王志立 李曉華 李士清 董應(yīng)麗 李萍
中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)是各種原因?qū)е曼S斑區(qū)或其附近的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮和色素上皮之間的局限性漿液性脫離,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮損害[1]。自發(fā)熒光(autofluorescence,AF)包括脂褐素相關(guān)的自發(fā)熒光(lipofuscin-related fundus autofluorescence,F(xiàn)AF)和黑色素相關(guān)的近紅外自發(fā)熒光(melanin-related near-infrard fundus autofluorescence,NIA),是一種無創(chuàng)性檢測視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)細(xì)胞損害的重要方法[2]。FAF已應(yīng)用到老年性黃斑變性、特發(fā)性脈絡(luò)膜新生血管及CSC等眼底病中[3-5],但NIA在慢性遷延性 CSC中應(yīng)用的報(bào)道尚少。為此,我們回顧性分析了在我院就診的一組慢性遷延性CSC患者兩種自發(fā)熒光的臨床資料,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料 選取2010年1月至2013年5月經(jīng)我院眼科確診為慢性遷延性CSC的患者57例63眼為研究對象。其中,男41例45眼,女16例18眼,年齡 24~42歲,病史 3個(gè)月~1 a,視力 0.1~0.6。排除伴有葡萄膜炎、青光眼、眼外傷及其他黃斑病變者。
1.2 方法 所有患者檢查前應(yīng)用復(fù)方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,行眼底彩色照相、直接檢眼鏡檢查。采用德國海德堡共焦激光掃描眼底血管造影儀(Spectralis HRA)行熒光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescence angiography,F(xiàn)FA)檢查。在熒光素注射前,分別行FAF和NIA檢查,使用HRA自帶軟件處理后得到FAF和NIA圖像。然后將100 g·L-1的熒光素鈉針(international Medication Systerms,Limited,USA)5 mL經(jīng)過敏預(yù)試驗(yàn)后5 s內(nèi)肘靜脈快速注入,F(xiàn)FA檢查持續(xù)時(shí)間為15 min,典型圖像經(jīng)計(jì)算機(jī)圖像處理后分析備用。
2.1 慢性遷延性CSC滲漏點(diǎn)FFA、AF像 典型圖像見圖1-圖3。63眼在FFA造影早期呈不典型滲漏點(diǎn)或多發(fā)滲漏點(diǎn)等特征(圖1A、圖2A、圖3A)。在FAF上呈異常熒光表現(xiàn)者47眼(占74.6%),分別表現(xiàn)為弱熒光39眼(占83.0%,圖1B)、強(qiáng)熒光3眼(占 6.4%,圖2B)、不典型熒光 5 眼(占 10.6%,圖3B)。NIA上呈異常熒光表現(xiàn)者59眼(占93.7%),分別表現(xiàn)為弱熒光48眼(占81.4%,圖1C)、斑駁狀熒光5眼(占 8.5%,圖2C)、不典型熒光 6眼(占10.2% ,圖 3C)。
Figure 1 Leakage pinpoint of FFA and AF images in a 35-year old male patient with chronic CSC.A:FFA showed multiple fluorescein leakage pinpoints on temporal to macula of right eye(white arrowheads);B:Hypoautofluorescence of FAF corresponding to leakage pinpoints(black arrowheads);C:Hypoautofluorescence of NIA corresponding to leakage pinpoints(black arrowheads)35歲慢性遷延性CSC男性患者滲漏點(diǎn)FFA、AF像。A:右眼FFA示黃斑區(qū)顳側(cè)可見多個(gè)斑點(diǎn)狀熒光滲漏(白箭頭);B:FAF示滲漏點(diǎn)呈弱熒光(黑箭頭);C:NIA示滲漏點(diǎn)呈弱熒光(黑箭頭)
Figure 2 Leakage pinpoint of FFA and AF image in a 30-year old male patient with chronic CSC.A:FFA showed a fluorescein leakage pinpoint on macula of right eye(white arrowhead);B:Hyperautofluorescence of FAF corresponding to leakage pinpoint(white arrowhead);C:Mottled autofluorescence of NIA corresponding to leakage pinpoint(white arrowhead),the abnormal autofluorescence of NIA corresponding to normal retina on FFA and FAF image(yellow arrowhead)30歲慢性遷延性CSC男性患者滲漏點(diǎn)FFA、AF像。A:右眼FFA示黃斑區(qū)針點(diǎn)狀熒光滲漏(白箭頭);B:FAF示對應(yīng)滲漏點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)熒光(白箭頭);C:NIA示滲漏點(diǎn)呈斑駁狀熒光(白箭頭),NIA異常熒光區(qū)與FFA和FAF正常視網(wǎng)膜區(qū)域相對應(yīng)(黃箭頭)
2.2 慢性遷延性 CSC眼視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)FFA、AF像 典型圖像見圖4-圖5。63眼FFA造影晚期呈斑片狀或類圓形強(qiáng)熒光(圖4A、圖5A)。FAF上呈異常熒光者50眼(占79.4%),表現(xiàn)為弱熒光15 眼(占30.0%,圖4B)、強(qiáng)熒光 35 眼(占 70.0%,圖5B)。NIA上呈異常熒光者57眼(90.5%),表現(xiàn)為顆粒樣混雜熒光51眼(占89.5%,圖4C)、弱熒光6眼(占10.5%,圖5C)。另外,在 FAF和 NIA上顯示視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)范圍大于FFA者分別有23 眼和 33 眼,占 36.5%和 52.4%(圖5B-圖5C)。
Figure 3 Leakage pinpoint of FFA and AF image in a 39-year old male patient with chronic CSC.A:FFA showed multiple fluorescein leakage pinpoints on posterior pole of right eye(white arrowheads);B:Atypical autofluorescence of FAF corresponding to leakage pinpoint(black arrowheads);C:Atypical autofluorescence of NIA corresponding to leakage pinpoint(black arrowheads)39歲慢性遷延性CSC男性患者滲漏點(diǎn)FFA、AF像。A:右眼FFA示視網(wǎng)膜后極部多個(gè)斑點(diǎn)狀熒光滲漏(白箭頭);B:FAF示滲漏點(diǎn)呈不典型熒光(黑箭頭);C:NIA示滲漏點(diǎn)呈不典型熒光(黑箭頭)
Figure 4 Neurosensory retinal detachment of FFA and AF image in a 34-year old male patient with chronic CSC.A:FFA showed two shallow neurosensory retinal detachment areas formatted by two fluorescein leakage pinpoints on temporal and nasal to macula of right eye(white arrowheads);B:Central hypoautofluorescence and surrounding hyperautofluorescence of FAF corresponding to two shallow neurosensory retinal detachment areas(black arrowheads);C:Multiple particles like hybrid autofluorescence of NIA corresponding to two shallow neurosensory retinal detachment areas(black arrowheads)34歲慢性遷延性CSC男性患者神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)FFA、AF像。A:右眼FFA示黃斑中心凹顳側(cè)及鼻上兩個(gè)斑點(diǎn)狀滲漏形成的淺脫離區(qū)(白箭頭);B:FAF示脫離區(qū)內(nèi)呈弱熒光,邊緣為強(qiáng)熒光(黑箭頭);C:NIA示脫離區(qū)可見多個(gè)顆粒狀熒光(黑箭頭)
Figure 5 Neurosensory retinal detachment leakage of FFA and AF image in a 29-year old female patient with chronic CSC.A:FFA showed shallow neurosensory retinal detachment areas on macula of left eye(white arrowhead);B:Hyperautofluorescence areas of FAF corresponding to the neurosensory retinal detachment areas(white arrowhead),and the area of hyperautofluorescence was larger than that of FFA(black arrowhead);C:Hypoautofluorescence areas of NIA corresponding to neurosensory retinal detachment areas(white arrowhead),and the areas of hypoautofluorescence was larger than that of FFA(black arrowhead)29歲慢性遷延性CSC女性患者神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)FFA、AF像。A:左眼FFA示黃斑中心凹周圍及下方熒光脫離區(qū)(白箭頭);B:FAF示對應(yīng)脫離區(qū)為強(qiáng)熒光(白箭頭),熒光波及范圍大于FFA(黑箭頭);C:NIA示脫離區(qū)為弱熒光(白箭頭),熒光波及范圍大于FFA(黑箭頭)
2.3 慢性遷延性CSC眼正常視網(wǎng)膜區(qū)域FFA、AF像 在63眼中,F(xiàn)FA和FAF顯示正常的區(qū)域,而在NIA上表現(xiàn)異常者 3眼(圖2A-圖2C,黃箭頭),占4.8%。
Kellner等[6]研究表明,慢性遷延性 CSC患者視力及視功能損害往往比急性CSC嚴(yán)重,主要原因是滲漏點(diǎn)反復(fù)發(fā)作或多點(diǎn)滲漏導(dǎo)致視細(xì)胞與RPE細(xì)胞代謝紊亂,從而引起不可逆的視力障礙。FAF產(chǎn)生的主要熒光物質(zhì)是RPE細(xì)胞內(nèi)的脂褐質(zhì)成分,其主要來源于未被RPE細(xì)胞吞噬消化的感光細(xì)胞外節(jié)盤膜。NIA是二極管激光產(chǎn)生的787 nm的近紅外激光,主要反映黑色素分布的光學(xué)圖像[7]。臨床上利用FAF檢測RPE細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂褐質(zhì)成分的高低,利用NIA檢測黑色素的分布,進(jìn)而反映RPE細(xì)胞的功能狀態(tài)、代謝狀況及其損害情況[8-9]。
本研究中,慢性遷延性CSC患者滲漏點(diǎn)在FAF上表現(xiàn)為異常熒光者占74.6%,高于曹緒勝等[10]的64.3%,異常熒光偏高的原因可能與例數(shù)或患者的病程等因素有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,滲漏點(diǎn)在FAF上呈弱熒光者占 83.0%,在 NIA上呈弱熒光者占81.4%,此研究結(jié)果與 Framme等[11]的研究結(jié)果相似。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)FAF弱熒光區(qū)與NIA弱熒光區(qū)相對應(yīng)。有研究表明,慢性遷延性CSC中FAF減弱可能為感光細(xì)胞缺失或廣泛死亡所致,F(xiàn)AF增強(qiáng)提示患者滲漏點(diǎn)位置RPE細(xì)胞降解代謝產(chǎn)物的能力下降,尚未出現(xiàn)顯著細(xì)胞壞死[12]。本研究中多數(shù)患者存在FAF和NIA弱熒光,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)慢性遷延性CSC患者存在色素上皮損害和功能下降,應(yīng)給予積極治療。
本研究中,慢性遷延性CSC患者神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)FAF有多種異常表現(xiàn),其中,F(xiàn)AF呈弱熒光者占30.0%,其余為強(qiáng)熒光。弱熒光斑與神經(jīng)上皮下積液遮擋相關(guān),而強(qiáng)熒光主要顯示RPE損害[13]。慢性遷延性CSC患者神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)在NIA上表現(xiàn)以混雜熒光為主,提示RPE存在不同程度的損害[14]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性遷延性CSC患者NIA和FAF檢測到RPE損害區(qū)范圍較FFA顯示的病變區(qū)范圍大。我們推測與多次反復(fù)發(fā)作致使RPE損害范圍逐漸變大相關(guān)。FAF和NIA在檢測RPE細(xì)胞損害范圍方面均有一定優(yōu)勢[15]。因此,我們認(rèn)為FAF和NIA適用于對慢性遷延性CSC中RPE損害范圍的評估。
本研究中,少數(shù)CSC在FFA顯示正常的區(qū)域,同樣也可檢測到異常NIA,但未檢測到 FAF異常。我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)與以往報(bào)道的NIA較FAF能更早地檢測到 RPE的異常損害相一致[16]。周蕓蕓等[17]研究表明,在某些眼底未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常的疾病早期,F(xiàn)AF可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變。因此,F(xiàn)AF和NIA不僅適合觀察慢性遷延性CSC病變區(qū)域RPE的變化,也適合于正常眼底范圍內(nèi)RPE變化的研究。
FAF和NIA不足之處在于不能替代FFA對滲漏點(diǎn)滲漏程度的評估,也不能替代光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(OCT)對視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮脫離的評估。因此,如能將FAF、NIA、FFA和 OCT結(jié)合起來,將能對慢性遷延性CSC提供更全面的評估。
總之,NIA聯(lián)合FAF可以用于觀察和評估慢性遷延性CSC視網(wǎng)膜滲漏點(diǎn)和神經(jīng)上皮脫離區(qū)RPE損傷情況,也適用于觀察病變范圍外正常區(qū)域RPE的變化,有助于臨床上對慢性遷延性CSC治療前后RPE情況的評估。
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