張海寧+王亞超+馬輝+袁小單+馬永昆
摘要:通過固相微萃取-氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用技術(shù)(SPME-GC-MS)定量分析優(yōu)質(zhì)夏黑葡萄果皮、果肉中揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)成分及含量,結(jié)果表明,夏黑葡萄果皮中揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)含量多于果肉中揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)含量,果皮中共檢出48種揮發(fā)性成分,其中醇類、烯類物質(zhì)是主要的香氣成分,果肉中共檢出41種揮發(fā)性成分,其中醛類、酚類物質(zhì)是主要香氣成分。夏黑葡萄的特征香氣為大馬酮、芳樟醇、D-檸檬烯、香葉醇、橙花醇。
關(guān)鍵詞:夏黑葡萄;揮發(fā)性物質(zhì);固相微萃?。⊿PME);氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用(GC-MS)
中圖分類號(hào):O657.63;S663.101 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1002-1302(2014)08-0294-04
夏黑葡萄(summer black)原產(chǎn)于日本,屬歐美葡萄雜交種,是三倍體無核品種,具有抗病、豐產(chǎn)、早熟、優(yōu)質(zhì)、耐儲(chǔ)運(yùn)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在我國種植面積很大[1]。葡萄的香氣成分是判斷葡萄品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo)之一,主要包括萜烯類、C6醇類、C6醛類、芳香醇類、吡嗪類等化合物,葡萄中這些揮發(fā)性香氣成分是葡萄酒典型性風(fēng)味的主要來源[2]。由于葡萄中揮發(fā)性香氣成分含量較低,因此要選擇合適的分析方法。固相微萃?。⊿PME)具有分離時(shí)間短、不需要有機(jī)溶劑、能提高檢測限等優(yōu)點(diǎn),氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用技術(shù)(GC-MS)則被廣泛應(yīng)用于揮發(fā)性成分的定性、定量分析[3-6]。本試驗(yàn)應(yīng)用固相微萃?。⊿PME)、氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用法(GC-MS)對(duì)江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江地區(qū)優(yōu)質(zhì)夏黑葡萄的果皮、果肉中揮發(fā)性成分進(jìn)行檢測,分析夏黑葡萄中主要揮發(fā)性香氣成分,旨在為夏黑葡萄深加工提供指導(dǎo)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
夏黑葡萄采自江蘇省句容市白兔鎮(zhèn)某合作社。葡萄充分成熟、大小均一、無腐爛變質(zhì)、pH值2.4、可溶性固形物含量為16.5%、總糖含量159.8 g/L、總酸(以酒石酸計(jì))含量7.0 g/L。
1.2 儀器與試劑
壬醇(色譜純)購自美國Sigma公司,氯化鈉(分析純)購自上海化學(xué)試劑有限公司,PC-420型電熱磁力攪拌器(美國Corning公司),固相微萃取裝置(美國Supelco公司),萃取纖維頭100 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS(美國Supelco公司),HP6890/5973型氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜-嗅聞聯(lián)用儀(美國Agilent公司),TGL-20M高速臺(tái)式冷凍離心機(jī)(湘儀離心機(jī)儀器有限公司)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 葡萄果皮香氣萃取方法[7]
采摘新鮮葡萄,人工去皮,用去離子水輕輕沖洗果皮上果肉、果汁,用吸水紙吸干水分,稱取2 g葡萄皮,裝入500 mL三角瓶中,加入10 mL模擬葡萄汁(用酒石酸調(diào)整去離子水pH值為2.4),40 ℃水浴浸提30 min,取8 mL模擬葡萄汁置于15 mL頂空瓶中,加入 1.0 g 分析純氯化鈉,以4 μL壬醇作為內(nèi)標(biāo),將頂空瓶置于電磁攪拌器上,40 ℃預(yù)熱10 min,磁力攪拌速度為800 r/min,萃取30 min后用于GC-MS檢測。
1.3.2 葡萄果肉香氣萃取方法[7]
將新鮮葡萄去果皮,破碎后取自流汁,5 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液待用。取 5 mL 葡萄汁加入15 mL頂空瓶中,添加1.0 g分析純氯化鈉,4 μL壬醇作為內(nèi)標(biāo),將頂空瓶置于電磁攪拌器上,40 ℃預(yù)熱10 min,磁力攪拌速度為800 r/min,萃取30 min后用于GC-MS檢測。
1.3.3 GC-MS參數(shù)
GC條件:色譜柱為DB-WAX柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),進(jìn)樣口溫度250 ℃,載氣為高純氦氣,流量為1.0 mL/min,不分流。程序升溫:初始溫度 50 ℃ 保持3 min,然后以6 ℃/min的速度升至170 ℃,再以 4 ℃/min 的速度升至230 ℃,保持2 min。質(zhì)譜條件:5973型四極桿質(zhì)譜儀,接口溫度250 ℃,電子轟擊(EI)離子源,電子能量為70 eV,離子源溫度為230 ℃,四極桿溫度為150 ℃,電子倍增器電壓為1 353 V,質(zhì)量掃描范圍33~450 amu。
1.3.4 揮發(fā)性化合物定性與定量分析方法
定性方法:將未知物圖譜與NIST98譜庫進(jìn)行比對(duì)并初步鑒定,再結(jié)合保留時(shí)間、參考文獻(xiàn)、質(zhì)譜離子圖進(jìn)行定性分析[8]。定量方法:采用內(nèi)標(biāo)法相對(duì)定量(假定校正因子為1),將內(nèi)標(biāo)物的峰面積與每個(gè)組分的峰面積進(jìn)行比對(duì),計(jì)算揮發(fā)性香氣物質(zhì)相對(duì)于內(nèi)標(biāo)的含量,計(jì)算公式如下[9]:
3 結(jié)論
本研究表明,夏黑葡萄果皮中揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)含量多于果肉中揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)含量,果皮中共檢出48種揮發(fā)性成分,其中醇類、烯類物質(zhì)是主要的香氣成分,果肉中共檢出41種揮發(fā)性成分,其中醛類、酚類物質(zhì)是主要香氣成分。夏黑葡萄的特征香氣為大馬酮、芳樟醇、D-檸檬烯、香葉醇、橙花醇。
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[14]Ahmed E M,Dennison R A,Dougherty R H,et al. Flavor and odor thresholds in water of selected orange juice components[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1978,26(1):187-191.
[15]Guth H. Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(8):3027-3032.
[16]Zalacain A,Marín J,Alonso G L,et al. Analysis of wine primary aroma compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction[J]. Talanta,2007,71(4):1610-1615.endprint
[5]Rega B,F(xiàn)ournier N,Guichard E. Solid phase microextraction(SPME)of orange juice flavor:odor representativeness by direct gas chromatography olfactometry(D-GC-O)[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(24):7092-7099.
[6]Jordán M J,Margaría C A,Shaw P E,et al. Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(19):5386-5390.
[7]范文來,徐 巖,李記明,等. 應(yīng)用HS-SPME技術(shù)分析葡萄果皮與果肉揮發(fā)性香氣物質(zhì)[J]. 食品與發(fā)酵工業(yè),2011,37(12):113-118.
[8]袁小單,嚴(yán) 蕊,馬永昆,等. 基于SPME-GC-MS的超高壓鎮(zhèn)江香醋香氣變化分析[J]. 食品科技,2012,37(11):263-269.
[9]張 義. 龍眼汁香氣物質(zhì)及其在加工和貯藏過程中的變化規(guī)律[D]. 武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2010.
[10]Selli S,Canbas A,Cabaroglu T,et al. Aroma components of cv. Muscat of Bornova wines and influence of skin contact treatment[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,94(3):319-326.
[11]Palomo E S,Pérez-Coello M S,Díaz-Maroto M C,et al. Contribution of free and glycosidically-bound volatile compounds to the aroma of Muscat “a petit grains” wines and effect of skin contact[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,95(2):279-289.
[12]馬永昆,劉曉庚. 食品化學(xué)[M]. 南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,2007.
[13]Buttery R G,Teranishi R,Ling L C,et al. Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1990,38(1):336-340.
[14]Ahmed E M,Dennison R A,Dougherty R H,et al. Flavor and odor thresholds in water of selected orange juice components[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1978,26(1):187-191.
[15]Guth H. Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(8):3027-3032.
[16]Zalacain A,Marín J,Alonso G L,et al. Analysis of wine primary aroma compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction[J]. Talanta,2007,71(4):1610-1615.endprint
[5]Rega B,F(xiàn)ournier N,Guichard E. Solid phase microextraction(SPME)of orange juice flavor:odor representativeness by direct gas chromatography olfactometry(D-GC-O)[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(24):7092-7099.
[6]Jordán M J,Margaría C A,Shaw P E,et al. Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(19):5386-5390.
[7]范文來,徐 巖,李記明,等. 應(yīng)用HS-SPME技術(shù)分析葡萄果皮與果肉揮發(fā)性香氣物質(zhì)[J]. 食品與發(fā)酵工業(yè),2011,37(12):113-118.
[8]袁小單,嚴(yán) 蕊,馬永昆,等. 基于SPME-GC-MS的超高壓鎮(zhèn)江香醋香氣變化分析[J]. 食品科技,2012,37(11):263-269.
[9]張 義. 龍眼汁香氣物質(zhì)及其在加工和貯藏過程中的變化規(guī)律[D]. 武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2010.
[10]Selli S,Canbas A,Cabaroglu T,et al. Aroma components of cv. Muscat of Bornova wines and influence of skin contact treatment[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,94(3):319-326.
[11]Palomo E S,Pérez-Coello M S,Díaz-Maroto M C,et al. Contribution of free and glycosidically-bound volatile compounds to the aroma of Muscat “a petit grains” wines and effect of skin contact[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,95(2):279-289.
[12]馬永昆,劉曉庚. 食品化學(xué)[M]. 南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,2007.
[13]Buttery R G,Teranishi R,Ling L C,et al. Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1990,38(1):336-340.
[14]Ahmed E M,Dennison R A,Dougherty R H,et al. Flavor and odor thresholds in water of selected orange juice components[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1978,26(1):187-191.
[15]Guth H. Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(8):3027-3032.
[16]Zalacain A,Marín J,Alonso G L,et al. Analysis of wine primary aroma compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction[J]. Talanta,2007,71(4):1610-1615.endprint