黃連英

“高考閱卷到底有哪些評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，老師的主觀感受影響會(huì)很大嗎？”“如果先判我的試卷，在分?jǐn)?shù)上會(huì)不會(huì)很吃虧？”“什么樣的英語作文才最受閱卷老師喜歡”……帶著這一系列的問題，我們邀請到連續(xù)五年參加高考英語閱卷的老師給大家談?wù)劯呖奸喚淼哪切┦聝骸?/p>

【評閱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與細(xì)則】

高考英語書面表達(dá)滿分25分，在電腦上閱卷，實(shí)行“二評三評四仲裁”制，即每份試卷隨機(jī)由兩位老師改，超過4分的差值，由第三個(gè)老師改，如第三個(gè)老師與其他兩個(gè)老師的差值仍超過4分，則由第四個(gè)老師做出最后仲裁。在具體的評閱操作中，有五個(gè)評分切入點(diǎn)，然后根據(jù)內(nèi)容、語言和組織結(jié)構(gòu)等方面判定分?jǐn)?shù)：

（1）3分—— 條理不清，思維紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

（2）8分——基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。

（3）13分——基本切題。有些地方思想表達(dá)不清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫。語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

（4）18分——切題。思想表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫，但有些語言錯(cuò)誤，甚至嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

（5）23分——切題。思想表達(dá)清楚，語言表達(dá)能力強(qiáng)，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤。

高考評卷過程非常公正公平，評卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作性也很強(qiáng)。同時(shí)，2014年的評分原則明確規(guī)定要避免趨中傾向，該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員在評閱的全部試卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)，這樣才能將好的作文凸顯出來，在分?jǐn)?shù)上拉開差距。

以下以2014年江西卷的高考作文題為例，分析高考評卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便能更好地指導(dǎo)大家高考備考復(fù)習(xí)。

【高考試題重現(xiàn)】

（2014年江西卷）假定你是星光中學(xué)的高中畢業(yè)生李華，母校將為高一新生舉辦主題為“What to learn in senior high school？”的英語沙龍活動(dòng)，特邀請你結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷談?wù)勛约旱捏w會(huì)。請根據(jù)以下提示準(zhǔn)備一份英語發(fā)言稿。

1.學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)：方法，習(xí)慣等；

2.學(xué)會(huì)做人：真誠，友善；

3.學(xué)會(huì)其他：考生自擬。

注意：1.詞數(shù)120左右；

2.發(fā)言稿開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不須抄在答題卡上，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

Good morning， everyone！ It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in senior high school.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you！

通過審題，考生應(yīng)該明確這篇文章的文體是演講稿，文章內(nèi)容要包含以下三個(gè)方面：1.學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)； 2.學(xué)會(huì)做人； 3.學(xué)會(huì)其他。

【考生作文展評】

◆五類文（3分）

Good morning， everyone！ It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on learn in senior high school.

Im LiHua， Im xingguang high student. I think， we should can learn， learn study. We should learn as a people， too. Learn cooperation， can make friends to us. to anyone better and anyone make friends.

It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on learn in senior high school.

點(diǎn)評：此文條理不清，思維紊亂，語言支離破碎，內(nèi)容空洞，不知所云。除第一段和第三段摘抄原題，通篇文章找不到一個(gè)完整的句子。同時(shí)，字?jǐn)?shù)也明顯不足。

◆四類文（8分）

What to learn in senior high school？

This senior aims is talk about study way and study make people. As my opinions， I think not study way， study reading， but study make people. A can study people， he know many very good study way， and have many good habits. A can make studies people， could study sinctrely and warm-heart. On the other hand， if you can good good study and good good make people， we can very like you！ Besues I think will is a perfect people. So， Im looking forward to you be better！ I like our school！

點(diǎn)評：這篇作文除了I like our school是完整句，其他句子都不完整，語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。文中雖有一些內(nèi)容，但意思表達(dá)不清楚，內(nèi)容不完整（缺少第三個(gè)要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容），連貫性差。文章沒有層次，一段到底。

◆三類文（13分）

In order to have a rich senior high schools life， and enrich our hirozongs. I have some suggestions to share with you.

As I just mentioned， In order to have a life of high school. You should have good command of study. And we must gasp some learning skills and hard work. The learning skills is studing ways and have a good studing hobby. In our high school life， friends is necessary to our life， so we must learning for our friends. In other ways， we should ，have a good command of hobby. For example， singing and painting， and we should reading some benefits book. Because the is good for our future.

All in all， I belive had a bright future is waiting for us， because we hard work.

點(diǎn)評：該篇作文文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，也包含了所給要點(diǎn)，基本切題。但有些地方意思表達(dá)不清楚，如so we must learning for our friends.這句話令人費(fèi)解。語言錯(cuò)誤隨處可見，只有畫線句子無錯(cuò)。

◆二類文（18分）

Good morning， everyone！ It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in senior high school.

Firstly， You should learn how to study. Study to every students need skills. So we can practice it by ourselves. And we also need to form the habits of study. It is important for us. Secondly， We should learn to get along well with teachers or students. During the progress， we should be honest to treat them and friendly. Finally， I think our health is important to study. So we should do exercise every day.

These are my opinion to you. We should become hard-working people. I believe you can do better in study and become more popular in school.

點(diǎn)評：該文章包含了所給三個(gè)要點(diǎn)，框架結(jié)構(gòu)完整，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫（使用了firstly， secondly，finally，so等連接詞），語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的應(yīng)用基本正確，但語言錯(cuò)誤較多。如：（1）第二段第一行You和第三行的We要改為小寫。（2）Study to every students need skills.應(yīng)改為Every student needs skills in studying. （3）we should be honest to treat them and friendly. 應(yīng)改為we should be honest and friendly to them. （4） And we also need to form the habits/habit of study. （5） These are my opinion/opinions to you.（以上斜線后的黑體字為正確答案）

同時(shí)，文章中也有一些高級詞匯和高級句型。高級詞匯有form the habit of、be important for、 get along well with、 do exercise、 do better in等。高級句型有（1）I think our health is important to study.（賓語從句）（2） I believe you can do better in study and become more popular in school.（賓語從句加并列句）

◆一類文（23分）

Good morning， everyone！ It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in senior high school.

Im Li Hua， from Xing Guang Middle School. I think that the most important thing for us is that we must learn how to study. We should study hard in school， good habits should be developed， too.

Then， importance must be attached to it that we should be friendly to others. After all， all friendship is that important for us all. Never can we live without friends.

Last but not least， it is no denying the fact that we should respect our teachers. Its our teachers that give us knowledge. They are worth being respected by us.

Only in this way can we lead a better future. Thank you for reading.

點(diǎn)評：這篇文章切合題意，要點(diǎn)全面；文字不僅通順，而且用了較多高級詞匯和句型。高級詞匯有study hard，develop good habits，attach importance to，be friendly to， be important for sb.， be worth doing等。而高級句型更是隨處可見，如：（1）I think that the most important thing for us is that we must learn how to study. （賓語從句加表語從句）（2） importance must be attached to it that we should be friendly to others. （含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)加上賓語從句） （3）含部分倒轉(zhuǎn)的句子：Never can we live without friends./ Only in this way can we lead a better future.4） it is no denying the fact that we should respect our teachers.（同位語從句，不過it要改為there） 同時(shí)連貫性較好，像then， after all， last but not least很好地把句與句之間，段落與段落之間連接。通篇文章除了第二段第二行g(shù)ood前要加and，第四段第一行it要改為there，第四段第二行being respected要改為respecting，最后一段reading改為listening外，沒有其他的語言錯(cuò)誤。

《求學(xué)》總評：綜合以上幾篇考生習(xí)作，可知考生常犯以下錯(cuò)誤：審題不過關(guān)，要點(diǎn)不全面；內(nèi)容少而空泛，達(dá)不到字?jǐn)?shù)要求；詞匯和語法錯(cuò)誤較多；句式相當(dāng)貧乏單一；銜接不緊湊，連貫性差。

五個(gè)高分作文錦囊

1. 內(nèi)容要充實(shí)，要點(diǎn)須全面

考生可嘗試下面幾個(gè)步驟來避免審題偏差或遺漏要點(diǎn)：（1）通讀提示要求，明確體裁、人稱和時(shí)態(tài)三大要素。（2）圈劃出內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，按一定順序用數(shù)字編好號。同時(shí)，要注意內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)不一定全在內(nèi)容提示中，可能會(huì)散布在書面表達(dá)要求及注意事項(xiàng)中。（3）完成草稿后，再次核對所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，查漏補(bǔ)缺。

2. 單詞書寫要正確，避免犯低級錯(cuò)誤

首先考生在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中要重視詞的拼寫，要養(yǎng)成邊讀、邊記憶、邊寫的“手、腦、眼”并用的好習(xí)慣。其次學(xué)會(huì)歸納整理單詞，通過比較，強(qiáng)化記憶。最后務(wù)必把《考試說明》中的重要單詞背誦出和默寫出，并做到靈活運(yùn)用。

3. 注重句型積累，打好語法基礎(chǔ)

考生應(yīng)該把簡單句的五種句型結(jié)構(gòu)熟記，另外，根據(jù)書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，語法結(jié)構(gòu)的豐富性是決定一篇優(yōu)秀文章的關(guān)鍵。感嘆句、倒裝句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、定語從句、名詞性從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣等交替使用，可使文章的語言充滿層次感，從而較好地體現(xiàn)出考生語言運(yùn)用能力。

4. 注意銜接緊湊，加強(qiáng)文章連貫性

要想寫出一篇好文章，提高文章檔次，應(yīng)增強(qiáng)文章邏輯性、可讀性?？忌谄綍r(shí)要注意連接詞的積累，并盡量多地訓(xùn)練把簡單句連成復(fù)雜句，把不相關(guān)的幾個(gè)句子用連詞連接；在平時(shí)的寫作中，要隨時(shí)提醒自己用連接詞連接句子與句子、段落與段落；多閱讀一些范文，看文中如何把連接詞用得恰到好處。

5. 盡量使用高級詞匯

高級詞匯的使用是得高分必備條件之一，能顯示出考生深厚的語言功底。何為高級詞匯呢？筆者以為就是使用一些生動(dòng)、具體、形象的詞語，具體原則如下：（1）盡量用短語代替單詞。這可反映出考生有較強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，避免詞語單調(diào)乏味。如：Can you bear his rudeness？可改為：Can you put up with/ live with his rudeness？（2）用新學(xué)的詞匯代替以前學(xué)的詞匯，換句話說，盡量用別人少用的詞匯。這樣可做到張揚(yáng)個(gè)性，標(biāo)新立異。如：There is a mistake in your homework.可改為：There exists a mistake in your homework.（3）多用情感方面的詞語。如：luckily，fortunately， really， obviously， to be honest， wholeheartedly等。這類詞語的使用可增強(qiáng)文章的醒目性和感染力，易引起閱卷老師的共鳴。