□邱世才
“It’s...to...”不定式句型作主語(yǔ)“面面觀”
□邱世才
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)是不定式的重要用法之一。其實(shí),不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),可以直接放在主語(yǔ)位置上,但更為常見(jiàn)的是用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ),而將真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式)置于句末,構(gòu)成It’s...to...的常見(jiàn)句型。這不,歸納梳理出來(lái)好的句子早已排列好,等待你的“檢閱”。
【句型1】To do...is....
展示:To speak a foreign language well is difficult.說(shuō)好一門外語(yǔ)是困難的。
To give is better than to receive.給予比接受好。
鏈接:在英語(yǔ)中,不定式作主語(yǔ)是常見(jiàn)的句型。不定式作主語(yǔ)通常位于句首。
動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。有時(shí)為了保持句子的平衡,常用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首,將真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式)置于句末。
【句型2】It is+名詞(形容詞)+to do sth.
展示:It’s my duty to help you.幫助你是我的職責(zé)。
It is necessary to remember enough words.記住足夠多的單詞是有必要的。
鏈接:由于不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)位于句首,使句子顯得頭重腳輕,故常用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ),代替動(dòng)詞不定式,而將作主語(yǔ)的不定式放在后面。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多體現(xiàn)在不定式作主語(yǔ),而謂語(yǔ)部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)。It is+形容詞+to do sth.,表示“做某事……”,此類句型可改為“To do sth.is+adj.”結(jié)構(gòu)。請(qǐng)比較句型間的互換:
It’s better to give than to receive./To give is better than to re?ceive.給予比接受好。
It will be impossible to beat him./To beat him will be impossible.要打敗他將是不可能的。
【句型3】It is+形容詞+of sb.(for sb.)+to do sth.
展示:It’s nice of you to help me with my English.你能幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ),真好。
It’s very dangerous for the children to cross the busy street.對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)穿過(guò)繁忙的街道是很危險(xiǎn)的。
鏈接:當(dāng)句中的形容詞是一些能表示某人的性格特征的形容詞,描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)時(shí),如:good,kind,nice,right,wrong,foolish, polite等,用of sb.,如果說(shuō)形容詞僅僅是描述事物,不是對(duì)不定式行為者的品格進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),如difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous,possible,im?possible,用for sb.,引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。在of sb.結(jié)構(gòu)中,可用sb直接作句子的主語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換“It’s+形容詞+of sb.+to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
It’s foolish of him to go alone./He was foolish to go alone.他單獨(dú)出去太蠢了。
然而,“It is+形容詞+...for sb.+do sth”結(jié)構(gòu)則不能轉(zhuǎn)換成用sb.直接作句子的主語(yǔ)來(lái)改寫(xiě)。
【句型4】It takes/took/will take sb.some(money)+to do sth.
展示:It will take us a long time to walk there.步行去那里要花費(fèi)我們很能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
鏈接:It takes/took/will take sb.+time/money+to do sth.意為“花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事”,此句型可轉(zhuǎn)換為:Sb.spends/spent/will spend+ time/money(in)doing/on sth.如:
It took me a week to finish reading the book./I spent a week in reading the book.
【句型5】疑問(wèn)詞(how,what,when,where,which)+to do sth...
展示:How to use the computer is the question.如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
鏈接:動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)詞how,where,when等連用構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),可用作主語(yǔ)?!耙蓡?wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問(wèn)詞,包括了疑問(wèn)代詞who,what,which以及疑問(wèn)副詞when,where,how等,這些疑問(wèn)詞和不定式一起構(gòu)成了不定式短語(yǔ)。在句子中,這些不定式短語(yǔ),除了可用作主語(yǔ)外,還可用作表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、作介詞賓語(yǔ))、賓補(bǔ)等成分。
“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)和賓語(yǔ)從句是兩個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。它們看似獨(dú)立、毫無(wú)聯(lián)系,實(shí)際上,帶疑問(wèn)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式還真能與賓語(yǔ)從句相互“嫁接”。在句型轉(zhuǎn)換中,“嫁接”是有條件的。如:
(1)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)是同一類人或物,且主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是decide,hope,wish,agree,choose,promise等時(shí),可以將賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)刪去,將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為“to+動(dòng)詞原形”(有助動(dòng)詞的,將助動(dòng)詞一并去掉),最后變成“疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
They can’t decide when they should leave school./They can’t de?cide when to leave school.
We hope that we shall see you soon./We hope to see you soon.
(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask,show,tell,teach時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),而且引導(dǎo)該從句的從屬連詞是which,what,how,where等,賓語(yǔ)從句可與“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
Please tell me where I can find him./Please tell me where to find him.
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?/Could you tell me how to get to the post office?
(3)當(dāng)主句由know,remember,forget,learn等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句可與“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)相“嫁接”。此時(shí),主、從句的主語(yǔ)須一致。如:
I really don’t know what I should do next./I really don’t know what to do next.
They forgot what they should do next./They forgot what to do next.【同步訓(xùn)練】同義句型轉(zhuǎn)換,每空填寫(xiě)一詞。
1.It’s kind of you give me the dictionary.
Yougive me the dictionary.
2.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
________ ________ ________talk like that made us very angry.
3.To finish the work in two hours is impossible.
________ ________ ________finish the work in two hours.
參考答案:1.are kind to2.To hear him3.It’s impossible to