吳 剛,黃盛松,吳登龍,卞崔冬,袁 濤,桂亞平,李 超,王天如,羅華榮,劉 博,張琪敏,李軍亮,劉昭輝,洪 哲同濟大學(xué)附屬同濟醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上海 200065
·論 著·
紅激光與等離子經(jīng)尿道前列腺剜除術(shù)治療大體積良性前列腺增生的療效及安全性比較
吳 剛,黃盛松,吳登龍,卞崔冬,袁 濤,桂亞平,李 超,王天如,羅華榮,劉 博,張琪敏,李軍亮,劉昭輝,洪 哲
同濟大學(xué)附屬同濟醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上海 200065
目的比較經(jīng)尿道前列腺紅激光剜除術(shù)(diode laser enucleation of the prostate,DiLEP)和經(jīng)尿道前列腺等離子剜除術(shù)(bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate,PKEP)治療大體積良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)的療效及安全性。方法回顧性分析2012年6月到2014年1月收治的70例大體積BPH患者,分別采用等離子或紅激光行經(jīng)尿道前列腺剜除術(shù)。比較兩組手術(shù)時間、血紅蛋白值下降值、手術(shù)前后國際前列腺癥狀評分(IPSS)、殘尿量(PVR)、最大尿流率(Qmax)。結(jié)果兩組手術(shù)均獲成功;術(shù)后隨訪12個月,兩組IPSS、Qmax、生活質(zhì)量評分(QoL)無差異。DiLEP組術(shù)后血紅蛋白下降值、膀胱灌注時間、留置尿管時間及住院時間均顯著低于PKEP組。兩組手術(shù)時間[(123.5±27.2)min vs.(102.7±20.4)min]、切除組織重量[(64.7±16.8)g vs.(61.2±20.5)g]、術(shù)后血紅蛋白下降值[(0.92±0.43)g/dl vs.(1.24±0.55)g/dl]、膀胱灌注時間[(28.9±14)h vs.(38.5±16.6)h]、導(dǎo)尿管留置時間[(2.6±1.8)d vs.(3.8±2.3)d]和住院時間[(4.84±1.8)d vs.(6.2±2.3)d]比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);刺激癥狀、逆行射精亦有差異(P<0.05);但尿潴留、輸血、壓力性尿失禁發(fā)生率無差別;且術(shù)后均未發(fā)生經(jīng)尿道電切綜合征。PKEP組1例因術(shù)后出血給予輸血治療。結(jié)論與PKEP相比,DiLEP治療大體積BPH出血風(fēng)險更小,膀胱灌注、留置尿管及住院時間更短,具有良好的療效及安全性。
前列腺增生;經(jīng)尿道手術(shù);紅激光剜除;等離子剜除
前列腺增生(BPH)是老年男性常見疾病,約40%的50歲以上男性會出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀。目前全球有超過1 500萬BPH患者[1]。BPH的治療包括等待觀察、藥物治療、微創(chuàng)治療及開放手術(shù)等。患者常在手術(shù)治療前會嘗試藥物治療。因此,越來越多的患者發(fā)展為大體積前列腺增生[2]。Bhansali等[3]的研究顯示,近30%的BPH患者的前列腺超過60 g。根據(jù)美國及歐洲泌尿外科協(xié)會指南,經(jīng)尿道前列腺切除術(shù)(TURP)仍是治療BPH的金標準。但TURP容易出現(xiàn)易出血、包膜穿孔、尿失禁等并發(fā)癥,其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率約為15%。隨著技術(shù)的進步,目前等離子在治療大體積BPH方面應(yīng)用越來越廣,被認為可能是新一代治療大體積BPH的金標準[4-6]。而自2007年紅激光被美國FDA批準以來,其因切割及止血效果好等優(yōu)勢在微創(chuàng)治療BPH方面也廣泛應(yīng)用。為研究紅激光在治療大體積BPH的效果,本研究回顧性地分析比較經(jīng)尿道前列腺紅激光剜除術(shù)(DiELP)和經(jīng)尿道前列腺等離子剜除術(shù)(PKEP)治療大體積BPH(>80 g)患者共70例,并進行了術(shù)后一年的隨訪,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1 臨床資料
本組患者70例,其中實施DiLEP術(shù)35例,實施PKEP術(shù)35例。所有患者均有明顯的下尿路梗阻癥狀,經(jīng)直腸超聲示前列腺體積>80 ml,服用α受體阻滯劑及5 α還原酶抑制劑>6個月治療無效,并結(jié)合患者病史、影像學(xué)及尿動力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果等,均有明確的手術(shù)指征。兩組患者術(shù)前的各項資料比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
手術(shù)均采用全麻,患者取截石位。沖洗液為生理鹽水。術(shù)前2日靜脈滴注抗生素預(yù)防感染。DiLEP組使用德國進口紅激光。使用連續(xù)切割模式,功率設(shè)置為120 W用于電切,60 W用于凝血。首先確認膀胱頸、精阜及輸尿管開口位置。如果術(shù)中見前列腺中葉增生明顯,那么先從中葉開始,再大弧形切除兩側(cè)葉,最后將切碎的組織推入膀胱。如果增生主要位于兩側(cè)葉,那么先從膀胱頸的1點及11點兩個位置開始各切一個槽;側(cè)葉通過前列腺尖朝著膀胱頸,弧形切除。PKEP的步驟與之前文獻描述類似[2-3]。剜除手術(shù)結(jié)束后,留置22 Fr或24 Fr三腔導(dǎo)尿管,連接生理鹽水灌注。術(shù)后尿色偏紅者給予膀胱沖洗至尿色清亮。
1.3 觀察指標
評價的指標包括術(shù)前指標、術(shù)中及術(shù)后指標兩部分。術(shù)前指標包括:年齡、前列腺體積、殘余尿、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、國際前列腺癥狀評分(IPSS)評分以及急性尿潴留發(fā)生率。血紅蛋白分別在術(shù)前一天及術(shù)后立即進行。術(shù)中及術(shù)后指標包括:手術(shù)時間、帶管時間、住院時間、切除腺體體積、出血量;其中,IPSS、Qmax、PVR以及患者生活質(zhì)量(QoL)等在術(shù)前及術(shù)后3、6及12個月均進行監(jiān)測。另外兩組的并發(fā)癥如出血、輸血、穿孔、刺激癥狀、逆行射精、壓力性尿失禁及尿道狹窄等記錄并比較。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差()表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用Fisher確切概率法。P<0.05有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 基線指標比較
PKEP和DiLEP兩組的年齡、前列腺體積、術(shù)前IPSS、QoL、PSA、殘尿量、Qmax、尿滁留(Acute urinary Retention,AUR)等基線指標無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。
2.2 圍手術(shù)期情況比較
DiLEP組與PKEP組相比手術(shù)時間長,血紅蛋白下降少、膀胱灌注時間、留置尿管時間及住院時間等少(P<0.05);但切除前列腺組織體積則無差異,見表1。
表1 DiLEP組和PKEP組圍手術(shù)期情況比較()Tab.1 Comparison of the perioperation period data between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
表1 DiLEP組和PKEP組圍手術(shù)期情況比較()Tab.1 Comparison of the perioperation period data between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
注:DiLEP為經(jīng)尿道前列腺紅激光剜除術(shù);PKEP為經(jīng)尿道前列腺等離子剜除術(shù)
項目手術(shù)時間(min)粉碎器時間(min)血紅蛋白下降(g/dl)切除前列腺重量(g)膀胱灌注時間(h)膀胱置管時間(d)住院時間(d) PKEP 102.7±20.4 / 1.2±0.6 61.2±20.5 38.5±16.6 3.8±2.3 6.2±2.3 DiLEP 123.5±27.2 32.3±7.6 0.9±0.4 64.7±16.8 28.9±14 2.6±1.8 4.84±1.8 Pvalue<0.001 0.008 0.440 0.010 0.020 0.006
2.3 手術(shù)療效比較
DiLEP組、PKEP組患者手術(shù)前后癥狀改善不明顯,但各組內(nèi)術(shù)前、術(shù)后各項臨床指標比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
表2 DiLEP組和PKEP組手術(shù)療效比較()Tab.2 Comparison of the operation effects between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
表2 DiLEP組和PKEP組手術(shù)療效比較()Tab.2 Comparison of the operation effects between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
注:DiLEP為經(jīng)尿道前列腺紅激光剜除術(shù);PKEP為經(jīng)尿道前列腺等離子剜除術(shù);PSA為前列腺特異性抗原;IPSS為國際前列腺癥狀評分;QoL為生活質(zhì)量評分;Qmax為最大尿流率
IPSS PKEP DiLEP P值Qmax(ml/s) PKEP DiLEP P值殘余尿(ml) PKEP DiLEP P值QoL PKEP DiLEP P值前列腺體積(ml) PKEP DiLEP P值術(shù)前23.5±6.5 21.7±4.8 0.19 6.3±4.5 5.2±3.7 0.26 127.5±57.6 112.3±52.8 0.25 4.9±1.1 4.8±0.9 0.67 108.6±22.7 112.4±26.3 0.52術(shù)后3個月7.2±4.3 7.0±3.8 0.82 17.4±7.3 18.6±6.6 0.47 22.5±19.2 21.6±17.4 0.84 1.6±1.0 1.8±1.2 0.45---術(shù)后6個月5.4±3.6 4.8±3.3 0.47 18.5±8.2 19.8±9.3 0.54 23.7±18.7 22.4±15.6 0.75 1.4±0.8 1.6±1.1 0.39---術(shù)后12個月4.2±3.2 3.5±2.6 0.32 17.0±6.7 18.2±6.3 0.45 24.2±20.9 23.4±16.3 0.86 1.2±0.9 1.3±1.1 0.68 48.5±33.7 44.6±31.2 0.62
2.4 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較
刺激癥狀、逆行射精發(fā)生率在DiLEP組少于PKEP組;尿失禁、尿道狹窄發(fā)生率兩組無差異。兩組均無發(fā)生電切綜合征(TURS)。PKEP組有2例出現(xiàn)二次出血,1例需輸血。DiLEP組無需輸血,見表3。
表3 DiLEP組和PKEP組并發(fā)癥比較Tab.3 Comparison of complications between DiLEP group and PKEP group
對于大體積的BPH,開放手術(shù)被認為是金標準[7]。但開放手術(shù)有許多并發(fā)癥,包括出血多、手術(shù)時間長等,且術(shù)后恢復(fù)較慢。隨著技術(shù)的進步,等離子及鈥激光被越來越多地用于治療大體積BPH,且目前效果較好。而鈥激光由于學(xué)習(xí)曲線長等原因,故一些研究者認為等離子更可能成為新一代的治療大體積BPH的金標準[3,8,9]。
等離子是治療BPH在電切環(huán)上增加了一個中位電極,使高頻電流經(jīng)介質(zhì)(生理鹽水)與工作電極產(chǎn)生回路,在工作電極電切環(huán)上產(chǎn)生等離子體,這種高能量等離子體可打斷前列腺組織內(nèi)有機分子鍵,從而使前列腺組織破碎、氣化,深層組織產(chǎn)生2~3 mm蛋白凝固層以止血,達到治療作用。因在手術(shù)時用生理鹽水沖洗,大大降低前列腺電切綜合征(TURS)發(fā)生,提高了手術(shù)安全性,允許延長手術(shù)時間從而達到最佳治療效果[10]。Xu等[11]在比較了DiLEP、PKEP治療BPH效果后發(fā)現(xiàn),DiLEP出血更少,膀胱灌注及置管時間更短。Chen等[12]報道紅激光與TURP結(jié)合治療大體積BPH效果優(yōu)于單用TURP術(shù)。紅激光可被組織中的水及血紅蛋白同時吸收,具有最佳的組織切割及止血效果;可在組織高效汽化切割的同時將血管凝閉,因此出血很少,保障了手術(shù)視野的清晰;因無液體吸收問題,其穿透深度淺,無碳化,術(shù)后組織水腫少[11-13]。
本研究結(jié)果兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相近,部分患者術(shù)后發(fā)生的短暫性壓力性尿失禁均可在術(shù)后6個月通過提肛訓(xùn)練恢復(fù)正常排尿。我們認為,壓力性尿失禁的發(fā)生主要與前列腺尖部組織切除的徹底性和手術(shù)操作相關(guān)。在刺激癥狀及逆行射精方面,DiLEP組優(yōu)于PKEP組,與Leonardi及Xu報道類似[11,14]。這可能與紅激光組織穿透淺,可在射精管、前列腺尖部準確操作有關(guān)。
DiLEP和PKEP治療大體積BPH均療效顯著,但DiLEP出血風(fēng)險更小、膀胱沖洗、留置尿管和住院時間更短。本研究認為,DiLEP是一種安全有效的治療大體積BPH方法。但因樣本量小,隨訪時間短,且是回顧性,故仍需作大樣本、前瞻性比較研究來證實其療效。
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Comparative study of the safety and efficacy between diode laser enucleation and bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation for large volume prostates
WU Gang,HUANG Shengsong,WU Denglong,BIAN Cuidong,YUAN Tao,GUI Yaping,LI Chao,WANG Tianru,LUO Huarong,LIU Bo,ZHANG Qimin,LI Junliang,LIU Zhaohui,HONG Zhe
Department of Urology,Tongji Hospital,Tongji University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200065,China
ObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficiency of diode laser enucleation with that of bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation for the treatment of large volume prostate(>80 ml).MethodsFrom June 2012 to January 2014,Atotal of 70 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with large volume prostate were included in our study.Of them,35 patientswere treated with diode laserenucleation ofthe prostate(DiLEP).No significantdifferenceswere observed in the pre-operative data.All patients were preoperatively assessed and evaluated at months 3,6,and 12.Perioperative data and postoperative outcomes were compared.Immediate and late complications were also assessed.ResultsBoth groups displayed significant improvements in international prostate symptom score,the quality of life,and the maximum flowrate 12 month after surgery.However,we identified there was no significant differences between the two groups in the follow-up data(P>0.05).Patients treated with diode laser showed a lower risk of blood loss[(0.92± 0.43)g/dl vs.(1.24±0.55)g/dl],as well as shorterbladder irrigation[(28.9±14)h vs.(38.5±16.6)h]and catheterization times[(2.6±1.8)d vs.(3.8±2.3)d].A larger amount of prostate tissue was retrieved in the DiLEP group,but the operation time of the diode laser group was longer than that of the bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation group[(123.5±27.2)min vs.(102.7±20.4)min].There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative urinary retention,blood transfusion,reoperation and incidence of stress urinary incontinence(P>0.05).However,the diode laser group was significantly superior to bipolar plasmakinetic group in terms of the irritative symptoms and ejaculatory function in the postoperative period.ConclusionsDiLEP provides more widely application range,less risk of haemorrhage,reduced bladder irrigation and catheter indwelling duration as well as reduced hospital stay.Diode laser enucleation of the prostate is a safe and effective method for the transurethral management of prostates larger than 80 ml.
Benignprostatichyperplasia;Transurethralsurgery;Plasmakineticenucleation;Diodelaserenucleation
R699.8
A
2095-378X(2015)02-0071-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2015.02.001
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81172426);上海市教委創(chuàng)新重點項目(12ZZ034)
吳剛(1985—),男,江西人,博士研究生,研究前列腺疾病及下尿路神經(jīng)調(diào)控
吳登龍,電子信箱:wudenglong2013@126.com