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        PI—103對人黑色素瘤A375細胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響及其機制研究

        2014-10-29 17:02:23陸茂等
        中國醫(yī)藥導報 2014年25期
        關鍵詞:黑素瘤小室黑色素瘤

        陸茂等

        [摘要] 目的 觀察PI-103在體外對人黑色素瘤A375細胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響,并探討可能的作用機制。 方法 應用MTT法檢測不同濃度PI-103對A375細胞增殖的影響,Transwell小室實驗檢測0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103對A375細胞遷移能力和侵襲能力的影響,Western Blot法測定細胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9的表達。 結(jié)果 0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103對A375細胞增殖的抑制作用不明顯(P > 0.05);在濃度高于0.4 μmol/L時,PI-103能夠明顯抑制A375細胞的增殖(P < 0.05)。0.1 μmol/L PI-103作用后,遷移實驗和運動實驗穿膜細胞數(shù)分別為(91.73±13.80)、(63.67±8.54),與對照組比較明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后,遷移實驗和運動實驗穿膜細胞數(shù)分別為(64.07±9.22)、(34.80±7.89),與對照組比較明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后,A375細胞MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 PI-103可通過下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達抑制A375細胞遷移和侵襲,為其應用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了實驗依據(jù)。

        [關鍵詞] PI-103;黑色素瘤;遷移;侵襲

        [中圖分類號] R739.5 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)09(a)-0014-04

        [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of PI-103 on the migratory and invasive abilities of human melanoma A375 cells in vitro and its mechanism. Methods The effects of PI-103 with different concentration on the proliferation of A375 cells were detected by MTT assay. The effects of PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration on the migratory and invasive abilities of A375 cells were detected by transwell chamber assay. The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A375 cells were determined by Western Blot. Results The inhibition effects on the proliferation of A375 cells treated with PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration were not significant (P > 0.05). The proliferation of A375 cells treated with PI-103 at the concentration higher than 0.4 μmol/L was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). The numbers of transmembrane cells in the migration and invasion experiment treated with PI-103 at 0.1 μmol/L concentration were (91.73±13.80), (63.67±8.54) respectively, which were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). The numbers of transmembrane cells in the migration and invasion experiment treated with PI-103 at 0.2 μmol/L concentration were (64.07±9.22), (34.80±7.89) respectively, which were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A375 cells treated with PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PI-103 can inhibit the migration and invasion of A375 cells by down-regulation of the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which provide the experimental basis for the prevention of melanoma metastasis.

        [Key words] PI-103; Melanoma; Migration; Invasion

        惡性黑素瘤是一種起源于黑色素細胞的高度惡性腫瘤,易轉(zhuǎn)移是其死亡率高的主要原因。黑色素瘤細胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移與信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路的異常激活密切相關,在有關信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路抑制劑中,篩選出高效、低毒的抗黑色素瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移藥物已成為其研究重要的發(fā)展趨勢。哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一種非典型的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,與其上游的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(PKB,又稱Akt)構(gòu)成了PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路。筆者前期及既往其他研究結(jié)果顯示,PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路與黑素細胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關[1-2]。PI-103是PI3K和mTOR的雙重抑制劑,已有研究報道,PI-103在較低濃度下就能導致黑色素瘤細胞周期阻滯,從而抑制其增殖并誘導凋亡[3],但有關PI-103對黑色素瘤細胞遷移和侵襲的影響國內(nèi)外鮮見報道。本研究旨在觀察PI-103在體外對人黑色素瘤A375細胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響,并探討可能的作用機制。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 材料

        PI-103(純度99.59%)購自美國MCE公司;人黑色素瘤A375細胞購自中國科學院上海細胞生物研究所;RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液購自美國Gibco公司;四甲基偶氮唑鹽(MTT)購自美國Sigma公司;胎牛血清(FBS)購自杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司;Millicell懸掛式Transwell小室(孔徑8 μm)購自美國Millipore公司;Matrigel購自美國BD公司;鼠抗人基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)、MMP-9單抗、堿性磷酸酶標記羊抗鼠IgG購自北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司。

        1.2 方法

        1.2.1 細胞培養(yǎng) 將A375細胞置于37℃、5%CO2的孵箱中常規(guī)培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)液為含10%FBS的RPMI1640。每隔48 h換液1次,以1∶3的比例傳代。

        1.2.2 MTT法檢測PI-103對A375細胞增殖的影響 取對數(shù)生長期A375細胞,調(diào)整細胞密度為1×105/mL,接種于48孔板,200 μL/孔。培養(yǎng)24 h后吸除培養(yǎng)液,每孔分別加入200 μL不同濃度的PI-103(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 μmol/L),每組設5個復孔,同時設空白對照組,對照組加入等量不含PI-103的培養(yǎng)液。24 h后加入20 μL MTT(5 mg/mL),37℃作用4 h后加150 μL DMSO,振蕩10 min,酶標儀測490 nm處吸光度(OD)值,計算細胞增殖抑制率。細胞增殖抑制率=(1-實驗組OD/對照組OD)×100%。

        1.2.3 Transwell遷移實驗檢測PI-103對A375細胞遷移力的影響 取對數(shù)生長期A375細胞以1×105/mL細胞懸液接種于24孔板,24 h后加入不同濃度的PI-103(終濃度0.1、0.2 μmol/L),設空白對照組,對照組加入等量不含PI-103的培養(yǎng)液,48 h后收集細胞。各組細胞消化、離心后用無血清RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液重懸,調(diào)整細胞密度至1×106/mL。將Transwell小室置入24孔板,上室加入200 μL無血清RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液,37℃放置1 h,吸除小室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)液,上室加入200 μL各組細胞重懸液,下室加500 μL含10%FBS的RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液,37℃、5%CO2孵育24 h后取出小室,棉簽擦去濾膜上層細胞,PBS清洗濾膜,4%的多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色15 min。400倍顯微鏡下隨機計數(shù)不重疊5個視野的穿膜細胞數(shù),計算平均值。實驗重復3次,每組設3個復孔。

        1.2.4 Transwell侵襲實驗檢測PI-103對A375細胞侵襲力的影響 4℃溶解Matrigel過夜,用預冷的無血清培養(yǎng)液以1∶8稀釋Matrigel,取50 μL均勻涂于Transwell小室上室的聚碳酸酯膜上,37℃放置30 min,使Matrigel聚合成凝膠,后續(xù)同遷移實驗。細胞接種密度為2×105/mL。

        1.2.5 Western Blot法測定PI-103對A375細胞MMP-2、MMP-9表達的影響 同“1.2.3”項下操作收集細胞,加入細胞裂解液,離心提取蛋白質(zhì)定量,進行SDS-PAGE電泳分離,電轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜上,5%的脫脂奶粉封閉,加入鼠抗人MMP-2、MMP-9單抗作一抗,4℃過夜,TBST洗膜,用堿性磷酸酶標記羊抗鼠IgG作為二抗,37℃孵育2 h,TBST洗膜,加入ECL進行曝光,洗片后用圖像分析系統(tǒng)進行吸光度掃描,以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參,用各蛋白吸光度值/內(nèi)參吸光度值進行比較。

        1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法

        采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

        3 討論

        PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路在多種惡性腫瘤中高度激活,調(diào)控腫瘤細胞增殖、生長、轉(zhuǎn)移等過程,已成為腫瘤治療的一個重要靶點[4]。有研究表明,單純阻斷PI3K/Akt通路,并不能有效抑制下游mTOR通路,因為mTOR信號通路的激活除了來自PI3K/Akt途徑,還可來自其他信號通路,而單純抑制mTOR通路,卻可能通過負反饋活化PI3K激酶。所以,同時使用PI3K和mTOR的雙重抑制劑更能有效抑制腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。PI-103是人工合成的脂質(zhì)激酶家族中的一種小分子藥物,能同時抑制PI3K和mTOR,尤其是PI3Kα、mTORC1和mTORC2,而且PI-103有良好的藥物穩(wěn)定性,毒副作用小[6-7]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-103可抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞[7]、乳腺癌細胞[8]、神經(jīng)母細胞瘤細胞[9]、肝星狀細胞細胞[10]、腎癌細胞[11]的增殖,還可抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞[12]、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細胞[13]的轉(zhuǎn)移,同時可增強順鉑[6]、厄洛替尼[14]等化療藥物抗腫瘤效果。

        Transwell小室能夠較為理想地模擬和反映腫瘤細胞的遷移和侵襲能力,是檢測腫瘤細胞體外遷移力和侵襲力最經(jīng)典的實驗方法。本實驗旨在研究PI-103對A375細胞遷移和侵襲的影響,若出現(xiàn)細胞活力下降則影響結(jié)果的判斷,因此本研究選擇了PI-103對A375細胞活力影響小的濃度(低于0.4 μmol/L)來進行Transwell體外遷移和侵襲實驗。結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后穿過小室的A375細胞數(shù)量減少,提示PI-103可以降低A375細胞的遷移力和侵襲力。

        腫瘤細胞的遷移和侵襲是一個多步驟、多階段的復雜過程,細胞基底膜及細胞外基質(zhì)的降解突破是其中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。MMPs是基底膜及細胞外基質(zhì)降解的主要蛋白水解酶,其中MMP-2、MMP-9是MMPs家族中的重要成員,能有效降解基底膜的主要成分Ⅳ型膠原和層粘連蛋白,其表達水平與腫瘤細胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關[15]。有研究表明,PI3K可通過活化Akt激活黑色素瘤細胞磷脂蛋白2,進而促進MMP-2的表達[16]。大量研究證實,黑色素瘤細胞MMP-2、MMP-9的表達水平與其侵襲力呈正相關,抑制MMP-2、MMP-9的表達能抑制黑素瘤細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[17-18]。本研究顯示,PI-103在體外可抑制A375細胞MMP-2、MMP-9的表達,由此推測PI-103可能是通過競爭性抑制黑色素瘤細胞PI3K/mTOR,阻斷Pl3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路,下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達,進而抑制其遷移和侵襲。

        綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細胞遷移和侵襲,其機制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達有關,這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應用價值,為其應用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實驗依據(jù)。

        [參考文獻]

        [1] 陸茂,葉俊儒,樊元春,等.磷酸化mTOR在惡性黑素瘤中的表達及與CyclinD1的關系[J].四川醫(yī)學,2010,31(2):163-165.

        [2] Uzdensky AB,Demyanenko SV,Bibov MY. Signal transduction in human cutaneous melanoma and target drugs [J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2013,13(8):843-866.

        [3] Lopez-Fauqued M,Gil R,Grueso J,et al. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells [J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(7):1549-1561.

        [4] Wu P,Hu YZ. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress [J]. Curr Med Chem,2010,17(35):4326-4321.

        [5] Mazzoletti M,Bortolin F,Brunelli L,et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors: antitumor activity and molecular correlates [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(13):4573-4584.

        [6] 劉俊,蔡云朗,任慕蘭,等.PI-103對人卵巢癌細胞株SKOV3/DDP順鉑化療效果的影響[J].東南大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,32(5):574-579.

        [7] Saturno G,Valenti M,De Haven Brandon A,et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2013,4(8):1185-1198.

        [8] Yi YW,Hong W,Kang HJ,et al. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway potentiates cytotoxicity of EGFR kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2013,17(5):648-656.

        [9] Santo EE,Stroeken P,Sluis PV,et al. FOXO3a is a major target of inactivation by PI3K/AKT signaling in aggressive neuroblastoma [J]. Cancer Res,2013,73(7):2189-2198.

        [10] 李娜,祝聰聰,肖永紅,等.PI3K抑制劑對四氯化碳刺激的肝星狀細胞增殖和Ⅰ型膠原表達的影響[J].西安交通大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,34(2):164-167.

        [11] 邢建武,于碩鵬.抑制劑PI-103對786-O細胞株PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路的影響[J].河南醫(yī)學研究,2013,22(5):649-651.

        [12] Hsu RY,Chan CH,Spicer JD,et al. LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases {beta}1 Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Liver Metastasis [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(5):1989-1998.

        [13] Bagci-Onder T,Wakimoto H,Anderegg M,et al. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, cooperates with stem cell-delivered TRAIL in experimental glioma models [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(1):154-163.

        [14] Toulany M,Minjgee M,Saki M,et al. ERK2-dependent reactivation of Akt mediates the limited response of tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity to PI3K inhibition [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(3):317-328.

        [15] Zhang XX,F(xiàn)u Z,Zhang Z,et al. Miemeystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metallopmteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-KB activation [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(20):11319-11326.

        [16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.

        [17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.

        [18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.

        (收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)

        綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細胞遷移和侵襲,其機制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達有關,這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應用價值,為其應用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實驗依據(jù)。

        [參考文獻]

        [1] 陸茂,葉俊儒,樊元春,等.磷酸化mTOR在惡性黑素瘤中的表達及與CyclinD1的關系[J].四川醫(yī)學,2010,31(2):163-165.

        [2] Uzdensky AB,Demyanenko SV,Bibov MY. Signal transduction in human cutaneous melanoma and target drugs [J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2013,13(8):843-866.

        [3] Lopez-Fauqued M,Gil R,Grueso J,et al. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells [J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(7):1549-1561.

        [4] Wu P,Hu YZ. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress [J]. Curr Med Chem,2010,17(35):4326-4321.

        [5] Mazzoletti M,Bortolin F,Brunelli L,et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors: antitumor activity and molecular correlates [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(13):4573-4584.

        [6] 劉俊,蔡云朗,任慕蘭,等.PI-103對人卵巢癌細胞株SKOV3/DDP順鉑化療效果的影響[J].東南大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,32(5):574-579.

        [7] Saturno G,Valenti M,De Haven Brandon A,et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2013,4(8):1185-1198.

        [8] Yi YW,Hong W,Kang HJ,et al. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway potentiates cytotoxicity of EGFR kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2013,17(5):648-656.

        [9] Santo EE,Stroeken P,Sluis PV,et al. FOXO3a is a major target of inactivation by PI3K/AKT signaling in aggressive neuroblastoma [J]. Cancer Res,2013,73(7):2189-2198.

        [10] 李娜,祝聰聰,肖永紅,等.PI3K抑制劑對四氯化碳刺激的肝星狀細胞增殖和Ⅰ型膠原表達的影響[J].西安交通大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,34(2):164-167.

        [11] 邢建武,于碩鵬.抑制劑PI-103對786-O細胞株PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路的影響[J].河南醫(yī)學研究,2013,22(5):649-651.

        [12] Hsu RY,Chan CH,Spicer JD,et al. LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases {beta}1 Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Liver Metastasis [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(5):1989-1998.

        [13] Bagci-Onder T,Wakimoto H,Anderegg M,et al. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, cooperates with stem cell-delivered TRAIL in experimental glioma models [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(1):154-163.

        [14] Toulany M,Minjgee M,Saki M,et al. ERK2-dependent reactivation of Akt mediates the limited response of tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity to PI3K inhibition [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(3):317-328.

        [15] Zhang XX,F(xiàn)u Z,Zhang Z,et al. Miemeystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metallopmteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-KB activation [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(20):11319-11326.

        [16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.

        [17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.

        [18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.

        (收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)

        綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細胞遷移和侵襲,其機制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達有關,這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應用價值,為其應用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實驗依據(jù)。

        [參考文獻]

        [1] 陸茂,葉俊儒,樊元春,等.磷酸化mTOR在惡性黑素瘤中的表達及與CyclinD1的關系[J].四川醫(yī)學,2010,31(2):163-165.

        [2] Uzdensky AB,Demyanenko SV,Bibov MY. Signal transduction in human cutaneous melanoma and target drugs [J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2013,13(8):843-866.

        [3] Lopez-Fauqued M,Gil R,Grueso J,et al. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells [J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(7):1549-1561.

        [4] Wu P,Hu YZ. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress [J]. Curr Med Chem,2010,17(35):4326-4321.

        [5] Mazzoletti M,Bortolin F,Brunelli L,et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors: antitumor activity and molecular correlates [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(13):4573-4584.

        [6] 劉俊,蔡云朗,任慕蘭,等.PI-103對人卵巢癌細胞株SKOV3/DDP順鉑化療效果的影響[J].東南大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,32(5):574-579.

        [7] Saturno G,Valenti M,De Haven Brandon A,et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2013,4(8):1185-1198.

        [8] Yi YW,Hong W,Kang HJ,et al. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway potentiates cytotoxicity of EGFR kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2013,17(5):648-656.

        [9] Santo EE,Stroeken P,Sluis PV,et al. FOXO3a is a major target of inactivation by PI3K/AKT signaling in aggressive neuroblastoma [J]. Cancer Res,2013,73(7):2189-2198.

        [10] 李娜,祝聰聰,肖永紅,等.PI3K抑制劑對四氯化碳刺激的肝星狀細胞增殖和Ⅰ型膠原表達的影響[J].西安交通大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2013,34(2):164-167.

        [11] 邢建武,于碩鵬.抑制劑PI-103對786-O細胞株PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路的影響[J].河南醫(yī)學研究,2013,22(5):649-651.

        [12] Hsu RY,Chan CH,Spicer JD,et al. LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases {beta}1 Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Liver Metastasis [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(5):1989-1998.

        [13] Bagci-Onder T,Wakimoto H,Anderegg M,et al. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, cooperates with stem cell-delivered TRAIL in experimental glioma models [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(1):154-163.

        [14] Toulany M,Minjgee M,Saki M,et al. ERK2-dependent reactivation of Akt mediates the limited response of tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity to PI3K inhibition [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(3):317-328.

        [15] Zhang XX,F(xiàn)u Z,Zhang Z,et al. Miemeystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metallopmteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-KB activation [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(20):11319-11326.

        [16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.

        [17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.

        [18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.

        (收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)

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