曾瑤 李曉星 于君
胃癌是我國最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,由于缺乏特殊癥狀大部分患者在確診時已處于中晚期,世界范圍內其病死率居各種腫瘤第二位[1]?!?012中國腫瘤登記年報》顯示,我國胃癌發(fā)生呈明顯地理性分布,高發(fā)區(qū)主要分布在西北及沿海各省市,如江蘇、甘肅、青海等[2]。從疾病的篩查和控制方面來說,胃癌發(fā)病機制以及有效預后生物標志物的研究迫在眉睫。近年來,越來越多的研究成果表明異常DNA甲基化導致抑癌基因的失活是胃癌發(fā)生的重要原因之一[3]。
胃癌是一個多因素、多基因、多步驟協(xié)同參與的過程,其發(fā)生發(fā)展機制復雜,詳細的機制尚未完全清楚。隨著表觀遺傳學的發(fā)展,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基因CpG島區(qū)域的異常甲基化參與癌癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程,尤其是抑癌基因啟動子區(qū)域CpG島高甲基化引起的表達沉默或下調被認為是在胃癌細胞浸潤和轉移、細胞增殖和凋亡及p53和Wnt在內的信號通路中起重要作用[3-5]。如上皮型鈣黏蛋白基因(E-cadherin)為腫瘤浸潤抑制基因,該基因的表觀遺傳學改變與腫瘤的浸潤和轉移關系密切。原鈣黏附蛋白10(PCDH10)基因屬于cadherin超家族Procadherins亞族成員,具細胞黏附活性。Yu等[6]檢測17種胃癌細胞株和104例早期胃癌樣本的PCDH10基因甲基化情況,用亞硫酸氫鈉測序法(BGS)證實PCDH10啟動子區(qū)域甲基化密集,94%(16/17)的胃癌細胞株中PCHD10 mRNA表達沉默或下調,82%(85/104)的胃癌組織出現(xiàn)PCHD10甲基化,正常樣本中PCHD10無異常甲基化且穩(wěn)定表達。早期胃癌組織與癌旁組織相比,前者PCHD10 mRNA表達顯著下調。用去甲基化試劑5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine處理后,PCDH10恢復表達,說明該基因表達失活受啟動子區(qū)甲基化影響。該研究還通過體外實驗證明在表達沉默的胃癌細胞株中過表達PCDH10能顯著抑制細胞集落形成、細胞增殖、凋亡、轉移和侵襲。體外過表達PCDH10可以抑制移植瘤的增長,與其它報道一致[7]。此外,Yu 等[6]還 指 出 pro-apotosis genes Fas、Caspase8、Jun、CDKN1A、抗增殖基因纖維母細胞生長因子受體、抗侵襲基因HIV-1 TAT相互作用蛋白2均受PCDH10的腫瘤抑制調節(jié)影響。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,與胃癌發(fā)生相關抑癌基因高甲基化可以作為預后不良的一種有效標志物[3-4,8]。目前已有不少于84篇論文對胃癌組織中56個甲基化基因進行了預后相關性研究,以整體生存期為依據(jù),有35個基因甲基化與預后相關,見表1,其中許多預后基因結論不一致,尚處于研究階段。本文選取4個具有代表性并且與預后不良明顯相關的甲基化抑癌基因進行簡要綜述。
表1 胃癌中預后相關甲基化基因的研究總結
續(xù)表
續(xù)表
CDH1位于染色體16q22.1區(qū),是上皮鈣黏蛋白的編碼基因,編碼產物是一種介導細胞間相互黏附依賴性的跨膜糖蛋白,包含五個串聯(lián)重復胞外結構域、一個跨膜結構域和一個胞漿結構域,其中胞漿結構域通過α-,β-,γ-連鎖蛋白與細胞骨架中的肌動蛋白纖維交替連接。該蛋白有細胞黏附功能,在維持細胞結構穩(wěn)定和分化上有重要作用。不良的細胞黏附能導致腫瘤早期形成過程中生長接觸抑制功能的喪失,加速腫瘤細胞生長。而黏附能力的缺失則導致腫瘤細胞穿透正常組織進行遷移。因此,該基因功能的缺失在癌癥發(fā)生中起重要作用[46]。在多種惡性腫瘤,如卵巢癌、食管癌、結腸癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、皮膚癌等中都發(fā)現(xiàn)CDH1的表達減少。已有研究表明CDH1的轉錄沉默與表觀遺傳學改變有關,其啟動子高甲基化與胃癌發(fā)生緊密相關[47-50]。Lee 等[17]用 甲 基 化 特 異 性 PCR 法(MSP)和焦磷酸測序法檢測散發(fā)性彌漫型胃癌中CDH1啟動子甲基化率分別為73.6%(53/72)和77.8%(56/72),與先前在散發(fā)性彌漫型胃癌研究結果類似[51-52]。胃癌患者病理組織和血清中CDH1啟動子高甲基化被認為是患者的存活率分析的一個重要預后因素。Ikoma等[23]運用MSP檢測胃癌患者血清中CDH1基因啟動子高甲基化率為24%(24/97),通過生存曲線分析高甲基化者有一個較差的3年預后存活期(P<0.05)。Graziano等[24]用 MSP 法對彌漫型胃癌樣本進行CDH1基因啟動子甲基化檢測,其高甲基化率為54%(40/73),免疫組織化學反應顯示CDH1甲基化與E-鈣黏蛋白表達情況顯著相關(P<0.001),多變量分析CDH1甲基化與胃癌患者的總存活期顯著相關,在彌漫型胃癌中CDH1啟動子高甲基化是一個不利的預后因素。多項研究表明,CDH1的甲基化與胃癌患者的預后較差相關[12,18-19,23-24]。綜上所述,CDH1 基因甲基化可以作為胃癌患者預后診斷的預測因子,同時E-鈣黏蛋白可以作為一個新的治療靶標,用于預防胃癌細胞的侵襲、轉移及其他惡性生物學行為。
BCL6B(B cell CLL/lymphoma6,member6)為BCL6的同源基因,又稱為BAZF,ZNF63或ZBTB28,位于染色體17p13.1,是一種核內序列特異性轉錄抑制因子,編碼706個氨基酸殘基組成的核蛋白,包括分別位于氨基末端的BTB/POZ結構域以及羧基端五個重復的Krüppel狀鋅指結構域。在人類組織中普遍發(fā)現(xiàn)BCL6BmRNA的廣泛表達,尤其在心臟和胎盤中表達豐富。BCL6和BCL6B的BTB/POZ結構和中間部分均有轉錄抑制活性。已有報道指出,BCL6的370至380氨基酸序列與BCL6B的188至204氨基酸序列有100%的相似性,這17個氨基酸序列可能是另一個具有轉錄抑制功能的活性結構域,并且負責誘導小鼠胚胎成纖維細胞(NIH3T3)凋亡[53]。Xu 等[13]對兩組不同來源的胃癌組織樣本進行BCL6B基因甲基化狀態(tài)分析,高甲基化率分別為49%(102/208)和66%(67/101),9種胃癌細胞株中BCL6B均出現(xiàn)轉錄沉默或下調,而無癌胃組織中表達正常。通過啟動子分析實驗證明BCL6B表達下調與該基因啟動子甲基化相關。亞硫酸鹽測序法分析胃癌細胞株中BCL6B啟動子區(qū)甲基化密集,與癌旁組織相比,早期胃癌組織中BCL6B表達顯著減少。運用聯(lián)合亞硫酸氫鈉限制性內切酶分析法和亞硫酸氫鈉測序法顯示早期胃癌中BCL6B啟動子甲基化密集,而正常組織則無甲基化。對這兩組來源不同的胃癌樣本運用多元Cox回歸分析顯示,BCL6B啟動子區(qū)異常高甲基化與胃癌患者預后不良顯著相關,Kaplan-Meier生存曲線顯示BCL6B甲基化的胃癌患者有一個明顯縮短的存活期。BCL6B能介導細胞內外caspase依賴的信號通路和下調抗凋亡因子(S100A4和VEGFA),增加細胞凋亡活性。BCL6B還可以通過上調p21和下調CDK4與PLAUR的表達來抑制腫瘤細胞增殖。此外,BCL6B的抗腫瘤功能還體現(xiàn)在誘導腫瘤抑制基因ATM和p53的表達上調。這些結果表明BCL6B是一個潛在腫瘤抑制基因,其表達下調對胃癌發(fā)生有一定影響,BCL6B基因甲基化可以作為胃癌患者預后診斷的一個獨立生物標記物。
Dkk-3基因位于染色體11p15.1,其編碼的蛋白是Dickkopf(DKK)家族成員,該分泌型糖蛋白家族有4個成員,分別為DKK-1、DKK-2、DKK-3和DKK-4,其中 DKK-1,DKK-2,DKK-4通過結合Wnt受體復合物LRP5/LRP6來抑制Wnt信號通路,DKK-3則通過阻止平面細胞極化信號通路抑制Wnt信號途徑。Wnt/β-catenin信號通路與細胞增殖和分化相關,異常 Wnt/βcatenin信號通路激活在消化道腫瘤發(fā)生中起重要作用。目前認為經(jīng)典Wnt通路為細胞外因子Wnt蛋白與跨膜受體Frizzled/LRP結合,通過一系列胞質蛋白相互作用使β-catenin蛋白逃過被泛素水解系統(tǒng)降解的命運,在胞質內累積進入核內與轉錄因子(LEF/TCF)共同作用激活靶基因轉錄。Wnt通路的下游靶基因多是參與細胞增殖與凋亡的基因,如CylinD1、c-myc等。一旦Wnt通路被DKK家族抑制,β-catenin蛋白磷酸化然后被泛素標記降解,降低了在胞質內的積累從而抑制下游靶基因的激活。因此Dkk家族基因的功能缺失能激活Wnt信號通路從而導致腫瘤細胞異常增殖和分化。已有報道表明,Dkk-3基因的表達在許多人類癌癥中通過啟動子甲基化被沉默或下調[54-55]。Yu 等[26]對胃癌中 Dkk-3 基因進行轉錄調節(jié)和功能分析,在68%(117/173)的早期胃癌樣本中檢測到該基因啟動子甲基化,在癌旁組織中也檢測到甲基化現(xiàn)象,但前者甲基化程度明顯高于后者。多元Cox回歸分析顯示胃癌中Dkk-3甲基化是一個與疾病預后不良顯著相關的獨立因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析Dkk-3甲基化的胃癌患者有一個明顯縮短的存活期(平均存活時間為0.76年),而Dkk-3未甲基化的胃癌患者平均存活時間為2.68年。根據(jù)TNM階段分期顯示,Dkk-3甲基化狀況與Ⅰ~Ⅲ階段胃癌患者較短的存活期顯著相關。綜合分析,Dkk-3基因通過啟動子甲基化介導的表觀遺傳學沉默是胃癌中的頻發(fā)事件,該基因的啟動子甲基化可以作為早期胃癌中預后不良的獨立預測標志物。
DAPK基因位于染色體9q34.1,編碼產物為DAPK,是一種受鈣離子和鈣調蛋白調節(jié)的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,參與多種細胞凋亡信號通路正向調節(jié),包括 IFN-γ、TNF-α、Fas、p53和TGF-β等,有促凋亡功能[56]。如 DAPK可以通過抑制細胞黏附功能誘導激活p53依賴的細胞凋亡途徑,通過促細胞凋亡而抑制其遷移。因此DAPK的正常表達可抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉移。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些惡性細胞系或腫瘤組織中DAPK常常出現(xiàn)表達缺失或下調,且DAPK的表達缺失與啟動子CpG島超甲基化密切相關[57-58]。Kato等[25]對 81 例早期胃癌用 MSP 進行DAPK甲基化檢測,22.2%(18/81)為異常甲基化狀態(tài),用Fisher's測試分析DAPK甲基化患者該基因表達明顯下調(P=0.0369),而Kaplan-Meier生存曲線則顯示DAPK甲基化的胃癌患者整體生存期更短(P=0.0454),明顯預后不良。過去報道中,DAPK基因在胃癌中的甲基化頻率為30% ~90%[59-64]。因此,DAPK基因甲基化是胃癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中的頻發(fā)事件,可以作為預后診斷的預測標志物。
胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展與腫瘤抑制基因啟動子異常甲基化密切相關。研究DNA異常甲基化有助于進一步了解胃癌的作用機制,腫瘤生物標志物的發(fā)現(xiàn)則有助于在臨床上尋找一種新的無侵入性診斷方式,使患者免去一些不必要的檢查和治療。而理想的預后甲基化生物標志物的聯(lián)合使用,可以作為一種有用的癌癥預后預測,對治療方案具有一定的參考價值。相信隨著甲基化檢測方法的不斷進步和靈敏度的不斷提高,將會出現(xiàn)更多有效的預后生物標志物并逐步應用于臨床。
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