Zhen CHEN,Chuanwei ZHENG,Kuang CHEN,Yihang GE,Xia LIU,Rongping KUANG1,*

1.School of Life Science,Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China;

2.Yunnan Sili Eco-Alternative Technology Center,Kunming 650224,China;

3.Forestry School,Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,China

In China,the pesticides were widely used in agricultural production.With the effects of reducing pests and protecting agricultural production,it also brought several issues such as enhanced drug resistance of pests,acute and chronic poisoning and food safety caused by pesticide residues[1-2].In 2011,the usage amount of pesticides in our country reached to 1.73 million t[3].Currently,it has been stand in the top of the world.Some scholars estimated that the average usage amount of pesticides was 13.4 kg/hm2,which was 2 times than developed countries and the average level of world[4].Long-term use of chemical pesticides has led to a rapid decline of natural enemies of pests or other beneficial insects,and dramatical increase of drug resistance of pests[2,5-8].Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella L.were the two major worldwide pests.Leibee’s researches showed that the expiry date of a new pesticide controlled Liriomyza spp.was only last for three years[9].Zhang xue-yan,et al.investigated into drug resistance of Plutella xylostella in vegetable fields of Kunming,Tonghai,Jianshui,Dali and Qujing respectively.The results showed that pyrethroid resistance level of Plutella xylostella in Tonghai,Jianshui,Dali and Qujing vegetable fields was in middle height level and even extermely high level,and the resistance level was more than 36.5 to 1 000.0 times[10].Currently,the only use of chemical pesticides has been difficult to control Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella[7-10].In recent years,the control effect of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.was gradually promoted and used in our country,meanwhile extensive researches had been carried out[11-17].These researches primarily focused on trapping effect,but the reports about usage cost,pesticide reduction,ecological impact and users’feedback were rare.

In the main vegetables producing areas of Tonghai County in Yunnan Province,Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella were the most harmful pests which damaged cabbage,broccoli and other cruciferous crops[18].The yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone were gradually promoted in Tonghai county to control Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.in 2011.In view of this,the author evaluated the control effects of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.,such as usage cost,pesticide reduction,trapping effect and the impact on non-target insects,and then analyzed its prospects in order to provide reference for large area extension of the technique.

Materials and Methods

Materials

The yellow sticky cards was produced by Ingle Agricultural Science and Technology Co.,Ltd,Zhangzhou City,Fujian Province.

Research methods

From early May to late July in 2012 and 2013,the yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone were used in 20 vegetable fields of the main vegetable producing areas of Tonghai county,where planted the species named Xiayangbai or Jiwobai.By field survey,258 yellow sticky cards were collected to do identification of insect species and quantitative statistical.Using the form of structured interview,50 local vegetable growers were interviewed,and the feedback of the cost and effect of this prevention method was obtained.

Data analysis

The data from different treatment groups was processed by using SPSS 19.0 statistical software to do LSD significant difference analysis and t test.

Results and Analysis

Comparative analysis of the cost of three different prevention methods

Compared the control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards,yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone,and pesticides.The results showed that the control cost by the usage of pesticides was the highest,and the average cost was (10 099.5 ±2 752.5)yuan/hm2.The control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone took the second place,and the average cost was (1 125.0 ±465.0) yuan/hm2.The control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards was the lowest,and the average cost was(450.0 ± 186.0) yuan/hm2.The results of variance analysis showed that the control cost by the usage of chemical pesticide was significantly higher than the other two methods (LSD,P =0.000),and the difference between the control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards solely and the cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone was not significant (LSD,P=0.103)(Fig.1).

Comparative analysis of the use frequency and cost of pesticides used in the control method of usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone and nonuse of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone

Comparaed and analyzed the use frequency and cost of pesticides used in the control method of usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone and nonuse of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone,the results showed that without the usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone,the use frequency and cost of pesticides was (15.0 ± 2.7)times and(12 070.5±2 136.0)yuan/hm2respectively.Combined with the control method of usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone,the use frequency and cost of pesticides was(9.3±1.0)times and(7 452.0±810.0)yuan/hm2respectively,which was reduced by 5.7 times and 4 618.5 yuan/hm2respectively (Tukey’s test,F=1.118,P=0.331)(Fig.2,3).

Comparative analysis of the trapping effect of yellow sticky cards and yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.

Compared the trapping effect of yellow sticky cards solely and yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.,and the trapping effect of different placement methods of sex pheromone(Fig.4).In addition,the trapping number of Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.by yellow sticky cards with onesided or two-sided sex pheromone was compared (Fig.5).The results showed that yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone had strong power of trapping Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella.The results of variance analysis showed that the trapping effect of yellow sticky cards was significantly higher than yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Liriomyza spp.(LSD,P=0.011).The trapping effect of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone was significantly higher than yellow sticky cards on Plutella xylostella(LSD,P=0.019).The difference between two different placement methods of sex pheromone to trap Plutella xylostella was not significant(LSD,P=0.654).The trapping number of Plutella xylostella by yellow sticky cards with one-sided sex pheromone was slightly higher than yellow sticky cards with two-sided sex pheromone.t test showed that the trapping effect of yellow sticky cards with one side has sex pheromone and the other side without sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.was not significant.The trapping number of Liriomyza spp.by yellow sticky cards with the side without sex pheromone was slightly higher than yellow sticky cards with the side has sex pheromone (Tukey’s test,F = 2.752,P = 0.104).The trapping number of Plutella xylostella by yellow sticky cards with the side has sex pheromone was slightly higher than yellow sticky cards with the side without sex pheromone (Tukey’s test,F =1.689,P=0.200).

Feedback of the prevention cost and effect of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone

50 local vegetable growers in main vegetable producing areas of Tonghai county were interviewed randomly.All of them thought that yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone have strong power of trapping Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella,especially to Plutella xylostella.Among them,55%of vegetable growers thought that the control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella was excessive,especially the price of sex pheromone (6 yuan/branch).And they considered the reasonable price of sex pheromone was 2 to 3 yuan/branch.15% of vegetable growers considered that the control cost by the usage of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on Plutella xylostella was reasonable and the price was lower than pesticides.30% of vegetable growers considered that the control cost was acceptable.

Impact of the trapping efficiency of yellow sticky cards solely and yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on the non-target insects

The survey of the species of rapped insects included Diptera,Lepidoptera,Hemiptera,Coleoptera,Hymenoptera and Neuroptera,counted up to 11 kinds and 115 737 insects.The number of target pests of Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.was 100 732 and 11 200 respectively,and accounts for 87.0% and 9.7% of the total trapped insects respectively.The number of non-target insects was 3 805 and accounts for 3.3% of the total trapped insects.The species of trapped beneficial insects included Harmonia oxyvidis Pallas,Syrphus sp.,Chrysopaperla and bees,the number was 98 and only accounts for 0.085% of the total trapped insects.The ratio of trapped beneficial insects and target pests was 1:1 131,which showed that the trapping efficiency of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on target insects was significantly higher than non-target insects,and the effect on the non-target insects was very little.

Problems

The usage of yellow sticky cards was unscientificThe survey indicated that the usage of yellow sticky cards was unscientific in actual use,and the usage number was 45 to 210 per/hm2.

Not disposed after useThe survey indicated that local vegetable growers did not recycle yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone after harvested vegetables,but thrown them away in the ridge of vegetable field,which would cause environmental pollution.

Improper storage of sex pheromone

Sex pheromone was volatile at room temperature or high temperature,so the scientific storage method of sex pheromone was in cold storage which the temperature range was from -15℃to-5 ℃,and not stored with food together in order to avoid children swallow.The survey indicated that sex pheromone was placed on the shelf at random in agricultural store and the storage method was not scientific,which lead to the sex pheromone lose efficacy easily.

Purchase channel was very limited

The survey indicated that there were hundreds of agricultural stores in main producing areas of Tonghai County,but only three of them selled yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone.Vegetable growers generally reflected that they do not know the channel to buy substitute products of pesticide,which limited the promotion and use of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone to a certain extent in local.

The lack of technical guidanceCurrently,the use of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone to control Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.was spontaneous behavior,which was small-scale demonstration of the government agricultural sector from initial.However,the lack of relevant training and technical guidance services in a large area of agricultural use led to many problems in actual use.

Discussion

Currently,trapping technology of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone was wildly used for pests prevention.In the main vegetables producing areas of Tonghai,local vegetable growers mainly used yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone to control Plutella xylostella and Liriomyza spp.The study showed that yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone have strong power of trapping Liriomyza spp.and Plutella xylostella,and the prevention cost was lower than chemical pesticides,while it could greatly reduced the usage amount of chemical pesticides.In addition,this kind of control method has also been widely welcomed by local vegetable growers.However,there were also many problems in actual use,such as the usage of yellow sticky cards was unscientific,not disposed after use,improper storage and other prominent problems.Agricultural sector should carried out relevant training and technical guidance services in time.

According to the current researches at home and abroad,insects generally had phototaxis[19],so colored sticky cards and insecticidal lamps used for trapping target pests were not selective,and the negative effect on the non-target insects was strong[20-34].The results showed that the trapping efficiency of yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone on target insects was significantly higher than non-target insects,and the effect on the non-target insects was very little.It was mainly related to long-term and single planting in large-scale and higher use of pesticides.Therefore,in order to better protect the natural ecological balance and biodiversity,this study suggested that colored sticky cards and insecticidal lamps should not be used in largescale regions where had good natural ecological conditions and rich biodiversity,but could use small amount of them to monitor pests and natural enemies of insects.The trapping technology was suitable for large scale use in areas where the crop was single and higher use of pesticides after pests monitoring,and it should be used moderately in the course of prevention.

Comprehensive analysis,the control method of using yellow sticky cards and sex pheromone not only has good trapping effect,but also easy to operate,and the control cost was lower.The trapping technology has strong application prospect and promotion value in pest control field.

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