姚 麗
蘭州石化總醫(yī)院腎病科,甘肅省蘭州市 730060
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血透患者鈣磷代謝及甲狀旁腺激素水平與頸動(dòng)脈硬化的相關(guān)性分析
姚麗
蘭州石化總醫(yī)院腎病科,甘肅省蘭州市730060
維持性血液透析患者中約50%死于心血管疾病。動(dòng)脈血管硬化是造成尿毒癥患者心血管疾病高發(fā)的主要原因之一。頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜增厚并硬斑形成可以間接反映全身動(dòng)脈硬化的情況,是冠心病的預(yù)測因子之一。本文利用無創(chuàng)性超聲檢測頸動(dòng)脈,分析透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化情況及其與鈣磷代謝、甲狀旁腺激素水平的相關(guān)性。現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選擇2013年7月-2014年6月在我院血液凈化中心接受維持性血液透析的患者35例作為透析組,入組患者年齡均小于60歲且無吸煙史。年齡28~60歲,平均年齡(44±16)歲。透析時(shí)間12~96個(gè)月,平均透析時(shí)間(54±42)個(gè)月。透析模式采用低通量血液透析,透析方案為3次/周,4h/次。透析液采用碳酸氫鹽透析液,透析液鈣濃度1.5mmol/L。除外糖尿病腎病及高血壓腎病。另選取健康對(duì)照組20例,年齡33~60歲,平均年齡(46.5±13.5)歲,經(jīng)體檢排除高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、心腦血管疾病及慢性腎臟病,無吸煙史。
1.2方法
1.2.1頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測方法。由本院超聲科1名副主任醫(yī)師完成。采用多普勒超聲測定患者雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈(頸總動(dòng)脈、頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、頸外動(dòng)脈)內(nèi)-中膜厚度(CCA-IMT)。IMT>1.0mm判定為內(nèi)膜增厚。將IMT局限性增厚>1.2mm或≥鄰近部位IMT值的1.5倍定義為斑塊形成。
1.2.2生化指標(biāo)。透析前1d,均在空腹安靜狀態(tài)下,檢測鈣、磷、血iPTH水平,計(jì)算鈣磷乘積。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS15.0處理。計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示;組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson 相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測指標(biāo)的比較兩組比較,年齡沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。透析組患者頸動(dòng)脈IMT明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,差別具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。35例透析患者中18例合并斑塊形成,陽性率51.43%;20例健康對(duì)照組中檢出斑塊3例,陽性率15.00%。透析組斑塊陽性率明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,差別具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 兩組頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測指標(biāo)的比較±s)
2.2透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化陽性組與陰性組鈣、磷及iPTH水平比較根據(jù)頸動(dòng)脈最大IMT>1.0mm與否,將透析患者分為頸動(dòng)脈硬化陽性組(23例)與陰性組(12例)。兩組間血磷水平、鈣磷乘積、iPTH有顯著差異(P<0.05),而血鈣水平無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。見表2。
表2 透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化陽性組與陰性組鈣、
注:與陽性組比較,*P<0.05。
2.3頸動(dòng)脈硬化與危險(xiǎn)因素的相關(guān)性分析透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化與血磷水平、鈣磷乘積、iPTH水平呈正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為:血磷水平:0.21;鈣磷乘積:0.14;甲狀旁腺激素水平:0.17。首要因素是磷的代謝紊亂,其次是鈣磷乘積的升高和iPTH水平升高。高磷的影響更為顯著。
3討論
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是終末期腎病患者心腦血管疾病高發(fā)病率和高死亡率的主要原因[1],在維持性血液透析患者中非常普遍。本研究中合并有頸動(dòng)脈硬化的尿毒癥患者占研究對(duì)象的65.7%。目前認(rèn)為,導(dǎo)致透析患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的因素是多方面的,包括年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙等傳統(tǒng)因素以及鈣磷代謝紊亂、慢性炎癥狀態(tài)、脂質(zhì)代謝異常和透析持續(xù)時(shí)間等。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí):在除外高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙史等因素影響外,患者鈣磷乘積、iPTH、血磷水平均與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有關(guān),且呈正相關(guān)。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化包括兩部分:動(dòng)脈粥樣改變(形態(tài)學(xué)增厚)和動(dòng)脈硬化(結(jié)構(gòu)性僵硬)。CRF時(shí), PTH水平升高,鈣磷代謝異常,可使機(jī)體發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移性鈣化,尤其是血管壁的鈣化。過度鈣化是加重動(dòng)脈硬化、促進(jìn)心血管病發(fā)生發(fā)展的獨(dú)立確定因素[2]。
慢性CKD患者,隨著腎功能減退、GFR下降,高磷血癥發(fā)病率升高。高磷血癥不但可以引起繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn),還可導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)移性鈣化[3,4]和加速心血管死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素[5~7]。高磷通過誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化為成骨樣細(xì)胞和直接促進(jìn)細(xì)胞鈣沉積的增加參與血管鈣化的發(fā)生[8]。
繼發(fā)性甲旁亢是透析患者常見并發(fā)癥。PTH是調(diào)節(jié)血磷水平的重要激素之一[9,10]。透析患者SHPT 所致高轉(zhuǎn)化骨病則可促進(jìn)骨鈣、磷動(dòng)員,導(dǎo)致骨量減少,使血磷進(jìn)一步增加[11]。SHPT通過促進(jìn)高磷血癥而加速心血管鈣化形成。PTH對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)也有直接影響。臨床研究顯示,透析患者血PTH水平的增加是高冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化評(píng)分的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[12,13]。基礎(chǔ)研究表明,超生理劑量PTH使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)炎癥因子白介素-6 和終末糖基化產(chǎn)物的受體增加,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈斑塊形成和血管鈣化[14]。另外,PTH通過激活腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及皮質(zhì)醇的分泌,導(dǎo)致水鈉潴留、高血壓和血管內(nèi)皮損傷,間接導(dǎo)致血管鈣化[15]。
綜上,SHPT,高磷血癥與MHD患者動(dòng)脈硬化之間明確正相關(guān)。因此,通過降低PTH水平、調(diào)整鈣磷代謝、防治SHPT,可降低尿毒癥患者心血管事件的發(fā)生率。臨床應(yīng)用中,飲食、藥物,控制磷的攝入,充分透析,避免含鈣磷結(jié)合劑導(dǎo)致的繼發(fā)性高鈣血癥,活性維生素D的應(yīng)用,必要時(shí)手術(shù)治療糾正SHPT,可能延緩動(dòng)脈硬化的進(jìn)展速度,進(jìn)一步提高患者的生存率及生活質(zhì)量。
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(編輯紫蘇)
摘要目的:探討透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化情況與鈣磷代謝及甲狀旁腺激素水平的相關(guān)性。 方法:選擇35例維持性血液透析患者作為透析組及20例健康體檢者作為健康對(duì)照組,采用多普勒超聲測定雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)-中膜厚度,分析透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化情況;將透析患者分為頸動(dòng)脈硬化陽性組和陰性組,對(duì)兩組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,并對(duì)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行Logistic 回歸分析。結(jié)果:透析患者頸動(dòng)脈IMT及頸動(dòng)脈斑塊陽性率明顯高于健康人群 (P<0.05)。透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化陽性組血磷水平、鈣磷乘積及iPTH水平與陰性組比較有顯著差異(P<0.05),血鈣水平無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic 回歸分析表明,透析患者頸動(dòng)脈硬化與血磷水平、鈣磷乘積、iPTH水平呈正相關(guān),高磷的影響更為顯著。結(jié)論:維持性血液透析患者有較高的頸動(dòng)脈硬化發(fā)生率,其主要危險(xiǎn)因素為高磷血癥。
關(guān)鍵詞血液透析甲狀旁腺激素鈣磷代謝動(dòng)脈硬化
Correlation between the Level of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and Parathyroid Hormone and Atherosclerosis of Carotid Artery in Hemodialysis Patients
YAO Li.DepartmentofNephrology,GeneralHospitalofPetrochinaLanzhouPetrochemicalCompany,LanzhouCity,GansuProvince730060
ABSTRACTObjective:To study the relationship of the atherosclerosis of carotid artery with the level of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients.Methods:Select 35 patients with hemodialysis as dialysis group and 20 healthy persons as healthy control group in this study.The right and left carotid intima-media thickness was measured by doppler ultrasound detector.The hemodialysis patients were divided into carotid atherosclerosis positive and carotid atherosclerosis negative groups,compare two sets of data, analyse the risk factor by the Logistic regression.Results:The mean IMT and incidence of carotid artery plaque of the hemodialysis patients increased significantly compared to the control group(P<0.05).The Serum phosphorus level,calcium-phosphate product and iPTH showed obvious differences between the carotid atherosclerosis positive group and carotid atherosclerosis negative group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum calcium levels(P>0.05).The influence factors of carotid atherosclerosis included the serum phosphorus level,calcium-phosphate product and iPTH by the Logistic regression analysis.Conclusion:The hemodialysis patients have a higher incidence of carotid atherosclerosis than healthy subjects. Hyperphosphatemia maybe a main dangerous factor to accelerate the carotid atherosclerosis.
KEY WORDSHemodialysis,Parathyroid hormone,Calcium and phosphorus metabolism, Atherosclerosis
收稿日期2015-03-11
中圖分類號(hào):R58
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1001-7585(2015)14-1843-03