占玲俊,唐 軍,秦 川
(中國醫(yī)學科學院醫(yī)學實驗動物研究所,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院比較醫(yī)學中心,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學重點實驗室,國家中醫(yī)藥管理局人類疾病動物模型三級實驗室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在結核感染中的免疫作用
占玲俊,唐 軍,秦 川
(中國醫(yī)學科學院醫(yī)學實驗動物研究所,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院比較醫(yī)學中心,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學重點實驗室,國家中醫(yī)藥管理局人類疾病動物模型三級實驗室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在腫瘤和某些感染性疾病中發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,而在結核病中的免疫作用尚不明確。結核菌感染后,免疫細胞上PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路高表達,體外實驗顯示:用該通路的抗體阻斷后保護性T細胞增強,而體內免疫作用不明確。PD-1與配體PD-L1結合后可能發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,其中 PD-L1表達受Th1細胞因子調控;PD-1與配體PD-L2結合后可能發(fā)揮免疫保護作用,其中PD-L2表達受Th2型細胞因子調控。利用Cas9-CRISPR基因敲除方法分別敲除特定免疫細胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2,可研究PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2在結核感染中免疫作用及機制,為結核病的防控提供理論依據(jù)。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路 結核感染 免疫作用
結核病是免疫相關的感染性疾病,T細胞、APC (巨噬細胞、DC)等是重要的免疫細胞[1-3]。結核菌進入機體后,首先被巨噬細胞吞噬,當巨噬細胞的殺傷力強于結核菌的毒力時,結核菌被清除,反之,結核菌裂解巨噬細胞產生病變,繼而感染其他巨噬細胞,導致感染播散[2]。此外,結核菌還經(jīng)APC進行抗原加工并提呈給T細胞,刺激免疫應答的產生,通過IFN-+CD4+T細胞和IFN-+CD8+T細胞[1-2]發(fā)揮免疫保護作用,通過分泌 IL-17細胞因子的Treg細胞[3]發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,感染的結果取決于保護性免疫和抑制性免疫抗衡的結果。
PD-1通路包括PD-1及兩個配體PD-L1和PDL2。PD-1主要表達于CD4+T細胞,PD-L1表達于T細胞和APC(單核/巨噬細胞,DC和B細胞)表面,PD-L2表達于炎性巨噬細胞、DC、B1細胞表面。在病原或某些抗原蛋白誘導下,PD-L1、PD-L2均可表達于T細胞,PD-L1的表達受Th1細胞調控,PD-L2的表達受Th2細胞調控[4]。
在腫瘤、自身免疫病和某些持續(xù)性感染病(包括病毒如HIV、HCV等、細菌、寄生蟲和真菌感染)中,PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路向T細胞傳遞抑制性第二信號,導致T細胞“無能”或“耗竭”,從而發(fā)?。?]。雖然PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路整體發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,但其中PD-L1和PD-L2可能發(fā)揮相反的免疫作用。PD-L1能分別與PD-1和B7-1作用,發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用;PD-L2能分別與PD-1和B7-2作用,發(fā)揮免疫保護作用[6-7]。
在活動性結核病人中,T細胞、單核/巨噬細胞及B細胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的表達均明顯上升,以PD-L1表達升高為主要特點。其中T細胞上以PD-1升高為主;單核巨噬細胞和B細胞以PD-L1為主,PD-1和PD-L2的表達也升高,表達水平接近。
體外實驗證明:用PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的單抗分別阻斷結核病人外周血T細胞上PD-1、單核細胞上 PD-L1/PD-L2、或聯(lián)合阻斷 PD-1和 PD-L1/ PD-L2,均能挽救保護性的IFN-+-CD3+T細胞,并且保護性IFN-分泌增加,提示PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路抑制抗結核的保護性免疫[8-9]。
BCG感染小鼠后,PD-1敲除的C57小鼠脾組織荷菌量比C57野生小鼠明顯低,PD-1:PD-L1作用使Th1型細胞免疫受損,提示:敲除PD-1對結核感染產生保護性免疫。而H37Rv感染PD-1敲除的C57小鼠后,肺組織病變比C57野生鼠重,肺、脾組織荷菌量也比野生小鼠高[10],提示:PD-1幫助清除小鼠體內的H37Rv結核菌,但不能確定PD-1是否有免疫抑制作用[11]。
深入分析可知:BCG和H37Rv感染后PD-1通路免疫作用不同,可能與PD-L1、PD-L2的表達差異有關。BCG感染后,PD-L1高表達,而PD-L2表達無明顯變化。PD-1:PD-L1使Th1型細胞免疫受損,PD-1敲除后可以拯救Th1型細胞免疫,表現(xiàn)出免疫保護作用,即脾組織荷菌量比野生小鼠低[10]。H37Rv感染后,PD-L1和PD-L2均高表達,PD-1: PD-L1可能發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,而PD-1:PD-L2可能發(fā)揮免疫保護作用[11]。
用抗體阻斷結核病人外周血淋巴細胞上PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2通路后,特異性脫顆粒的CD8+T細胞和IFN-+-CD3+T細胞升高,提示結核急性感染中PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路能抑制效應CD8+T細胞功能[12]和IFN-+-CD3+T細胞功能。其中PD-1、PDL1和PD-L2的作用機制各有特點。
(1)結核中PD-L1、PD-L2的免疫作用機制:用PD-L1抗體治療敗血癥引起的肝損傷,可逆轉因T細胞耗竭而致的肝損傷[13]。在哮喘、氣道變態(tài)反應疾病中研究發(fā)現(xiàn):PD-L1與PD-1和B7-1結合后,可抑制T細胞增殖。用抗體阻斷PD-L1后,IFN-表達上調;單獨阻斷PD-L1與B7-1結合,對IFN-分泌無明顯影響,提示PD-1:PD-L1能抑制NKT細胞產生IFN-。PD-L2主要通過影響CD4+T細胞的增殖及細胞因子或共刺激分子的分泌來發(fā)揮免疫作用,PD-L2的作用可以不依賴PD-1[6,14]。Treg或NKT細胞也可參與PD-L2的免疫作用。結核中PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用機制可能與上述疾病中類似。
(2)PD-L1可能的作用機制:與潛伏感染相比,活動性結核病人中高表達PD-L1的嗜中性粒細胞顯著增加[15],而嗜中性粒細胞在小鼠結核中有病理損傷作用,提示PD-L1可能介導嗜中性粒細胞聚集所致的免疫病理損傷[16]。H37Rv感染人單核細胞后,PD-L1、PD-L2表達都明顯增高,PD-L1水平高于PD-L2;用單抗阻斷PD-L1后,IFN-+T細胞增殖明顯、凋亡減少,提示PD-L1可抑制保護性T細胞增殖、促進其凋亡。
(3)PD-L1和PD-1的免疫抑制作用機制不完全相同:在腫瘤和多種慢性感染中,PD-1:PD-L1作用均被證實能抑制T細胞的保護性免疫[5,13,17],其免疫抑制作用在結核的體外實驗中也得到證實[8,18-20]。PD-1表達于活化的T細胞、B細胞、NK細胞、DC細胞和單核細胞表面,也表達于“耗竭”的T細胞表面。PD-1通過與PD-L1、PD-L2結合,抑制T細胞的TCR信號,下調免疫激活因子和存活相關的蛋白表達,促進免疫抑制因子IL-10的表達。而表達于APC上的PD-L1是MAPK/細胞因子/STAT-3依賴模式:在STAT-3調控下,TLR-APC高表達IL- 6和IL-10,抑制STAT-3的活化,從而阻斷PD-L1的表達[21]。因此,阻斷PD-1和PD-L1后免疫反應存在差異。
(4)結核感染中PD-L1、PD-L2的表達和調控:結核病人中Th1(CD4+T細胞)和 Th2(CD8+T細胞)細胞均發(fā)揮免疫作用。Th1和Th2細胞在BCG與H37Rv感染的小鼠中表達有差異:BCG感染中期,發(fā)揮免疫保護作用的主要是Th1細胞,Th2細胞的免疫保護作用很微弱;而H37Rv感染小鼠后,Th1細胞和Th2細胞均發(fā)揮作用。PD-L1和PD-L2的表達分別由Th1和 Th2細胞來調控,在LPS、Th1型細胞因子IFN-刺激下,巨噬細胞上PD-L1的表達調控依賴STAT1,而Th2型細胞因子IL-4刺激炎性巨噬細胞上 PD-L2表達,其表達調控依賴STAT6[7]。BCG感染DC細胞后,PD-L2高表達,其表達依賴于IL-10,通過TLR2-p38 MAPK信號通路來調控[22]。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路與結核感染有很大的相關性,而具體的免疫作用和機制還未深入進行,可以在細胞和動物水平用特異性基因敲除技術研究PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用及相關的機制。明確該通路的作用和機制的同時,也為結核的干預提供指導。
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The immune role of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
ZHAN Ling-jun,TANG Jun,QIN Chuan
(Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine,Ministry of Health;Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Institute of Laboratory Animal Science,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li No.5,Chao Yang District,Beijing 100021,China)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway played negative immune role in most tumor and several infectious diseases,but the immune role in tuberculosis(TB)was not explicited.Since the high expression of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway was correlated with MTB infection both in vitro and in vivo,the in vitro negative immune role was indicated by inhibited T cell protective immune function,while the in vivo immune role was not clear.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 played an immunosuppression role,the expression of PD-L1 was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L2 played protective immune role,and the expression was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The immune role and mechanism of PD-1,PD-L1 and PD-L2 would be investigated by Cas9-CRISPR technique,which would provide theoretical basis for the tuberculosis prevention and control.
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway;Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection;Immune role
R-332
A
1671-7856(2015)07-0074-03
10.3969.j.issn.1671.7856.2015.007.016
“十二五-艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大傳染病防治”國家科技重大專項子課題(2012ZX10004501)。
占玲俊,博士,副研究員,研究方向:結核病與結核動物模型研究。
秦川,教授,博士生導師。E-mail:chuanqin@vip.sina.com。
2015-06-24