蘇 娜,羅 敏,徐
(四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院藥劑科,四川 成都 610041)
醫(yī)生-護士-藥師協(xié)作干預(yù)心血管疾病療效的系統(tǒng)評價β
蘇 娜,羅 敏,徐
(四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院藥劑科,四川 成都 610041)
目的系統(tǒng)評價醫(yī)生 -護士-藥師協(xié)作干預(yù)心血管疾病患者治療效果。方法計算機檢索 MEDLINE,EMbase,CENTRAL,WanFang,CNKI,VIP數(shù)據(jù)庫,查找醫(yī)生-護士-藥師協(xié)作干預(yù)心血管疾病患者的隨機對照試驗(RCT),檢索時限截至2015年3月。采用RevMan 5.3.0軟件進行Meta分析。結(jié)果最終納入12個RCT。協(xié)作組較常規(guī)組顯著降低患者收縮壓和舒張壓[RR=-0.41,95% CI(-0.68,-0.14),P=0.003]和[RR=-0.10,95%CI(-0.14,-0.06),P<0.000 01];協(xié)作組較常規(guī)組顯著降低患者的總膽固醇[RR=-0.44,95%CI(-0.72,-0.16),P=0.002]。兩組患者的病死率和住院率,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論醫(yī)生-護士-藥師協(xié)作對于心血管疾病患者的血壓和血脂控制有效,但遠期療效有待更多高質(zhì)量、大樣本、長期隨訪的RCT加以驗證。
醫(yī)生;護士;藥師;協(xié)作;系統(tǒng)評價。
全世界超過1/3的25歲以上成年人受到高血壓的影響,每年高血壓導(dǎo)致900多萬人死亡,其中半數(shù)死于心臟病和中風(fēng)[1]。預(yù)計到2030年,有2 330萬人將死于心血管疾病[2-3]。2007年,我國首次引進多學(xué)科協(xié)作模式(multi-discipinary team,MDT)[4],這是一種國際新型的團隊合作醫(yī)療模式。通過歐美的多年實踐[5],認(rèn)為其是一種系統(tǒng)化、模式化的臨床醫(yī)療方式。我國傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)療模式是醫(yī)生與護士合作,對患者進行治療干預(yù)。但隨著我國臨床藥學(xué)的發(fā)展,臨床藥師越來越多地參與聯(lián)合診療,提供用藥咨詢服務(wù),促進合理用藥。國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)開展了一些關(guān)于藥師參與醫(yī)療團隊的治療效果研究,但研究結(jié)論不一致。有研究認(rèn)為,有藥師參與的聯(lián)合診療能改善患者的預(yù)后,提高藥物療效[6-7]。但是也有一些研究[8-9]認(rèn)為,藥師在臨床醫(yī)療團隊中所起作用很小,甚至對患者的結(jié)局指標(biāo)起消極作用。本研究中擬通過循證醫(yī)學(xué)方法,評價國內(nèi)外醫(yī)生-護士-藥師(physicians-nurses-pharmacists,PNP)協(xié)作干預(yù)心血管疾病療效研究的文獻。
1.1 文獻的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):隨機對照試驗(RCT);心血管疾病包括高血壓、高血脂、心臟病等;PNP協(xié)作干預(yù)對比常規(guī)干預(yù)措施(藥師未與醫(yī)生和護士相互協(xié)作);結(jié)局指標(biāo)為血壓、血脂、死亡率、住院率。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):非RCT;非PNP協(xié)作干預(yù);重復(fù)報道;報道信息量太少以至于無法利用;會議。
1.2 檢索策略、資料提取與方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評價
以“physicians”“nurses”“pharmacists”“collaboration”“醫(yī)生”“護士”“藥師”“合作”為檢索詞,檢索Cochrane圖書館(2015年第1期),MEDLINE(Ovid SP,1946~),Embase(1974~),CNKI(1978~),VIP(1989~),WanFang(1986~),檢索時限均截至2015年3月;手工檢索其他相關(guān)雜志。此外,追溯已納入文獻和相關(guān)綜述的參考文獻。文獻檢索結(jié)果以數(shù)據(jù)庫形式保存,采用量表方式提取文獻基本信息。由2名研究者根據(jù)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨立篩選文獻、提取資料并評價質(zhì)量,然后交叉核對,必要時致電原文作者以確定試驗具體實施過程,如遇發(fā)生分歧討論解決或交由第3名研究者協(xié)助裁定。按照Cochrane偏倚風(fēng)險評估工具(5.1.0)對納入研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量進行評價[10]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計分析
采用由Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.3軟件進行Meta分析。分類變量采用相對危險度(RR)為療效分析統(tǒng)計量,各效應(yīng)量均以95%CI表示,并繪制森林圖,以α=0.05為檢驗水準(zhǔn)[11]。首先,采用 χ2檢驗對納入研究進行異質(zhì)性檢驗(臨床異質(zhì)性和方法學(xué)異質(zhì)性),同時根據(jù) I2判斷異質(zhì)性的大小,I2≤25%為低度異質(zhì)性,25%<I2<50%為中度異質(zhì)性,I2≥50%則為高度異質(zhì)性[12]。若各納入研究結(jié)果同質(zhì)性好(P>0.1,I2<50%),則采用固定效應(yīng)模型進行 Meta分析,反之則采用隨機效應(yīng)模型進行Meta分析。根據(jù)異質(zhì)性產(chǎn)生原因?qū)Ω餮芯窟M行亞組分析。必要時,行敏感性分析。對于無法合并的指標(biāo)行描述性分析。
2.1 文獻檢索結(jié)果及納入文獻特征
文獻篩選初檢出3 093篇英文文獻和30篇中文文獻,經(jīng)逐層篩選,最終納入12個RCT[13-24],均為英文文獻,見表1。共納入心血管疾病患者8 930例,包括高血壓,高血脂和心力衰竭。文獻描述性分析結(jié)果見表2。
表1 納入研究的基本信息
表2 納入文獻的描述性特征
2.2 納入研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評價
12個 RCT中,有 9個 RCT[13-20,22]應(yīng)用隨機數(shù)字法表進行隨機分配,判定為“低偏倚”;其他研究均在文中提及“隨機”而未進行詳細描述,判定為“不清楚”。2個RCT[20,22]提及“雙盲”,判定為“低偏倚”。只有 7個 RCT[13-16,19-20,22]提及盲數(shù)據(jù)分析者,判定為“低偏倚”。5個 RCT[13-15,19-20]提及分配隱匿的方法,判定為“低偏倚”。2個 RCT[13-14]提及“不完整數(shù)據(jù)”。6個 RCT[13-14,16-19]選擇性報道是“低偏倚”,2個RCT[14,19]無“其他偏倚”。
2.3 有效性評價
SBP:有 9個 RCT[13,15,17-23]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組SBP降低優(yōu)于常規(guī)組[RR=-0.41,95%CI(-0.68,-0.14),P=0.003],見圖1。
DBP:有 9個 RCT[13,15,17-23]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組DBP降低優(yōu)于常規(guī)組[RR=-0.10,95%CI(-0.14,-0.06),P<0.000 01],見圖2。
TC:有2個RCT[13,15]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組TC降低優(yōu)于常規(guī)組[RR=-0.44,95%CI(-0.72,-0.16),P=0.002],見圖3。
LDL-C:有2個RCT[13-14]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組LCL-C低雖優(yōu)于常規(guī)組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[RR=-2.04,95%CI(-5.51,1.43),P=0.25],見圖4。
HDL-C:有 2個 RCT[13-14]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組HDL-C降低劣于常規(guī)組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[RR=0.20,95%CI(-0.05,0.45),P=0.12],見圖5。
TG:有2個 RCT[13-14]報道。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,協(xié)作組 TG降低雖優(yōu)于常規(guī)組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[RR=-0.92,95%CI(-2.75,0.90),P=0.32],見圖6。
死亡率和住院率:1個 RCT[24]納入心力衰竭患者,研究結(jié)果顯示協(xié)作組和常規(guī)組患者死亡率分別為22.08%(17/77)和18.18% (14/77),差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.67)。住院率分別為 54.55%(42/77)和 58.44%(45/77),差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.63)。
圖1 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者SBP變化的Meta分析
圖2 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者DBP變化的Meta分析
圖3 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者總TC變化的Meta分析
圖4 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者血漿LDL-C變化的Meta分析
圖5 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者血漿HDL-C變化的Meta分析
圖6 PNP協(xié)作組與常規(guī)組患者TG變化的Meta分析
國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會要求:三級甲等醫(yī)院配備臨床藥師,并參與多學(xué)科聯(lián)合診療,提供用藥咨詢服務(wù),促進合理用藥。臨床藥師除日常工作外,還要參與醫(yī)療團隊工作,包括為醫(yī)護患提供咨詢服務(wù)、審核處方、患者用藥教育、個體化給藥監(jiān)測、開展藥學(xué)查房、對重點患者實施藥學(xué)監(jiān)護和建立藥歷、參加病例討論、參加會診等。雖然國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)開展一些關(guān)于藥師參與醫(yī)療團隊后的治療效果研究,但PNP在協(xié)作診療中各自工作內(nèi)容不一致,故無參考價值。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,通過PNP協(xié)作組干預(yù)后,臨床療效的指標(biāo)包括血壓和膽固醇的控制均優(yōu)于常規(guī)組,且差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。雖然一項RCT[24]顯示協(xié)作組和常規(guī)組比較死亡率和住院率無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,但僅有1篇,可能存在發(fā)表偏倚??偨Y(jié)PNP協(xié)作組的工作內(nèi)容發(fā)現(xiàn),藥師干預(yù)工作主要包括對患者的教育、對患者的隨訪工作、用藥管理、反饋治療信息給衛(wèi)生保健者、評價危險因素和實驗室指標(biāo)、對其他衛(wèi)生保健者的教育等;醫(yī)生干預(yù)工作主要包括與患者討論治療方案、制訂用藥方案、接受藥師建議調(diào)整用藥方案、患者教育;護士干預(yù)工作主要包括基礎(chǔ)護理工作和記錄患者用藥史、測量并記錄患者血脂和血壓、患者教育、記錄患者藥品不良反應(yīng)。
綜上所述,通過PNP協(xié)作組干預(yù)后,患者的主要臨床指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于常規(guī)組。藥師在醫(yī)生-護士團隊中發(fā)揮了顯著的作用。但由于本研究檢索策略的局限性,可能檢索到PNP協(xié)作的文獻不足,大多數(shù)研究結(jié)果均為陽性,不能排除發(fā)表偏倚的存在,期待高質(zhì)量的多中心隨機對照試驗進行驗證。
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Efficacy of Collaboration between Physicians-Nurses-Pharmacists for Cardiovascular Disease:A Systematic Review
Su Na,Luo Min,Xu Ting
(Department of Pharmacy,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan,China 610041)
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of collaboration between physicians,nurses and pharmacists for cardiovascular disease.M ethods Randomized Controlled Trails(RCTs)of collaboration between physicians,nurses and pharmacists for cardiovascular disease were retrieved from MEDLINE,EMbase,CENTRAL,CNKI,VIP and WanFang.The retrieved studies were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the quality of included studies were evaluated,then performed meta-analyses with The Cochrane Collaboration′s Revman 5.3.0 software.Results 12 RCTs of collaboration between physicians,nurses and pharmacists for cardiovascular disease were included.The results of meta-analyses showed that the change in systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol was significantly reduced in the collaboration group than in usual care group[RR=-0.41,95%CI(-0.68,-0.14),P=0.003], [RR=-0.10,95%CI(-0.14,-0.06),P<0.000 01],[RR=-0.44,95%CI(-0.72,-0.16),P=0.002].There was no statistically significant difference in the death rate and hospitalization rate between the collaboration group and usual care group.Conclusion Collaboration between physicians,nurses and pharmacists is effective for cardiovascular disease.But its long-term efficacy still needs to be confirmed by performing more high quality,large sample RCTs with long term follow-up.
physicians;nurses;pharmacists;collaboration;systematic review
R952
A
1006-4931(2015)19-0051-05
2015-05-13)
β四川省軟科學(xué)研究計劃項目,項目編號:2014ZR0088。