許華斌+成全
〔摘要〕專(zhuān)利作為無(wú)形資產(chǎn)的重要組成部分,在知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代已經(jīng)引起學(xué)術(shù)界和產(chǎn)業(yè)界的高度關(guān)注。圍繞專(zhuān)利交易領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)利價(jià)值分析,近年來(lái)也逐漸成為技術(shù)交易市場(chǎng)的核心問(wèn)題吸引著越來(lái)越多學(xué)者的目光。本文借助CNKI和SCI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),對(duì)1993-2014年發(fā)表的有關(guān)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的相關(guān)論文進(jìn)行了分析。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的研究目前主要集中于對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值影響因素、專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估方法、評(píng)價(jià)體系構(gòu)建及實(shí)證研究這四個(gè)方面,而未來(lái)對(duì)于專(zhuān)利價(jià)值分析技術(shù)方法及其應(yīng)用特別是結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)挖掘算法等領(lǐng)域的研究將成為新的熱點(diǎn)。
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕專(zhuān)利價(jià)值;專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估;無(wú)形資產(chǎn)評(píng)估
專(zhuān)利作為無(wú)形資產(chǎn)的重要部分,往往能比有形資產(chǎn)帶來(lái)更大的價(jià)值。據(jù)世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織統(tǒng)計(jì),在全世界最新的技術(shù)成果中,約90%發(fā)表在專(zhuān)利文獻(xiàn)上,積極獲取專(zhuān)利壟斷權(quán)、實(shí)施專(zhuān)利戰(zhàn)略已成為世界各國(guó)高新技術(shù)企業(yè)保持技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)、爭(zhēng)取市場(chǎng)份額和尋求法律保護(hù)的最為重要的手段之一[1]。專(zhuān)利是一個(gè)企業(yè)創(chuàng)造核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)、獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)的重要手段,圍繞專(zhuān)利交易領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)利價(jià)值分析,近年來(lái)也逐漸成為技術(shù)交易市場(chǎng)的核心問(wèn)題吸引著越來(lái)越多學(xué)者的目光。由于專(zhuān)利的排他性、區(qū)域性和時(shí)效性等特征,不同的專(zhuān)利給企業(yè)帶來(lái)的收益也存在極大差異。目前企業(yè)所擁有的專(zhuān)利中,只有少量的專(zhuān)利帶來(lái)巨額回報(bào),而大部分專(zhuān)利所產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)極其有限[2],如何掌握正確的價(jià)值研究方法,使企業(yè)在專(zhuān)利交易中獲利是專(zhuān)利價(jià)值研究的動(dòng)因。
3專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估方法的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
通過(guò)上述對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值在影響因素、評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系、評(píng)價(jià)方法以及實(shí)證研究等領(lǐng)域的系統(tǒng)梳理,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管?chē)@專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的理論成果頗豐,研究視角也各有側(cè)重,但從影響因素的多維性、評(píng)估方法的科學(xué)性、評(píng)價(jià)體系的完整性、評(píng)價(jià)成果的實(shí)用性等方面都存在較大的提升空間。具體而言,對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估方法的研究,需要從下列方面投入更多關(guān)注。
針對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值影響因素的研究日趨成熟,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者也都對(duì)其進(jìn)行大量的質(zhì)性研究和改進(jìn),并構(gòu)建了相關(guān)的指標(biāo)體系,但在實(shí)際行業(yè)的可適用性方面有待進(jìn)一步實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),在不同行業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)對(duì)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估的實(shí)證研究將成為下階段專(zhuān)利價(jià)值分析的主要任務(wù)之一;
對(duì)專(zhuān)利交易價(jià)值評(píng)估方法上的研究,目前國(guó)內(nèi)主要集中于傳統(tǒng)的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)評(píng)估方法在專(zhuān)利價(jià)值交易上的應(yīng)用,對(duì)于實(shí)物期權(quán)模型的應(yīng)用評(píng)估尚屬初步試水。而專(zhuān)利作為無(wú)形資產(chǎn)的重要部分,專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的研究必然要用到傳統(tǒng)無(wú)形資產(chǎn)評(píng)估方法,同時(shí)專(zhuān)利本身獨(dú)有的專(zhuān)有性、地域性和時(shí)間性,使不同行業(yè)對(duì)專(zhuān)利交易采用的方法不盡相同。國(guó)外相比于國(guó)內(nèi)有更深入的研究,因其相對(duì)完善的市場(chǎng)和金融體系,專(zhuān)利評(píng)估方法不僅僅局限在傳統(tǒng)的資產(chǎn)評(píng)估方法,而是大量結(jié)合證券交易市場(chǎng)中的期權(quán)模型,更加符合市場(chǎng)交易的運(yùn)作規(guī)則。
由于專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的影響因素眾多,單個(gè)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值的模糊性,在實(shí)施評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程中存在鮮明的高維度特性,現(xiàn)實(shí)的專(zhuān)利交易往往難以進(jìn)行科學(xué)的價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià),往往要借助數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、數(shù)學(xué)建模、系統(tǒng)仿真等方法實(shí)施近似價(jià)值評(píng)估?,F(xiàn)有的研究成果中鮮有引入粗糙集、模糊集、主成分分析、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等數(shù)據(jù)挖掘算法進(jìn)行的專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估研究,未來(lái)新興技術(shù)在專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)領(lǐng)域的廣泛運(yùn)用將成為該領(lǐng)域研究的新興方向。
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(本文責(zé)任編輯:馬卓)endprint
[14]Hou J L,Lin H Y.A multiple regression model for patent appraisal[J].Industrial Management & Data Systems,2006,106(9):1304-1332.
[15]李秀娟.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估的影響因子[J].電子知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),2009,(5):64-67.
[16]李振亞,孟凡生,曹霞.基于四要素的專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估方法研究[J].情報(bào)雜志,2010,(8):87-90.
[17]鄭素麗,宋明順.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值由何決定?——基于文獻(xiàn)綜述的整合性框架[J].科學(xué)學(xué)研究,2012,(9):1316-1323.
[18]馬維野.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值分析指標(biāo)體系操作手冊(cè)[M].第1版.北京:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)出版社,2012:10-26.
[19]Nordhaus W D.The optimum life of a patent:reply[J].The American economic review,1972:428-431.
[20]申文嬌,胡登峰.專(zhuān)利權(quán)收購(gòu)戰(zhàn)略下的專(zhuān)利價(jià)值影響因素分析[J].科技和產(chǎn)業(yè),2013,(1):118-123.
[21]Scherer F M Vopel K HARHOFF D.Citations,family size,opposition and the value of patent rights[J].Research Policy,2003,32(8):1343-1363.
[22]汪雪鋒,劉曉軒,朱東華.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)研究[J].科學(xué)管理研究,2008,(6):115-117.
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[24]程文婷.專(zhuān)利資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值評(píng)估[J].電子知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),2011,(8):74-80.
[25]黃君華.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估方法研究——基于法律因素的一種改進(jìn)[J].知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì),2011,(14):28.
[26]李秀娟.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析[J].電子知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),2009,(12):66-69.
[27]馮麗艷.專(zhuān)利價(jià)值評(píng)估中技術(shù)分成率的確定方法[J].商業(yè)會(huì)計(jì),2011,(3):46-47.
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[30]張彥巧,張文德.企業(yè)專(zhuān)利價(jià)值量化評(píng)估實(shí)證研究[J].電子知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),2009,(10):30-35.
[31]陳海聲,周桅,李振亞.基于A(yíng)HP和FUZZY的專(zhuān)利運(yùn)營(yíng)績(jī)效綜合評(píng)價(jià)研究[J].科技管理研究,2011,(4):149-152.
[32]Reitzig M.What determines patent value?:Insights from the semiconductor industry[J].Research Policy,2003,32(1):13-26.
[33]Hu Y,Bian Y,Wang Y.Opening the black box of pharmaceutical patent value:an empirical analysis[J].Drug Information Journal,2008,42(6):561-568.
[34]Chen Y S,Chang K C.The relationship between a firms patent quality and its market value—the case of US pharmaceutical industry[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2010,77(1):20-33.
[35]Chen Y S,Chang K C.Exploring the nonlinear effects of patent citations,patent share and relative patent position on market value in the US pharmaceutical industry[J].Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,2010,22(2):153-169.
[36]Chen Y S,Chang K C.Using neural network to analyze the influence of the patent performance upon the market value of the US pharmaceutical companies[J].Scientometrics,2009,80(3):637-655.
[37]Messinis G.Triadic citations,country biases and patent value:The case of pharmaceuticals[J].Scientometrics,2011,89(3):813-833.
[38]Albino V,Messeni Petruzzelli A,Rotolo D.Measuring patent value:an empirical analysis of the US Biotech Industry[J].Available at SSRN 1400688,2009.
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