By Aaron Cline Hanbury

C.S. 劉易斯

Last November marked the 50th anniversary of a bizarre day in history. Three men of significant importance each died on November 22, 1963: President John F. Kennedy, author Aldous Huxley, and author and scholar C.S. Lewis.2. John F. Kennedy： 約翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪，美國第35任總統(tǒng)。1963年11月22日在達(dá)拉斯遇刺身亡；Aldous Huxley： 阿爾多斯·赫胥黎，英國作家，著有《美麗新世界》，是20世紀(jì)最經(jīng)典的反烏托邦文學(xué)作品之一。

用c*(x)表示一個面或一個頂點x賦值規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)移后的結(jié)果, c(x→y)表示從x到y(tǒng)的所有權(quán)值。 下面將驗證對所有的V∪F,都有c′(x)≥0。因此矛盾。

On that day, the developed world (appropriately) halted at the news of the assassination of the United States’ 35th president.3. halt： 停止，暫停；assassination： 暗殺，行刺。Huxley’s death, meanwhile, made the front page of The New York Times the day after Kennedy’s coverage4. coverage： 新聞報道。began. The news of Lewis’s death, though, didn’t appear in print until Nov. 25, and it appeared in the normal obituary5. obituary： 訃告，訃聞。section of The New York Times weekday paper. At an earlier point in his life, Lewis enjoyed vibrant community with family, friends, and colleagues displayed famously in his writers’ club, the Inklings—which included, among others,J.R.R. Tolkien.6. 劉易斯年輕的時候從不孤單，身邊圍繞著他的家人、朋友，還有那些他的名為“墨跡”的作家俱樂部里舉足輕重的同仁們，其中包括J.R.R.托爾金。J.R.R.Tolkien： 約翰·羅納德·瑞爾·托爾金，牛津大學(xué)古英語學(xué)家，著名作家，1937年出版《霍比特人》，其后又耗時16年完成了魔幻小說巨著《魔戒》三部曲。By the time Lewis died, however, many of those relationships had fizzled out7. fizzle out： 逐漸消失。, and only a handful people even knew about Lewis’s funeral in time to attend. In one of the new biographies of Lewis by Alister McGrath(the now-definitive C.S. Lewis: a Life), the writer lists eight attendees, and assumes others, at the funeral for Lewis.8. biography： 傳記；attendee： 出席者，參加者。No immediate family members were present—his brother, Warnie, stayed in bed, too drunk and distraught to venture to the ceremony.9. 他的直系親屬一個都沒到場——他的兄弟沃尼當(dāng)時躺在床上爛醉如泥、神志不清，根本無法出席葬禮。immediate family member： 直系親屬；distraught： 神志不清的，心煩意亂的。Lewis’s stepson, Douglas Gresham, represented the family at the understated memorial.

C.S. 劉易斯

近年來隨著《哈利·波特》系列和《魔戒》三部曲系列的流行風(fēng)潮席卷全球，我們認(rèn)識了J.K.羅琳和J.R.R.托爾金。在這股魔幻、神話、史詩的風(fēng)潮下，同樣火爆的還有《納尼亞傳奇》。你是否了解它的作者C.S路易斯呢？你是否知道羅琳在寫《哈利·波特》時，曾有意向路易斯致敬，也正是路易斯幫助托爾金完成了《魔戒》三部曲呢？如今路易斯作品的光芒已經(jīng)穿越時空，無論是追求創(chuàng)新奇炫的好萊塢還是堅守深厚內(nèi)涵的獨立書店，到處都有路易斯的影子，他的作品得到了所有人的認(rèn)可，成為西方人文文化影響世界的強(qiáng)大力量。誰能想到，這樣一位偉大的作家在當(dāng)年卻并未得到人們重視，甚至連他的葬禮都是門庭冷落。時間會沉淀經(jīng)典，證明什么才是文字和文化的巨大價值。

But amid all of the attention to these three men during the past year—new biographies, films, conferences, magazines, articles—the legacy of Lewis stands out in relation to both those of the 35th U.S. president and of the prescient Brave New World author.10. 縱觀過去一年三個人受關(guān)注的程度——新傳記、電影、會議、雜志、文章——劉易斯的精神遺產(chǎn)與第35屆美國總統(tǒng)和有預(yù)見力的《美麗新世界》作者比起來要豐富耀眼得多。prescient： 未卜先知的，預(yù)知的。

In honor of his achievements as a writer, officials of Westminster Abbey announced that they will honor Lewis in the prestigious Poets’Corner alongside literary figures such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Charles Dickens.30. Westminster Abbey： 威斯敏斯特大教堂，坐落在倫敦泰晤士河北岸；Poets’Corner： 威斯敏斯特教堂內(nèi)的“詩人之角”，因埋葬 14 世紀(jì)詩人喬叟和文藝復(fù)興時期詩人斯賓塞而得名。后來，英國著名的文學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家，如狄更斯、哈代等都在這里建有墓室或墓碑。Geoffrey Chaucer：杰弗雷·喬叟(1343—1400），英國文學(xué)之父，被公認(rèn)為中世紀(jì)最偉大的英國詩人，也是首位葬在“詩人之角”的詩人；Charles Dickens： 查爾斯·狄更斯（1812－1870），19世紀(jì)英國最偉大的小說家之一，代表作包括《雙城記》、《遠(yuǎn)大前程》等。The memorial stone displays Lewis’ famous summary of his faith: “I believe in Christianity as I believe the sun has risen. Not only because I can see it but because by it I can see everything else.”

Lewis helped Tolkien finish perhaps the best work of literature from the century, “The Lord of the Rings”; another biographer suggests the “Harry Potter” series is kind of homage12. homage： 崇敬，敬意。to the “Narnia” stories.

In a culture that views the world more as charcoal29. charcoal： 木炭畫，此處指并非黑白分明的。than black-andwhite, Lewis’s vision of the world speaks to a whole new mind of the 21st century as well as his native 20th.

C.S. 劉易斯和J.R.R. 托爾金

電影《指環(huán)王：雙塔奇兵》海報

Lewis, a native of Belfast, Ireland, taught English literature at Oxford and Cambridge during the middle of the 20th century. Beginning in his teenage years and up through his early career, he was an atheist13. atheist： 無神論者?！猙ut an uncomfortable one.In 1931, he became convinced that the Christian faith was more than a series of rational deductions; that it offered him a narrative that not only answered intellectual questions, but also satisfied his spiritual longings—what he described as the “god-sized hole” in his life.14. 從1931年起，他開始深信基督教義并不僅僅是一套基于理性的推理演繹；其提供的敘述不僅回答了思想上的疑問，而且滿足了他的靈性上的渴求——他將這種渴求比喻為他人生中“唯有神能夠填滿”的空洞。From that point on, he dedicated a significant portion of his energies to this idea that Christianity transcends facts and experience—Lewis believed Christianity wedded facts and experience in a deeper logical and emotional reality.15. 從那時起，劉易斯絕大部分時間致力于一個想法，即基督教信仰是超越事實與經(jīng)歷之上的——劉易斯相信基督教信仰是在更深層的邏輯和情感實際中將事實和經(jīng)歷結(jié)合起來。dedicate： 奉獻(xiàn)，致力于；transcend： 超越；wed： 結(jié)合，交融。

由于聯(lián)合制動系統(tǒng)所具有的高低速均可有效制動的優(yōu)點，自主研制的煤層氣鉆機(jī)車上使用了基于該方法所組成的速度控制系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)由發(fā)動機(jī)ISM440(含發(fā)動機(jī)制動)、自動變速箱(串聯(lián)液力緩速器)和控制器三部分組成，并在某航天公路試驗場進(jìn)行了車輛性能綜合試驗，如圖5所示，試驗狀態(tài)：車輛滿載總質(zhì)量60 t，坡度10%，距離2 000 m。

Lewis’s writing flowed in three streams: scholarly works, defenses of the Christian faith, and fiction. His canon16. canon：（作家的）真作（集），書目。, in addition to hundreds of essays and short writings, consists of more than 30 books, including widely celebrated criticisms on English literature and widely read works of fiction, poetry, and children’s stories. Today, several of these titles are familiar even to those with only a cursory17. cursory： 粗略的，淺薄的。interest in literature—such as “The Chronicles of Narnia” (which includes 1950’sThe Lion,the Witch, andthe Wardrobe), 1956’sTill We Have Faces, 1952’sMere Christianityand 1942’sThe Screwtape Letters.18.Till We Have Faces：《裸顏》；Mere Christianity：《返璞歸真》；The Screwtape Letters：《地獄來信》。以上三部作品均是劉易斯基督教思想的代表作品。

This vision for a Christian lens to the world permeates31. permeate： 滲透，彌漫。Lewis’s stories, because, for him, the best stories hinted at the deep structures of reality, helping humanity in the journey for truth and significance. Good stories point to an ultimate story. And as Farrer—but few else—might have predicted, Lewis appears more relevant today than ever.

對于廣大網(wǎng)球運動員的專項體能訓(xùn)練，應(yīng)確保他們訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容與實際比賽需求相吻合，必須要結(jié)合具體訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)，只有這樣，才能真正發(fā)揮出專項體能訓(xùn)練的積極作用。假設(shè)專項體能訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容與實際網(wǎng)球比賽規(guī)定相違背，將會直接并且嚴(yán)重地影響運動員的比賽成績。例如，在實施耐力方面的訓(xùn)練時，應(yīng)盡可能確保在網(wǎng)球訓(xùn)練場地、有球拍和球的狀況下進(jìn)行，這樣能夠加強(qiáng)集體訓(xùn)練項目與網(wǎng)球運動員真實技術(shù)水平之間的緊密性，同時還能讓運動員感受到真實比賽的氛圍。在日常專項體能訓(xùn)練中，應(yīng)讓網(wǎng)球運動員體會到真實比賽中所需的強(qiáng)度、力度以及節(jié)奏，這將能夠充分鍛煉運動員臨場發(fā)揮的能力。

And Lewis’s stories seem just as comfortable in Hollywood as they are in a corner bookstore. In recent years, three stories of “The Chronicles of Narnia” appeared as major film adaptations20. adaptation： 改編。, with a fourth in development.And other films based on his life and works have materialized, too—such asShadowlands, which casts Anthony Hopkins as Lewis and tells the story of his marriage to Joy Davidman, and a forthcoming film version ofThe Great Divorce, currently in the development stage.21. 基于他生平和作品的電影還有很多，比如《影子大地》，該片講述了劉易斯和喬伊·戴維德曼的婚姻生活，由安東尼·霍普金斯飾演劉易斯，還有電影版的《夢幻巴士》，該片目前正處于后期制作階段，即將上映。

Last November, a writer forThe Guardiansuggested that Huxley was actually the more “visionary” of the two writers who died on Nov.22, 1963. He points out specifically how Huxley’sBrave New Worldhints at today’s social networking websites that exchange services for members’ “intimate details.” He writes: “So, even as we remember C.S.Lewis, let us spare a thought for the writer who perceived the future in which we would come to love our digital servitude32. servitude： 勞役，奴役。.” Still, he admits that, compared to Lewis, “Aldous Huxley never attracted that kind of attention.”

Lewis’s works also appear onstage:Shadowlandsbegan as television film and later turned into a play, and the theater production ofThe Screwtape Letterswill continue its current tour in California recently.

Traces of Lewis even appear in the works of other writers. Most significantly, he helped Tolkien finish perhaps the best work of English literature from the century, “The Lord of the Rings”; McGrath calls Lewis the “chief midwife23. midwife： 促成因素，催生因素?！?to the stories. Another biographer suggests that J.K.Rowling’s “Harry Potter” series includes seven volumes as a kind of homage to the “Narnia” stories. Rowling’s character Dudley sounds and acts like Lewis’s Eustace Scrubb (from “The Chronicles of Narnia” series), and in an interview with theSydney Morning Herald, Rowling said she found herself “thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl24. hurl： 猛投，用力沖向。himself at a barrier in Kings Cross Station.” Lewis’s work also shapes, axiomatically,the stories of Christian writers like N. D. Wilson (also the screenwriter forThe Great Divorceadaptation) and Andrew Peterson, and has also influenced writers like Lloyd Alexander—who said, “In our times, every fantasy realm must be measured in comparison with ‘Narnia’.”25.劉易斯的作品同樣影響了諸如基督教作家N.D.威爾遜（《夢幻巴士》編?。┖桶驳卖敗てぬ厣淖髌?，同樣受其作品影響的作家勞埃德·亞歷山大曾作出如是評價，“在我們所處的時代，‘納尼亞系列’為魔幻作品樹立了標(biāo)桿。”axiomatically：不言自明地；N.D.Wilson： 內(nèi)森·大衛(wèi)·威爾遜，美國職業(yè)作家，著有《一百個櫥柜》三部曲；Lloyd Alexander： 勞埃德·亞歷山大，當(dāng)代美國作家，著有多部奇幻小說和青少年讀物，其中《高大的國王》曾獲得美國紐伯瑞兒童文學(xué)獎。

One of the few men who did attend Lewis’s funeral was the English theologian and philosopher Austin Farrer. In his eulogy that day, Farrer effectively described the combination of logic and emotion—of fact and imagination, of prose and poetry—that made Lewis’s writings resonate with many demographics of readers.26. 法雷爾當(dāng)天的悼詞精準(zhǔn)扼要，他認(rèn)為正是邏輯與情感、事實與想象和散文體與詩歌體的結(jié)合使劉易斯的作品能讓眾多讀者產(chǎn)生共鳴。Farrer said, “There lived in his writings a Christian universe that could be both thought and felt, in which he was at home and in which he made his reader at home.” In other words, readers found—andstill find—that Lewis narratives both answer intellectual questions and satisfy spiritual longings; Lewis demonstrates the importance of images and stories for the life of faith, without forgetting the necessity of reasoned, coherent belief, as well.

But Lewis’s appeal clearly reaches further than his Christian audience and draws appreciation from adherents of other faiths and the nonreligious.27. appeal： 感染力，吸引力；adherent：擁護(hù)者，追隨者。There’s a profound reason for that. As the flamboyant, avant garde theater critic Kenneth Tynan, a proud proponent of amorality,wrote in his diary after reading Lewis’s novels, “How thrilling he makes goodness seem—how tangible and radiant!”28. flamboyant： 夸張的，浮夸的；avant garde： 前衛(wèi)的，先鋒的；proponent： 擁護(hù)者，提倡者；amorality： 與道德無關(guān)，不屬于道德范疇；tangible： 重要的，顯著的；radiant： 明亮的，燦爛的。And after reading a work of nonfiction, he wrote, “C. S. L. works as potently as ever on my imagination.”

[6][7][8][9][10][26][36][37][38][44][45][46][49][50][51][52]《馬克思恩格斯文集》(第1卷)，北京：人民出版社，2009年，第220、221、195、530、528、500、499、499、499、500、500、192、162、501、532、501頁。

But even those numbers seem small compared to the more than 100 million copies (in at least 30 different languages) of “The Chronicles of Narnia” series sold.

As Henry L. Carrigan, Jr. puts it in Publishers Weekly, “While Huxley is now largely forgotten and Kennedy remains a symbol of lost promise, Lewis lives on through his novels, stories, essays, and autobiographical works.”While I think that oversimplifies Kennedy and underestimates Huxley, the underlying point is worth considering: In one of the great ironies of history,Lewis at his death received less attention than Huxley, and far less than Kennedy.11. 盡管我認(rèn)為這一觀點過分簡化了肯尼迪的成就，也過分低估了赫胥黎的價值，但其深層含義還是值得思考的：劉易斯去世的時候得到的關(guān)注少于赫胥黎，更沒法和肯尼迪相比，這是歷史的一大諷刺之一。But it may be true that Lewis’s ideas claim the most lasting in fluence, both on the Christian tradition and on the Western culture beyond.

Just about any list of the best Christian books in the English language, of course, will include at least one Lewis title. In fact, whenChristianity Todaymagazine asked more than 100 Christian writers and leaders to rank the most in fluential religious books of the 20th century, they named Lewis’sMere ChristianityNo. 1 by far—which explains why readers have purchased the around 18 million copies of the book. And Harper Collins19. Harper Collins： 哈珀·柯林斯出版集團(tuán)，全球最大的英文書籍出版商之一，總部位于紐約。, which distributed some 10 million in unit sales since it acquired the rights to most of Lewis’s titles in 2001,reports more than 150,000 copies ofMere Christianitysold in the past year.

Lewis’ narratives both answer intellectual questions and satisfy spiritual longings; he demonstrates the importance of images and stories without forgetting the necessity of reasoned, coherent belief.22. reasoned： （想法、觀點等）合乎邏輯的；coherent： 連貫的，清晰一致的。

當(dāng)然，想要在真正意義上開展生態(tài)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，企業(yè)需要投入相應(yīng)成本，不僅要投入維護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的技術(shù)和成本，而且還要積極修復(fù)因為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而被破壞的環(huán)境。通過綜合利用各種因素，從而打破傳統(tǒng)的“表象”理念，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與保護(hù)環(huán)境的結(jié)合。

回到竹溪街，何牦第一件事是寫遺囑。他共有五萬元存款。這次去北京的旅費加住院費，花了一萬六，何美寧辦出院手續(xù)時，他站在何美寧身后，見何美寧把九千元鈔票塞進(jìn)醫(yī)院的收銀臺時，心痛得快要流眼淚了。這些錢都是計劃留給橘紅的，是讓橘紅過上好日子的希望和保證，上次在濱湖三醫(yī)院住院，大病醫(yī)療出了百分之八十，自己還交了三千五，這次是全費，百分之百的自己交。交的不是錢，是希望，是性命。他活著的希望和意義，就是贖回年輕時的過失，讓橘紅過上好日子，把錢都花了，就算找到橘紅，還有能力、條件讓橘紅過上好日子嗎？那一把把的錢交得他心里發(fā)顫，好像受了驚嚇?biāo)频?，抖動?/p>

截至2010年，我國共建成再生水廠343座，再生水管道總長5 519 km，再生水生產(chǎn)能力1 967萬m3/d，當(dāng)年城市污水處理回用總量為28.3億m3。再生水利用主要用于農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、工業(yè)、景觀環(huán)境和市政等方面。我國再生水利用事業(yè)的特點有：

And assessments of Kennedy’s ideas, in turn, remain mixed.His actions, certainly, caused massive repercussions33. repercussion： 反響，影響。on the nation:In part, his term shaped the future of presidential campaigns, as television became a normal aspect of elections campaigns. And his celebrity-type appeal added style, in addition to substance, to the list of essential characteristics of a United States president.34. 肯尼迪擁有名人般的氣質(zhì)魅力，這使得美國總統(tǒng)的基本條件在實力內(nèi)涵之外，又增加了個人風(fēng)格。But crises like the Bay of Pigs debacle, the Cold War, the convoluted situation in Vietnam, and racial discord around the country arguably mark his time in office more than his Camelot White House.35. Bay of Pigs： 豬灣事件，指1961年4月17日，在美國中央情報局的協(xié)助下逃亡美國的古巴人在古巴西南海岸豬灣向菲德爾·卡斯特羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的古巴革命政府發(fā)動的一次失敗的入侵。豬灣事件標(biāo)志著美國反古巴行動的第一個高峰；convoluted： 復(fù)雜曲折的；discord： 意見分歧，爭執(zhí)；Camelot： 卡米洛，是傳說中的英國城鎮(zhèn)，中古不列顛傳奇國王亞瑟王的宮廷和圓桌會議所在地，此處用以比喻肯尼迪的卡米洛王朝時期，即1961年至1963年間肯尼迪任美國總統(tǒng)時哥倫比亞特區(qū)華盛頓的繁榮。

“Assessments of Kennedy’s presidency have spanned a wide spectrum36. spectrum： 范圍。,” according to Kennedy scholars at the University of Virginia. “Early studies, the most influential of which were written by New Frontiersmen close to Kennedy, were openly admiring.They built upon on the collective grief from Kennedy’s public slaying—the quintessential national trauma.37. slay： 殺戮；quintessential： 精髓的； trauma：創(chuàng)傷。Later, many historians focused on the seedier38. seedy： 不愉快的，低級的。side of Kennedy family dealings and John Kennedy’s questionable personal morals. More recent works have tried to find a middle ground.” So, the legacy of Kennedy’s ideas remains ambiguous; today, he is perceived by many as an intriguing national figure who lost his opportunity to fulfill many promises.39. ambiguous： 模糊不清的，模棱兩可的；intriguing： 迷人的，令人非常感興趣的。

Back 50 years ago, no one reading the news headlines from November 1963 would predict that the ideas of an English scholar and children’s writer would wield40. wield： 施加（影響），運用（權(quán)力）。(arguably) greater influence on European and American cultures than Kennedy’s or Huxley’s. After all, Lewis’s funeral only included one family member, related by marriage.

Huxley once wrote that “the prophet41. prophet： 先知，預(yù)言者。must make a selection of the facts that are more significant, that will have the greatest effect on the greatest number of future human beings.” And Kennedy famously said that a “man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on.”

And that’s why, in 1963, Lewis left us a legacy with influence that reaches far beyond 1960s England: He wedded significant facts with ideas that live on.

劉易斯作品《返璞歸真》