摘 要:文章基于Lee-Carter模型從擬合和預(yù)測全年齡段人口死亡率、計算平均預(yù)期壽命和構(gòu)造動態(tài)生命表的應(yīng)用三方面深度詮釋了我國大陸1994-2060年、臺灣地區(qū)1970-2060年0-100歲及以上男性、女性和合計人口死亡率及平均預(yù)期壽命的動態(tài)演變規(guī)律,并針對臺灣地區(qū)充足死亡率數(shù)據(jù)和大陸地區(qū)有限死亡率數(shù)據(jù),探討了Lee-Carter模型預(yù)測結(jié)果的有效性。研究結(jié)果表明,女性死亡率改善、平均預(yù)期壽命延長的程度明顯高于男性,且這種性別差異在未來50年仍持續(xù)顯著。無論是男性、女性還是合計人口,我國大陸和臺灣地區(qū)各年齡死亡率、平均預(yù)期壽命之間的差異明顯縮小,未來死亡率呈現(xiàn)趨同化發(fā)展。這種趨同化發(fā)展可以為我國長壽風(fēng)險的量化與管理、相關(guān)政策的制定與完善、制度的設(shè)計與優(yōu)化提供依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:死亡率改善;平均預(yù)期壽命;動態(tài)死亡率模型;動態(tài)生命表;趨同化發(fā)展
中圖分類號:C921 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1000-4149(2015)01-0049-15
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2015.01.005
收稿日期:2014-08-26;修訂日期:2014-12-06
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年項目“基于相依結(jié)構(gòu)的多元索賠金評估隨機(jī)性方法研究”(71401041);教育部人文社會科學(xué)研究青年基金項目“非壽險隨機(jī)性索賠準(zhǔn)備金評估統(tǒng)計模型與方法”(14YJCZH025);國家社會科學(xué)基金重大項目“中國特色公共經(jīng)濟(jì)理論與政策研究”(11&ZD073);中國博士后科學(xué)基金項目“動態(tài)死亡率建模與長壽風(fēng)險量化研究”(2014M550206)。
作者簡介:段白鴿,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士,復(fù)旦大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院教師,師資博士后,中國準(zhǔn)精算師。
Dynamic Evolution of All Ages Life Expectancies in China
DUAN Baige
(School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,China)
Abstract:In the present paper we elaborate thoroughly the dynamic evolutions of all ages (0-100+years old) mortality rates and all ages life expectancy for male, female and total population respectively for China mainland 1994-2060 and Taiwan province 1970-2060, based on three applications of LeeCarter model, i.e. fitting and forecasting all ages mortality rates, calculating all ages life expectancy, and constructing dynamic life tables. We further discuss the effectiveness of the forecasted results in LeeCarter model, with sufficient mortality data in Taiwan province and limited mortality data in China mainland. The study results show that the mortality improvements and increases of life expectancy of female are significantly higher than those of male, and this difference in gender will continue consistently in the next 50 years. The differences of both the mortality rates and life expectancy of all ages have obviously been narrowing between China mainland and Taiwan province, and the mortality rates will show the tendency of convergence development in the future for male and female. This convergence can provide some theoretical basis for quantification and management of Chinas longevity risks, for formulation and improvement of related policies, and for design and optimization of system.
Keywords:mortality improvements; life expectancy; dynamic mortality rates models; dynamic life tables; convergence development
一、引言與文獻(xiàn)回顧
自20世紀(jì)以來,伴隨著社會進(jìn)步、經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的發(fā)展,世界各國人口演變的最顯著的特征就是人類死亡率持續(xù)下降導(dǎo)致的平均預(yù)期壽命的不斷延長。過去人們更多關(guān)注于退休前的生涯規(guī)劃,現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始思考退休后的養(yǎng)老問題。壽命延長不但增加了個人退休后的生活成本、醫(yī)療費用開支及需要長期照顧的時間,提高了個人的養(yǎng)老保險、醫(yī)療保險及長期護(hù)理保險的需求,而且也會影響國家社會保障政策、計劃生育政策、退休政策的制定以及公共資源配置的均衡化發(fā)展等諸多方面。因此,深度詮釋世界各國全年齡段人口死亡率及平均預(yù)期壽命的動態(tài)演變規(guī)律變得越來越重要。