疾病等)影響下,NT-proBNP是右心功能不全的有效標志物。肌鈣蛋白T(cTnT)是心肌損傷標志物,具有高度特異性、敏感性,國內外學者發(fā)現(xiàn)肺栓塞并發(fā)RVD的患者cTnT顯著升高,可能與肺栓塞所致右室急劇擴張,心肌缺血壞死以及繼發(fā)冠狀動脈痙攣有關,近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)cTnT升高與APE疾病嚴重程度及預后明顯相關[18]。Choi等[19]通過受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析相關生物標志物在RVD中的診斷作用,其最佳臨界值標準如下,NT-proBNP 620 pg/mL,cTnT 0.016 ng/mL,肌鈣蛋白 I(cTnI)0.055 ng/mL,這些重要血清學指標診斷RVD敏感性高,特異性中等,多因素回歸分析提示NT-proBNP>620 pg/mL,cTnT>0.016 ng/mL是預測RVD的獨立生化因子,也是住院期間APE患者死亡率的有效預測因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)cTnT、cTnI的水平能反應RVD的嚴重程度及APE疾病的嚴重性[2]。cTnT和NT-proBNP升高提示心肌損害、右心功能不全嚴重,臨床中可伴隨血流動力學不穩(wěn)定,意識障礙等嚴重表現(xiàn),NT-proBNP預測APE患者30 d全因死亡率的最佳臨界值為4740 pg/mL,此標志物的檢測對于短期預后的評估尤其重要[20]。多因素回歸分析提示 NT-proBNP >300 pg/mL,cTnT >0.027 ng/mL是預測患者全因死亡率的最佳指標組合。Logeart等[21]認為cTnI升高與重度RVD相關,cTnI>0.1 μg/L可預測嚴重右心功能不全,陽性預測值為85%。心肌特異性標記物是心肌損傷的可靠證據(jù),cTnI升高會增加血流動力學惡化的風險,APE合并cTnI顯著升高的患者住院期間死亡率增加,臨床嚴重并發(fā)癥較多,更加需要溶栓治療[22-23]。D-二聚體是可疑性 APE的診斷指標,Rydman等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn) D-二聚體 >3 mg/L 可識別次大面積肺栓塞合并RVD的患者,有助于風險評估。Jeebun等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)升高的D-二聚體水平與血栓負荷過重、血栓位置靠近中心動脈密切相關。
CT肺動脈造影(CTPA)掃描時間分辨力和空間分辨力的提高,使得通過CT評價肺栓塞合并右心功能不全成為可能,近年來有大量CT診斷RVD相關征象的報道,He等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)CT提示的右心室增大和室間隔左移可作為區(qū)分RVD的主要征象,當采用CT血栓負擔評分系統(tǒng)對肺血管阻塞程度進行分級時,RVD組的平均血栓負擔分值更高。CT肺動脈栓塞指數(shù)(PAOI)評分可以定量分析肺動脈樹的阻塞程度,并對右心功能進行評價,結合心血管結構的測量,可預測致命事件,有助于風險評估,幫助臨床醫(yī)生選擇最佳治療手段[27]。CT肺動脈阻塞指數(shù)率(PACTOIR)不僅提供了血栓存在的客觀證據(jù),還可以估測血栓的重量,診斷RVD的臨界值為PACTOIR >37.5%[28]。目前較為普遍采用的評分為Mastora和 Qanadli評分方法,Apfaltrer等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)合并RVD組的肺動脈栓塞評分,雙側心室直徑比和容積比明顯高于無RVD組,Qanadli評分和Mastora評分還可以篩選出重度RVD患者,研究人員通過受試者工作特征曲線診斷合并RVD的患者,其中當軸向切面右室與左室內徑比值(RV/LVaxial)>1.18,重建四腔心切面右室與左室內徑比值(RV/LV4ch)>1.29,三維右室容積與左室容積(RVV/LVV)>1.39,Qanadli評分 >20,Mastora評分 >46 可以認為APE患者合并有右心功能不全。Aribas等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)軸向切面心室內徑比值診斷RVD的價值優(yōu)于肺動脈阻塞評分,多因素回歸分析示RV/LVaxial比值和肺動脈內徑是 RVD的獨立預測因子[31-33]。Kang等[34]用CT相關的右心功能參數(shù)評價APE患者的預后。室間隔位置異常,下腔靜脈對比返流,RVD/LVD4-CH >1.0,以及 RVV/LVV >1.2是患者臨床預后不佳的獨立預測因子,其中重建四腔心切面心室直徑比和三維心室容積比是30 d死亡的預測因素[32]。Trujillo-Santos 等[35]對來自 10 個研究機構的1188例患者進行系統(tǒng)評價與薈萃分析,CT相關右心功能參數(shù)與APE患者死亡率、住院期間并發(fā)癥密切相關。CT對右心功能不全的評價尚無統(tǒng)一標準,其診斷價值需要進行大量病例的分析。
臨床上將右心功能不全列為急性肺栓塞風險分層的主要指標[36],及時識別這類高危患者對于制訂合理的治療方案、改善近遠期預后尤為重要。評估右心功能不全的任何一種檢查手段都不是獨立的,對各項指標進行綜合分析,有利于提高對RVD的診斷準確率。
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