王翻艷,李承哲,陳曉鳴,周成理
中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲(chóng)研究所,國(guó)家林業(yè)局資源昆蟲(chóng)培育與利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,昆明 650224
大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)行為學(xué)特征
王翻艷,李承哲,陳曉鳴*,周成理
中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲(chóng)研究所,國(guó)家林業(yè)局資源昆蟲(chóng)培育與利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,昆明 650224
在網(wǎng)室內(nèi)跟蹤觀察了大帛斑蝶Idealeuconoe成蟲(chóng)的活動(dòng)規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:適于大帛斑蝶羽化的溫度為≥23 ℃,羽化主要集中在8:00—9:00,羽化當(dāng)天蝴蝶極少飛行。羽化第2天開(kāi)始飛行和覓食,飛行活動(dòng)最早于7:30便開(kāi)始有活動(dòng),最晚于18:40停止活動(dòng),陰天則會(huì)推遲開(kāi)始活動(dòng)時(shí)間,提前結(jié)束活動(dòng)時(shí)間。雌蝶日飛行有一個(gè)高峰期,在10:00—12:00時(shí)段內(nèi)最活躍,雄蝶則在10:00—12:00和14:00—16:00有2個(gè)活躍高峰期。羽化后至產(chǎn)卵前的8d中,大帛斑蝶雌蝶總的飛行次數(shù)、時(shí)間分別為146次和186.23 min,平均每天飛行次數(shù)為18次,飛行時(shí)間為23.28 min,單次平均飛行時(shí)間為1.28 min;雄蝶總的飛行次數(shù)、時(shí)間分別為131次和114.43 min,平均每天飛行次數(shù)16次,飛行時(shí)間為14.30min,單次平均飛行時(shí)間為0.87 min。飛行次數(shù)和飛行時(shí)間在雌雄蟲(chóng)間均無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05);而雌、雄蟲(chóng)每天飛行規(guī)律有顯著性差異(P<0.05);蝴蝶種群的飛行次數(shù)與飛行時(shí)間呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),飛行次數(shù)和單次飛行時(shí)間也呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01)。羽化后至產(chǎn)卵前大帛斑蝶雌蝶訪花53次,占飛行次數(shù)的36.30%;訪花時(shí)間258.87 min,超過(guò)飛行時(shí)間139.01%;平均每天訪花7次,占飛行次數(shù)的38.89%;訪花時(shí)間32.36 min,單次訪花時(shí)間4.88 min。雄蝶訪花40次,占飛行次數(shù)的30.53%;訪花時(shí)間344.41 min,超過(guò)飛行時(shí)間300.98%;平均每天訪花5次,占飛行次數(shù)的31.25%;訪花時(shí)間43.05 min,單次訪花時(shí)間8.61 min。訪花次數(shù)和訪花時(shí)間在雌雄蟲(chóng)間無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05),雌、雄蟲(chóng)的每天訪花規(guī)律有顯著差異(P<0.05)。蝴蝶種群的訪花次數(shù)與訪花時(shí)間呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01)。交配出現(xiàn)在羽化后的第6天,主要發(fā)生在12:00—16:00時(shí)段內(nèi),大部分蝴蝶交配持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng),雌雄蝶均可多次交配。雌蝶最早于交配完第2天產(chǎn)卵,卵散產(chǎn)于葉背,產(chǎn)卵可持續(xù)2—3個(gè)月。
大帛斑蝶;飛行;訪花;交配;產(chǎn)卵
大帛斑蝶(Idealeuconoe)隸屬于鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)斑蝶科(Danaidae)帛斑蝶屬(Idea)。別名:大白斑蝶、大胡麻斑蝶、大笨蝶、傻蝶、熊貓斑蝶。主要分布于臺(tái)灣,琉球、中南半島、馬來(lái)半島、菲律賓等地區(qū)也有分布[1]。其數(shù)量較多,且全年可見(jiàn)期長(zhǎng),體型較大,斑紋鮮明,飛行緩慢、優(yōu)雅,極具觀賞價(jià)值,是供給蝴蝶生態(tài)園的重要品種之一,亦是科普教育的好材料。對(duì)大帛斑蝶的研究,國(guó)內(nèi)只有生物學(xué)特性[1]和覓食過(guò)程中視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)的行為反應(yīng)研究[2],國(guó)外在信息素[3-4]、生物堿[5]、飛行動(dòng)力學(xué)[6]等方面研究較多,在大帛斑蝶行為學(xué)研究方面,日本學(xué)者結(jié)合環(huán)境因子對(duì)大帛斑蝶的訪花[7]、飛行、睡眠[8]行為和日活動(dòng)節(jié)律[9]等進(jìn)行研究,然而,還未見(jiàn)到對(duì)大帛斑蝶進(jìn)行全面系統(tǒng)的行為學(xué)研究報(bào)道。
活動(dòng)節(jié)律和活動(dòng)時(shí)間分配是動(dòng)物行為學(xué)研究的兩個(gè)重要方面[10],動(dòng)物根據(jù)自己的需要和能量與代謝之間的權(quán)衡把時(shí)間分配到各種活動(dòng)中去,從而形成了某一種類(lèi)在某個(gè)生境中特殊的活動(dòng)節(jié)律和活動(dòng)時(shí)間的分配方式[11]。本研究將對(duì)大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)的羽化、飛行、訪花、求偶、交配和產(chǎn)卵行為進(jìn)行觀察研究,摸清其日活動(dòng)規(guī)律、逐日活動(dòng)規(guī)律,進(jìn)而根據(jù)其活動(dòng)特點(diǎn)將成蟲(chóng)期分為不同發(fā)育階段。旨在為蝴蝶旅游景觀營(yíng)造、提高大帛斑蝶人工繁育效率提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)
實(shí)驗(yàn)在云南省元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治縣中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲(chóng)研究所元江試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行(102°00′46"E,23°36′11"N,海拔400m),年平均氣溫21 ℃,年平均降水量770mm,屬于干熱氣候類(lèi)型。實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)、寬和高為8 m×8 m×5 m的網(wǎng)室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。
1.2 材料
供試蝴蝶:大帛斑蝶Idealeuconoe。
蜜源及寄主植物:馬利筋A(yù)sclepiascurassavica與爬森藤Parsonsialaevigata。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方法
(1)羽化
在網(wǎng)室內(nèi)觀察大帛斑蝶蛹的羽化狀況,雌雄蟲(chóng)樣本30頭(雌∶雄=1∶1),記載雌雄蟲(chóng)的羽化時(shí)間、羽化時(shí)的溫度。
(2)成蟲(chóng)行為觀察
在網(wǎng)室內(nèi)隨機(jī)布置20盆開(kāi)花的馬利筋植物作為蜜源植物,1盆爬森藤植物供其產(chǎn)卵。
大帛斑蝶羽化后,用記號(hào)筆在翅上標(biāo)記雌雄蟲(chóng)30頭(雌∶雄=1∶1),在布置有蜜源植物和寄主植物的網(wǎng)室中放飛,選擇雌雄蝶各3頭定位跟蹤觀察,每天從7:00到19:00進(jìn)行持續(xù)觀察,記錄大帛斑蝶飛行、訪花、求偶、交配和產(chǎn)卵等行為。其余放飛的大帛斑蝶用攝像記錄,分析和補(bǔ)充行為學(xué)觀察。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
采用Excel 2010和SPSS 20.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,用Kruskal-Wallis進(jìn)行差異性檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 羽化
大帛斑蝶臨近羽化時(shí),蛹?xì)ぶ饾u褪去金色,變干變透明,顯現(xiàn)出蟲(chóng)體的輪廓和顏色。羽化時(shí),蛹體于背部開(kāi)裂,頭和足依次伸出,足緊緊抓住蛹?xì)?,然后胸腹部隨之而出,并停息在蛹?xì)ど?,從蛹?xì)ら_(kāi)裂到成蟲(chóng)完全脫離蛹?xì)ぶ恍? min左右,此時(shí)翅柔軟而皺縮,腹部膨大,不久即開(kāi)始慢慢抖動(dòng)翅膀向上爬行,找合適的位置停息,常有數(shù)滴渾濁液體從腹部排出,約5 min左右翅膀完全展開(kāi),疊于背部,約1 h后翅變硬。在羽化后至起飛前,蝴蝶經(jīng)常有向上爬行和撲打翅膀的行為。
大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)在白天上午羽化,開(kāi)始羽化的時(shí)間在7∶31,主要集中在8:00—9:00,雄蝶比雌蝶早羽化。成蟲(chóng)羽化與溫度和蛹的發(fā)育程度密切相關(guān),大帛斑蝶羽化時(shí)溫度均高于23 ℃(表1)。
表1 大帛斑蝶羽化時(shí)間及溫度Table 1 The eclosion time and temperature of Idea leuconoe
2.2 飛行行為
成蟲(chóng)于羽化當(dāng)天不活躍,羽化5h后開(kāi)始飛行,只有0—4次飛行,其余時(shí)候均處于停息狀態(tài)。從羽化第2天開(kāi)始,除第4天和第7天為陰天出現(xiàn)低峰外,隨著蝴蝶生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,雌雄蝶的飛行次數(shù)和時(shí)間逐漸增加(圖1)。
大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)飛行活動(dòng)最早于7:30便開(kāi)始有活動(dòng),最晚于18:40停止活動(dòng),蝴蝶于10:00前活動(dòng)較少,雌蝶在10:00—12:00時(shí)段內(nèi)最活躍,雄蝶則在10:00—12:00和14:00—16:00有2個(gè)活躍高峰期(圖2)。陰天則會(huì)推遲開(kāi)始活動(dòng)時(shí)間,提前結(jié)束活動(dòng)時(shí)間。
大帛斑蝶在羽化后至產(chǎn)卵前的8d中,雌蝶總的飛行次數(shù)、時(shí)間分別為146次和186.23 min,平均每天飛行次數(shù)為18次,飛行時(shí)間為23.28 min,單次平均飛行時(shí)間為1.28 min;雄蝶總的飛行次數(shù)、時(shí)間分別為131次和114.43 min,平均每天飛行次數(shù)16次,飛行時(shí)間為14.30min,單次平均飛行時(shí)間為0.87 min。飛行次數(shù)和飛行時(shí)間在雌雄蟲(chóng)間均無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05);而雌、雄蟲(chóng)的每天飛行規(guī)律有顯著性差異(P<0.05);蝴蝶種群的飛行次數(shù)與飛行時(shí)間呈顯著正相關(guān)(雌蝶:P<0.01,r=0.838;雄蝶:P<0.01,r=0.855),飛行次數(shù)和單次飛行時(shí)間也呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01,r=0.873)。
大帛斑蝶是熱帶蝴蝶,一天實(shí)驗(yàn)中,溫度>23 ℃后開(kāi)始飛行,10:00—12:00飛行活動(dòng)活躍,此階段的平均溫度為27 ℃,12:00以后,超過(guò)30℃飛行活動(dòng)降低;雄蟲(chóng)在30℃高溫下飛行活動(dòng)較雌蟲(chóng)活躍;羽化后第4天的溫度<25 ℃,雌雄蝶的飛行活動(dòng)受影響(圖3,圖4)。說(shuō)明溫度與大帛斑蝶飛行活動(dòng)關(guān)系密切。大帛斑蝶飛行活躍時(shí)的相對(duì)濕度在60%—80%,超過(guò)80%,飛行活動(dòng)受影響(圖5,圖6)。
圖1 雌雄蝶羽化后日飛行次數(shù)和時(shí)間 Fig.1 The daily flight frequency and duration time of female and male from eclosion to oviposition
圖2 大帛斑蝶的日飛行活動(dòng)節(jié)律Fig.2 The daily flight rhythm
圖3 大帛斑蝶日飛行次數(shù)與溫度Fig.3 The temperature and daily flight frequency
圖4 大帛斑蝶羽化后日飛行次數(shù)與溫度 Fig.4 The temperature and daily flight frequency from eclosion to oviposition
圖5 大帛斑蝶日飛行次數(shù)與濕度Fig.5 The relative humidity and daily flight frequency
圖6 大帛斑蝶羽化后日飛行次數(shù)與濕度 Fig.6 The relative humidity and daily flight frequency from eclosion to oviposition
2.3 訪花行為
大帛斑蝶雌雄蝶均于羽化后第2天開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)少量的訪花行為,在一天的訪花中,10:00前的訪花行為最少,10:00后蝴蝶訪花活躍,一直持續(xù)到16:00時(shí)(圖7)。
在大帛斑蝶產(chǎn)卵前的成蟲(chóng)期,雌蝶于羽化后第2天開(kāi)始,雄蝶于第4天開(kāi)始,種群的訪花次數(shù)和時(shí)間隨著成蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育呈現(xiàn)出波浪型增加趨勢(shì)(圖8)。
圖7 大帛斑蝶日訪花節(jié)律Fig.7 The daily flower-visiting rhythm
圖8 雌雄蝶羽化后日訪花次數(shù)和時(shí)間 Fig.8 The daily flower-visiting frequency and duration time of female and male from eclosion to oviposition
大帛斑蝶在羽化后至產(chǎn)卵前的8d中,雌蝶訪花53次,訪花時(shí)間258.87 min,平均每天訪花7次,訪花時(shí)間32.36 min,單次訪花時(shí)間4.88 min;雄蝶訪花40次,訪花時(shí)間344.41 min,平均每天訪花5次,訪花時(shí)間43.05 min,單次訪花時(shí)間8.61 min。訪花次數(shù)和訪花時(shí)間在雌雄蟲(chóng)間無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05),雌、雄蟲(chóng)的每天訪花規(guī)律有顯著差異(P<0.05)。蝴蝶種群的訪花次數(shù)與訪花時(shí)間呈正相關(guān)(雌蝶:P<0.01,r=0.922;雄蝶:P<0.01,r=0.880)。
大帛斑蝶訪花次數(shù)占飛行次數(shù)的比例在20%—40%之間,隨著生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,訪花與飛行的比例逐步提高,雄蝶在羽化后第4天,溫度較低時(shí)的飛行與訪花次數(shù)均高于雌蝶,可能是雄蝶對(duì)溫度的適應(yīng)性較雌蝶強(qiáng)(圖9,圖10)。
圖9 一天不同時(shí)段內(nèi)雌雄蟲(chóng)訪花次數(shù)與飛行次數(shù)比率 Fig.9 The ratio between the flower-visits and the flight times of female and male in different time during a day
圖10 大帛斑蝶羽化后日訪花次數(shù)與飛行次數(shù)比率 Fig.10 The ratio between the flower-visits and the flight times during the days from eclosion to oviposition
2.4 求偶、交配與產(chǎn)卵
大帛斑蝶雄蝶的求偶行為屬于巡游型。求偶時(shí),雌蝶在雄蝶的追逐下,若雌蝶有交配意愿時(shí),便會(huì)停在網(wǎng)壁、地面等處,雄蝶緊隨而至,??吭诖频?,尾部彎曲伸至雌蝶腹末,交尾時(shí)雌蝶也會(huì)在后翅下彎曲腹末,這樣有利于交尾的順利進(jìn)行,否則雌蝶飛離,甩開(kāi)雄蝶。在求偶高峰,經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)多只蝴蝶互相追逐的情景。
大帛斑蝶交配姿勢(shì)有一字型和并排型,雙翅展開(kāi)或疊合。若交配期間受到干擾,能以未分離狀態(tài)飛到別處繼續(xù)交配。大帛斑蝶于羽化后第6天出現(xiàn)交配行為,交配主要發(fā)生在一天中的12:00—16:00內(nèi)。在觀察時(shí)間段內(nèi),觀察到2對(duì)大帛斑蝶的交配始末時(shí)間,交配持續(xù)時(shí)間分別為185 min和229 min,大多數(shù)蝴蝶從白天開(kāi)始交配,并過(guò)夜,到第2天8:00之前才結(jié)束交配,交配持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng),有的可達(dá)10h以上。大帛斑蝶雌雄蟲(chóng)均能進(jìn)行多次交配。
大帛斑蝶交配完第2天雌蝶即可產(chǎn)卵,也有交配完第4天產(chǎn)卵的。觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)大帛斑蝶有兩次交配后產(chǎn)卵和產(chǎn)卵后繼續(xù)交配的現(xiàn)象。大帛斑蝶卵散產(chǎn),主要產(chǎn)于葉背面,也有將少數(shù)卵產(chǎn)于葉正面、莖桿、盆沿等處。
圖11 大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)的不同發(fā)育階段Fig.11 The different developmental stages of adults
蝴蝶進(jìn)入成蟲(chóng)期后,整個(gè)生命活動(dòng)都是圍繞著繁衍后代進(jìn)行,根據(jù)蝴蝶成蟲(chóng)的行為,可以將蝴蝶成蟲(chóng)期分為4個(gè)階段,分別是運(yùn)動(dòng)器官成熟階段、補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)和促進(jìn)生殖器官發(fā)育階段、求偶和交配階段、產(chǎn)卵階段,各階段內(nèi)行為有交叉(圖11)。
運(yùn)動(dòng)器官成熟階段:大帛斑蝶于羽化5h后開(kāi)始飛行,且在羽化當(dāng)天飛行很少,多有爬行、展翅行為,這可能與其運(yùn)動(dòng)器官還未成熟、羽化時(shí)能量消耗太多有關(guān)。蝴蝶于羽化當(dāng)天并不訪花,可能是蝴蝶羽化后,運(yùn)動(dòng)器官需要通過(guò)飛翔而達(dá)到發(fā)育成熟,以鍛煉飛翔能力和適應(yīng)環(huán)境,這時(shí)蝴蝶主要依靠蛹積累的能量來(lái)完成,而不需要訪花來(lái)補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)。這個(gè)階段影響蝴蝶行為的主要因素是溫度。蝴蝶是日出性昆蟲(chóng),它們的體溫與活動(dòng)都受外界溫度的支配,在陰雨天一般休止不飛,有時(shí)太陽(yáng)突然被烏云遮蔽,蝴蝶也會(huì)立即作出反應(yīng),太陽(yáng)出來(lái)后便又開(kāi)始活動(dòng)[12-14]。大帛斑蝶雄蝶對(duì)溫度的適應(yīng)性較雌蝶強(qiáng),在一天的飛行活動(dòng)中,雌蟲(chóng)高峰期在上午,之后活動(dòng)逐步下降,而雄蟲(chóng)有2個(gè)高峰期,除中午溫度(12:00—14:00)太高活動(dòng)減少外,均處于活躍期(圖3)。雌、雄蟲(chóng)的每天飛行規(guī)律有顯著差異,雄蟲(chóng)活動(dòng)時(shí)間較雌蟲(chóng)長(zhǎng)。
補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)和促進(jìn)生殖器官發(fā)育階段:羽化后的第2天飛行活動(dòng)逐漸增多,出現(xiàn)少量的訪花行為,開(kāi)始補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng),第3天開(kāi)始,蝴蝶飛行訪花行為活躍,訪花次數(shù)、時(shí)間隨著羽化后天數(shù)逐漸增加(圖8),這個(gè)階段蝴蝶以補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)為主,通過(guò)飛翔和補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)促進(jìn)生殖器官的發(fā)育。這個(gè)階段溫度仍然是飛翔活動(dòng)的主要影響因子,隨著生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,大帛斑蝶的飛行活動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)波浪型增長(zhǎng)(圖1),而原因是溫度呈現(xiàn)波浪型變化造成的。這個(gè)階段大帛斑蝶的訪花和飛行次數(shù)的比例增加(圖10),訪花時(shí)間穩(wěn)步增加,蜜源植物充足對(duì)生殖器官發(fā)育有重要影響[15-19]。
求偶和交配階段:大帛斑蝶于羽化后第6天發(fā)生交配行為,此前訪花次數(shù)和訪花時(shí)間總體呈上升趨勢(shì)(圖8),說(shuō)明蝴蝶在進(jìn)入交配期后,蝴蝶繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng),促進(jìn)精子和卵的發(fā)育和成熟,可增大產(chǎn)卵量[20]。這個(gè)階段大帛斑蝶的飛行次數(shù)的降低,可能是為蝴蝶交配積蓄能量。蝴蝶飛行是通過(guò)間接飛行肌的收縮,產(chǎn)生胸體積的變化,進(jìn)而引起的翅膀運(yùn)動(dòng)[21]。飛行行為隨著飛行肌的增加而增強(qiáng),但飛行肌的發(fā)育可阻礙其它行為,尤其是雌蟲(chóng)的繁殖力[22]。飛行肌的降解是一種普遍現(xiàn)象,降解的能量和產(chǎn)物會(huì)參與生殖行為,但伴隨著飛行肌的降解,蝴蝶飛行能力開(kāi)始下降,尤其是雌蝶[23]。
產(chǎn)卵階段:大帛斑蝶羽化后第9天開(kāi)始產(chǎn)卵。產(chǎn)卵高峰較交配高峰延后1—2 d[3]。大帛斑蝶交配和產(chǎn)卵期很長(zhǎng),可延續(xù)2—3個(gè)月,在這期間,大帛斑蝶不斷地訪花補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng),重復(fù)交配和產(chǎn)卵。在較長(zhǎng)的產(chǎn)卵期中,在云南元江7—8月高溫時(shí),常在樹(shù)下棲息不動(dòng),待溫度降低后才活動(dòng),持續(xù)高溫對(duì)大帛斑蝶生殖影響巨大(不產(chǎn)卵或者產(chǎn)不孕卵),高溫是否對(duì)大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)有滯育作用,有待研究。
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Behavior observation ofIdealeuconoeadults
WANG Fanyan, LI Chengzhe, CHEN Xiaoming*, ZHOU Chengli
TheResearchInstituteofResourcesInsectoftheChineseAcademyofForestry;KeyLaboratoryofBreedingandUtilizationofResourceInsect,StateForestryAdministration,Kunming650224,China
Adult behaviors ofIdealeuconoewas observed by the tracking method in a netted room. The results showed that the initial temperature of eclosion was 23 °C and that eclosion mainly occurred at 08:00—09:00. The pupal shell faded to a gold color, and became dry and transparent as animals approached emergence, which revealed the contour and color of the butterfly. Just 1 min was required from the cracking of the puparium to adult emergence from the puparium. The wings were fully extended after approximately 5 min, and were stacked on the back, with a further 1 h being required for the wings to harden. We observed some flight, but no foraging behavior, on the first day of eclosion, with adult insects remaining in a resting state for most of the time. Both male and female butterflies began to forage on the second day after eclosion. Flight activity began as early as 07:30, and stopped as late as 18:40. However, on cloudy days, flight activity began later and stopped earlier. The daily peak time for flying by females was at 10:00—12:00, while two flying peaks were observed for males, at 10:00—12:00and 14:00—16:00. Flight behavior was affected when temperatures fell below 25 °C or rose above 30°C. Male butterflies tolerated higher temperatures compared to female butterflies since males were more active than females at 30°C. Except for cloudy days, the flight frequency and flight duration of both males and females increased gradually until mating. In the eight days from eclosion to oviposition, the total flight frequency and accumulated flying time of females were 146 times and 186.23 min, flying on average 18 times a day with a cumulative time of 23.28 min per day, resulting in 1.28 min per flight. Similarly, males flew 131 times for 114.43 min during these eight days, on average 16 times and 14.30min per day, resulting in 52 seconds per flight. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between males and females with respect to total flight frequency or flight duration, while this difference was significant among different days (P< 0.05). A positive significant correlation existed between flight frequency and duration time (P< 0.01). In addition, a positive correlation was seen between flight frequency and single flight time (P< 0.01) in the butterfly population. During the eight days from eclosion to oviposition, females visited flowers 53 times, which took up 36.30%of the total flying times. Total feeding time on flowers was 258.87 min, which was equivalent to 139%of total flight duration time. Seven visits took up 38.9%of total daily flying times, representing 32.36 min per day for flower visits and 4.88 min per visit. Males visited flowers 40times, which was 30.53%of total flying times, with 344.41 min in total spent feeding on flowers, representing 300.98%of overall flying time. Five visits took up 31.25%of total daily flying times, representing 43.05 min per day for flower visits and 8.61 min per visit. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between males and females with respect to flight and feeding times. On the sixth day after eclosion, mating mainly occurred at 12:00—16:00. Most mating encounters were very long, some of which lasted more than 10hours. Both male and female butterflies mated more than once. If the mating process was disturbed, butterflies were able to change location by flying elsewhere in an unseparated state. The first oviposition occurred on the second day after mating, while the last oviposition occurred on the fourth day after mating. Most eggs were deposited in a dispersed manner on the back of host leaves.
Idealeuconoe; flight frequency; flower-visiting; mating; oviposition
云南省社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃(2011CA023)
2014- 04- 24; < class="emphasis_bold">網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:
日期:2015- 05- 19
10.5846/stxb201404240812
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail:cafcxm@139.com
王翻艷,李承哲,陳曉鳴,周成理.大帛斑蝶成蟲(chóng)行為學(xué)特征.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2015,35(23):7642- 7649.
Wang F Y, Li C Z, Chen X M, Zhou C L.Behavior observation ofIdealeuconoeadults.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(23):7642- 7649.