汪澤 高艷艷 劉永全 高福生▲
1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東濰坊261053;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科,山東濰坊261031
表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體信號(hào)通路對(duì)慢性煙曲霉暴露哮喘大鼠氣道重塑的影響
汪澤1高艷艷2劉永全2高福生2▲
1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東濰坊261053;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科,山東濰坊261031
目的探討表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)信號(hào)通路對(duì)慢性煙曲霉暴露哮喘大鼠氣道重塑的影響。方法將30只Wistar雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為3組:A組(慢性哮喘大鼠),以卵清蛋白(OVA)系統(tǒng)致敏和反復(fù)激發(fā)方法制備大鼠慢性哮喘模型;B組(慢性哮喘大鼠+煙曲霉孢子吸入):慢性哮喘大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入100μL煙曲霉孢子懸液(含1×104cfu/mL孢子),每周2次;C組[AG1478(EGFR抑制劑)預(yù)處理慢性哮喘大鼠+煙曲霉孢子吸入]:慢性哮喘大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入AG1478 3 mg/kg,每周1次,同時(shí)經(jīng)鼻吸入100μL煙曲霉孢子懸液,每周2次。肺組織切片行蘇木精-伊紅(HE)、過(guò)碘酸希夫(PAS)、Masson三色染色,病理圖像形態(tài)學(xué)測(cè)定分析,觀察各組大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞損傷脫落、杯狀細(xì)胞增生及上皮下纖維化程度。免疫組化檢測(cè)各組大鼠氣道黏蛋白MUC5AC及氣道上皮EGFR的表達(dá)。結(jié)果B組大鼠氣道上皮損傷脫落[(28.50±7.50)%]、杯狀細(xì)胞增生[(36.38±9.21)%]及上皮下膠原纖維沉積[(56.55±15.38)%]均高于A組[(6.34±1.81)%、(12.55±3.25)%、(18.23±5.21)%](P<0.01),C組上述指標(biāo)[(7.32±2.11)%、(10.26±3.12)%、(16.34±4.25)%]與A組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞EGFR的表達(dá)水平(IOD值)(165±21)明顯高于A組(56±18)(P<0.01),B組和C組(155±12)大鼠間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組大鼠氣道上皮MUC5AC的表達(dá)水平(IOD值)(891±80)明顯高于A組(212±46)(P<0.01),C組(198±39)和A組大鼠間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論慢性煙曲霉暴露使哮喘大鼠氣道上皮受損、杯狀細(xì)胞增生、氣道上皮下纖維化加重、上皮EGFR表達(dá)增加;應(yīng)用AG1478抑制EGFR酪氨酸酶磷酸化可減輕哮喘大鼠氣道杯狀細(xì)胞增生及氣道上皮下纖維化,下調(diào)氣道黏蛋白MUC5AC的表達(dá)。表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體可能參與慢性煙曲霉暴露誘發(fā)的哮喘大鼠氣道重塑。
表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體曰AG1478曰煙曲霉曰支氣管哮喘曰氣道重構(gòu)
氣道重塑是支氣管哮喘主要的病理特征,主要表現(xiàn)為氣道上皮杯狀細(xì)胞增生、基底膜下膠原沉積及氣道平滑肌肥厚等[1]。近年研究表明,表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)作為氣道上皮細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)控者,在氣道上皮細(xì)胞損傷和修復(fù)及氣道重塑中均起到重要作用[2]。當(dāng)氣道上皮細(xì)胞損傷后,產(chǎn)生表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子α(TGF-α)等配體與EGFR結(jié)合后活化,激活細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶?jìng)鲗?dǎo)通路,上調(diào)呼吸道黏蛋白MUC5AC表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)杯狀細(xì)胞過(guò)分增生和呼吸道黏液過(guò)度分泌[3]。煙曲霉孢子廣泛分布于大氣環(huán)境中,是日常生活中最常見(jiàn)的氣傳過(guò)敏原之一。流行病學(xué)資料顯示,周圍環(huán)境中煙曲霉及其孢子的濃度與哮喘發(fā)作、死亡之間在季節(jié)、時(shí)間上密切相關(guān)[4]。筆者前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性煙曲霉暴露可加重哮喘大鼠氣道炎癥反應(yīng)和氣道重塑,上調(diào)氣道上皮細(xì)胞EGFR和黏蛋白MUC5AC的表達(dá),加重氣道上皮杯狀細(xì)胞增生,使氣道阻力和氣道高反應(yīng)性進(jìn)行性加重[5-7]。但是,慢性煙曲霉暴露是否通過(guò)EGFR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路來(lái)加重哮喘大鼠氣道重塑,目前尚不明確。筆者對(duì)此進(jìn)行了研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物健康清潔級(jí)雄性Wistar大鼠30只,購(gòu)自山東魯抗[SCXK(魯)2013-0001],4~5周齡,體重150~170 g,實(shí)驗(yàn)1周前飼養(yǎng)于濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物房?jī)?nèi),恒溫清潔環(huán)境,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料,自由取水。
1.1.2 試劑卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)干粉(美國(guó)santa Cruz公司)、AG1478(美國(guó)santa Cruz公司)、氫氧化鋁(淄博昌豐化工)、滅活百日咳桿菌菌苗(上海生物研究所)、沙氏瓊脂平板培養(yǎng)基(青島海博生物)、吐溫80(上海博光生物公司)、過(guò)碘酸希夫(PAS)染色套裝(上海虹橋醫(yī)用試劑研究所)、小鼠抗大鼠MUC5AC單抗(美國(guó)Neomarker公司)、羊抗小鼠IgG-SABC免疫組化試劑盒(武漢博士德生物公司)、兔抗EGFR多抗(美國(guó)Cell signaling公司)、HRP-羊抗兔IgG抗體(美國(guó)Jackson公司)、羊抗兔IgG-SABC免疫組化試劑盒(武漢博士德生物公司)。
1.1.3 主要儀器霧化器(boy037G6000型,德國(guó)Pari公司)、定做有機(jī)玻璃霧化箱;Axioplan顯微鏡(德國(guó)蔡司公司)、AxioCam照相機(jī)(德國(guó)蔡司公司);生物圖像分析系統(tǒng)(Image Pro Plus,美國(guó)Media Cybernetics公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 分組將30只Wistar雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為三組:A組(慢性哮喘大鼠),用OVA致敏并反復(fù)激發(fā)制備大鼠慢性哮喘模型;B組(慢性哮喘大鼠+煙曲霉孢子吸入):哮喘大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入100μL煙曲霉孢子懸液(含1×104cfu/mL孢子),每周2次;C組[AG1478(EGFR抑制劑)預(yù)處理慢性哮喘大鼠+煙曲霉孢子吸入]:慢性哮喘大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入AG1478 3 mg/kg,每周1次,同時(shí)經(jīng)鼻吸入100μL煙曲霉孢子懸液,每周2次。
1.2.2 建立慢性哮喘模型參考Palmans等[8]的方法,配制OVA 1 mg+氫氧化鋁100 mg+生理鹽水1 mL混懸液(現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)配),分別于第1、8天在大鼠腹、前足跖、兩腹股溝,共4點(diǎn),每點(diǎn)皮下0.2 mL、腹腔0.2 mL,并腹腔注射滅活百日咳桿菌菌苗,檢測(cè)致敏有效性,每次1 mL,共2次。從第15天開(kāi)始至第57天,共6周,將大鼠放于定制有機(jī)玻璃箱內(nèi),霧化吸入1%OVA生理鹽水溶液,3次/周,每次30 min。
1.2.3 AG1478預(yù)處理大鼠從第15天開(kāi)始給予C組大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入AG1478 3 mg/kg,每周1次(與霧化吸入不同天),共5周。
1.2.4 大鼠經(jīng)鼻吸入煙曲霉孢子參考文獻(xiàn)[9-10]方法從第63天起,腹腔注射10%水合氯醛(0.3 mL/100 g)麻醉大鼠,并將其垂直掛于木板上,從鼻孔處滴入100μL煙曲霉孢子懸液后維持垂直體位10 min。每周2次,共5周。
1.2.5 動(dòng)物標(biāo)本處理末次操作24 h后,上述方法麻醉大鼠,腹主動(dòng)脈放血處死大鼠,剖開(kāi)胸腔,將右肺門根部結(jié)扎;取右肺上葉置液氮瓶中保存待用。將右肺下葉置于4%多聚甲醛中固定72 h,脫水、石蠟包埋后5μm厚切片,行蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色、PAS、Masson三色染色、MUC5AC及EGFR免疫組織化學(xué)染色。
1.2.6 肺組織病理圖象的形態(tài)學(xué)測(cè)量及分析在Axioplan顯微鏡下放大100~1000倍,觀察染色肺組織病理切片,用AxioCam照相機(jī)采集圖像,應(yīng)用Image Pro-Plus software 5.0軟件進(jìn)行肺組織病理圖象的形態(tài)學(xué)測(cè)量及分析[11-13]。每種染色切片都隨機(jī)從每組中取不同大鼠的5張肺組織切片,測(cè)量和分析所有直徑250~2000μm且管腔最短徑/最長(zhǎng)徑≥0.6的支氣管。取HE染色切片,測(cè)量無(wú)完整纖毛細(xì)胞或杯狀細(xì)胞覆蓋的上皮長(zhǎng)度及支氣管上皮內(nèi)徑的周長(zhǎng),用脫落上皮長(zhǎng)度與上皮內(nèi)徑周長(zhǎng)的百分比示上皮細(xì)胞脫落情況。取PAS染色切片,測(cè)量被PAS染成玫瑰紅色面積以及基底膜間區(qū)域總面積和氣道上皮表面面積,用PAS染色后面積占該區(qū)域總面積的百分比表示杯狀細(xì)胞增生程度。取Masson三色染色切片,測(cè)量氣道上皮基底膜下20μm區(qū)域內(nèi)染成藍(lán)色的總面積及非細(xì)胞部分的面積,用染成藍(lán)色部分的面積占該區(qū)域總面積的百分比表示上皮下膠原纖維沉積程度。
1.2.7 大鼠肺組織切片MUC5AC免疫組化染色右肺下葉石蠟切片行免疫組化染色,一抗為小鼠抗大鼠MUC5AC單抗,實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度1∶200,二抗羊抗小鼠IgG,實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度1∶2000,辣根過(guò)氧化酶(DAB)顯色后蘇木精復(fù)染。以生理鹽水作為陰性對(duì)照。結(jié)果:將氣道上皮細(xì)胞胞漿內(nèi)顯示棕黃色的顆粒作為陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。Axioplan顯微鏡下放大200倍,AxioCam照相機(jī)采集圖像,每只大鼠在直徑600~1000μm細(xì)支氣管區(qū),隨機(jī)各選5個(gè)視野,軟件計(jì)算陽(yáng)性結(jié)果信號(hào)累積光密度(integrated opticaldensity,IOD)。以MUC5AC染色陽(yáng)性的IOD表示表達(dá)水平。
1.2.8 大鼠肺組織切片EGFR免疫組化染色右肺下葉石蠟切片,鏈霉親和素-生物素-過(guò)氧化物酶復(fù)合物技術(shù)(streptavidin biotin-peroxidasecomplexmethod,SABC)法進(jìn)行免疫組化染色,一抗為兔抗EGFR多抗,實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度為1∶100,二抗實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度為1∶2000,DAB顯色后蘇木精復(fù)染。以生理鹽水作為陰性對(duì)照。氣道上皮細(xì)胞棕黃色顆粒作為陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。在Axioplan顯微鏡下放大200倍,AxioCam照相機(jī)采集圖像,每只大鼠在直徑600~1000μm的細(xì)支氣管區(qū),隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野,Image-pro plus 5.0軟件測(cè)定陽(yáng)性信號(hào)IOD。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)處理采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用單因素方差分析,組間均數(shù)比較采用SNK檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 各組大鼠氣道重塑程度
B組大鼠氣道上皮損傷脫落、杯狀細(xì)胞增生及上皮下膠原纖維沉積程度均明顯高于A組(P<0.01),C組和A組大鼠間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1、圖1~3(封三)。
表1 各組大鼠氣道重塑程度(x±s,n=10)
2.2 各組大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞EGFR及氣道上皮MUC5AC的表達(dá)
B、C組大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞EGFR的表達(dá)水平明顯高于A組(P<0.01),B組和C組大鼠間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),B組大鼠氣道上皮MUC5AC表達(dá)水平明顯高于A組(P<0.01),C組和A組大鼠間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2及圖4~5(封三)。
表2 各組大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞EGFR及上皮MUC5AC的表達(dá)(x±s,n=10)
目前,臨床上在治療重癥支氣管哮喘的過(guò)程中,真菌暴露這一危險(xiǎn)因素越來(lái)越受到人們的關(guān)注。健康的呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞可作為人體內(nèi)外環(huán)境之間的完整屏障,阻擋吸入的真菌及其孢子等多種抗原大分子物質(zhì)通過(guò)。哮喘患者的氣道發(fā)生多種病理改變,有利于煙曲霉等真菌孢子在呼吸道黏膜黏附,甚至造成侵襲性感染。氣道重塑是支氣管哮喘患者最重的病理特征之一[14],早在1992年,Huber和Koessler便提出了這一概念,主要指氣道平滑肌增生和肥大、基底膜增厚、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)過(guò)度沉積、上皮下纖維化等氣道病理學(xué)改變[1]。隨后,在研究過(guò)程中人們發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFR作為一種多功能糖蛋白,在正常人和無(wú)病原體的許多嚙齒動(dòng)物的氣道上皮成散在表達(dá),屬于受體酪氨酸激酶(RTKS),由三個(gè)區(qū)域組成,其中胞外區(qū)與配體結(jié)合后激活,并通過(guò)胞內(nèi)側(cè)激酶級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)將信號(hào)由胞外傳至胞內(nèi),進(jìn)而發(fā)揮一系列生物學(xué)作用[15-16]。有研究表明,EGFR是氣道上皮細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)控者,在氣道上皮細(xì)胞損傷和修復(fù)及氣道重構(gòu)中起重要作用[3]。AG1478是人工合成的小分子蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,對(duì)EGFR具有高度選擇性,可通過(guò)阻斷EGFR介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,抑制慢性煙曲霉暴露的哮喘大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞、氣道平滑肌細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖,并可進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[17-18]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,筆者探討了EGFR信號(hào)通路在煙曲霉暴露哮喘大鼠氣道重塑中的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地吸入低濃度的煙曲霉孢子后,哮喘大鼠氣道上皮損傷加重,杯狀細(xì)胞增生、氣道上皮下膠原沉積明顯,免疫組化結(jié)果示氣道上皮EGFR及氣道黏蛋白MUC5AC表達(dá)上調(diào)。應(yīng)用AG1478高度選擇性阻斷EGFR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路后,慢性煙曲霉暴露的哮喘大鼠氣道上皮細(xì)胞病理改變明顯減輕,黏蛋白MUC5AC表達(dá)下調(diào),減輕了氣道黏液過(guò)度分泌。以上結(jié)果顯示,阻斷EGFR信號(hào)通路可抑制慢性煙曲霉暴露誘導(dǎo)的支氣管哮喘大鼠的氣道重塑,提示阻斷EGFR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路可能是真菌相關(guān)哮喘治療的新靶點(diǎn)。EGFR的下游信號(hào)分子及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor signal pathway on the airway remodeling induced by chronic Aspergillus fumigatus exposure in rats with asthma
WANGZe1GAOYanyan2LIUYongquan2GAOFusheng2▲
1.Weifang Medical College,Shandong Province,Weifang 261053,China;2.Department of Respiratory Medicine,the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College,Shandong Province,Weifang 261031,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)signal pathway on the airway remodeling induced by chronic A spergillus fumigatus(A.fumigatus)exposure in rats with asthma.Methods30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups.Rats in group A were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA)to set up chronic asthma model.Chronic asthma rats in group B were given intranasal A.fumigates spores inhalation twice a week for 5 weeks.Chronic asthma rats in group C were given intranasal EGFR inhibitor AG1478 inhalation once a week prior to A.fumigates spores inhalation for 5 weeks.Lung sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin(HE),periodic acid Schiff(PAS),and Masson trichrome,and the images were analyzed morphometrically to evaluate the airway epithelial detachment,goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial collagen deposition in 3 groups of rats.The expression of MUC5AC and EGFR in the airways was detected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe airway epithelial detachment[(28.50±7.50)%],goblet cell hyperplasia[(36.38±9.21)%]and subepithelial collagen deposition[(56.55±15.38)%]in group B were all higher than those in group A[(6.34±1.81)%,(12.55±3.25)%and (18.23±5.21)%](P<0.01).No differences were found in above indexes between group C[(7.32±2.11)%,(10.26±3.12)% and(16.34±4.25)%]and group A(P>0.05).The expression of EGFR in the airways(IOD values)in group B(165±21)was higher than that in group A(56±18)(P<0.01),no difference was found between group B and group C(155±12)(P>0.05).The expression of MUC5AC in the airways(IOD values)in group B(891±80)was higher than that in group A(212±46)(P<0.01).No difference was found between group C(198±39)and group A(P>0.05).ConclusionChronic A.fumigates exposure induced aggravation of airway epithelial detachment,goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial collagen deposition,and upregulated MUC5AC and EGFR expression in chronic asthma rats.EGFR inhibitor AG1478 inhalation downregulated airway epithelial detachment,goblet cell hyperplasia,subepithelial collagen deposition and MUC5AC expression in chronic asthma rats.EGFR signal pathway may play a role in the airway remodeling induced by chronic A.fumigates exposure in chronic asthma rats.
Epidermal growth factor receptor;AG1478;Asthma;Aspergillus fumigatus;Airway remodeling
R562.25
A
1673-7210(2015)04(c)-0004-04
2015-01-02本文編輯:張瑜杰)
山東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)ZR2012H M094)。
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