郭素萍 鄧益君 吳瑩嘉 馮惠霞
【摘要】 目的:探討營養(yǎng)支持干預(yù)對(duì)放化療期間惡性食管瘺患者預(yù)后的影響。方法:回顧分析2010年1月-2012年12月本科收治的40例食管癌合并惡性食管瘺患者,總結(jié)營養(yǎng)干預(yù)方法、瘺管愈合情況及放化療副反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:40例患者中,32例瘺管閉合,6例未閉合予出院定期復(fù)查,2例死亡;放化療治療期間,副作用大多數(shù)為1~2級(jí),8例出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的嘔吐,11例出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的中性粒細(xì)胞減少,13例出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的咳嗽。結(jié)論:營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查和腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持能有效提高食管癌合并惡性食管瘺的患者對(duì)放化療的耐受性,完成相關(guān)治療,并促進(jìn)瘺口的愈合,值得在臨床推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 食管癌; 惡性食管瘺; 放化療; 營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查; 腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)
食管癌是常見的消化道腫瘤,同期放化療是不能手術(shù)的食管癌常用治療手段[1]。惡性食管瘺是食管癌性組織在食管和氣道之間(食管氣管瘺)或者食管和縱膈之間(食管縱膈瘺)形成的瘺口,死亡率高,其最終結(jié)局常常為支氣管肺炎、敗血癥或大出血[2]。惡性食管瘺曾被認(rèn)為是放化療相對(duì)禁忌證,較少有相關(guān)報(bào)道[3]。本科收治的惡性食管瘺患者40例,32例順利完成了放射治療和化學(xué)治療,瘺管閉合。現(xiàn)總結(jié)資料如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2010年1月-2012年12月本科收治的食管癌合并惡性食管瘺患者40例,其中男34例,女6例,年齡41~80歲,中位年齡58歲?;颊咴\斷均為食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,其中21例為T3期,16例為T4期,均無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移或腹腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,均不能手術(shù),使用同期放化療進(jìn)行治療。治療前或治療期間出現(xiàn)惡性食管瘺,其中18例出現(xiàn)在放化療前,22例出現(xiàn)在放化療期間。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 放化療方案 所有患者使用3D-CRT進(jìn)行放射治療,治療計(jì)劃由Pinnacle計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)計(jì)算?;颊咻椛淇偭恐形粩?shù)為54 Gy(40~68 Gy)。重要臟器的輻射劑量限制設(shè)置如下:脊柱<46 Gy,肺部平均劑量<17 Gy,V20<30%。
7例患者使用2個(gè)療程的順鉑、5-Fu聯(lián)合化療,順鉑的劑量為20 mg/(m2·d),5-Fu的為500 mg/(m2·d),在放療第1~5天和第29~33天時(shí)使用。另外33例患者使用多西他賽進(jìn)行治療:10例患者進(jìn)行2個(gè)療程的多西他賽和順鉑,其中多西他賽劑量為60 mg/m2,順鉑為60 mg/m2,在放療第1天和第29天執(zhí)行;23例每周同期進(jìn)行順鉑化療25 mg/m2和多西他賽25 mg/m2化療,持續(xù)4~6周。
1.2.2 營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查 本研究采用營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查(Nutrition Risk Screening,NRS)進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)評(píng)估[4]?;颊呷朐汉?4 h內(nèi)由管床護(hù)士對(duì)患者進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查??偡执笥诘扔?分,表示患者有營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),轉(zhuǎn)介營養(yǎng)??谱o(hù)士,實(shí)施營養(yǎng)治療;總分小于3分,表示患者目前沒有營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),由管床護(hù)士每周進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)再評(píng)估,必要時(shí)予預(yù)防性營養(yǎng)治療。
1.2.3 營養(yǎng)干預(yù) 患者出現(xiàn)食管瘺后,使用腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充。其中22例使用鼻胃管、18例使用經(jīng)皮胃造瘺管。腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)素根據(jù)體重配制,初始配制設(shè)計(jì)如下:能量攝入量為30 kcal/(kg·d),初始蛋白質(zhì)的攝入量為1.2~1.5 g/(kg·d)。持續(xù)監(jiān)測體重,調(diào)整營養(yǎng)素?cái)z入量,保持體內(nèi)能量和蛋白質(zhì)的平衡,減少體重丟失?;颊呷缬刑砑邮澄?,應(yīng)減去等量營養(yǎng)值的營養(yǎng)液。
2 結(jié)果
40例惡性食管瘺的患者中,32例(80.0%)瘺管閉合,2例(5.0%)治療期間大出血死亡,6例(15.0%)治療結(jié)束后瘺管未閉合予出院定期復(fù)查。本研究初次NRS得分顯示,22例患者治療前為2~3分(中到重度營養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)),治療結(jié)束后16例患者的NRS得分顯示提高。治療結(jié)束后中位隨訪時(shí)間18個(gè)月(3~39個(gè)月),隨訪期間2例患者(5.0%)在瘺管關(guān)閉后出現(xiàn)了再次穿孔。放化療治療期間發(fā)生頻率最高的副作用為嘔吐、中性粒細(xì)胞下降、食管炎和咳嗽,大多數(shù)為1~2級(jí)。40例患者中,有8例(20.0%)出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的嘔吐,11例(27.5%)患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的中性粒細(xì)胞減少,13例(32.5%)患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)及以上的咳嗽。
3 討論
營養(yǎng)不良是癌癥患者常見并發(fā)癥,大部分癌癥患者在疾病進(jìn)展過程中出現(xiàn)體重下降,甚至惡液質(zhì)[5]。其原因有:(1)腫瘤代謝增加食管癌患者機(jī)體能量消耗;(2)食管癌腫瘤位置容易導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)吞咽困難,營養(yǎng)的攝入不足[6];(3)治療(如手術(shù)、放射治療、化學(xué)治療)改變機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境,增加食管癌患者能量和蛋白質(zhì)的需求;(4)治療相關(guān)性厭食、黏膜炎、嘔吐等影響營養(yǎng)的攝入和吸收[6]。目前普遍認(rèn)為不能手術(shù)的晚期食管癌患者進(jìn)行同期放化療能提高患者的生存率,但同時(shí)會(huì)增加患者體重丟失,增加免疫消耗,降低身體抵抗力[7-10]。食管癌行放化療的患者的基礎(chǔ)營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)是患者預(yù)后的重要影響因素[11-12]。根據(jù)歐洲臨床營養(yǎng)和代謝學(xué)會(huì)(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)指南對(duì)正在進(jìn)行放射治療或放化療的患者的腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng),應(yīng)努力增加營養(yǎng)的攝入,預(yù)防治療相關(guān)性體重丟失和治療的中斷[13]。但監(jiān)測體重再進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充往往具有滯后性,不能提前預(yù)測體重減輕的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
營養(yǎng)干預(yù)雖然不能針對(duì)性治療腫瘤組織或細(xì)胞,但營養(yǎng)治療作為基礎(chǔ)治療能夠?yàn)榭鼓[瘤治療或手術(shù)治療提供良好的身體基礎(chǔ),提高機(jī)體的自身免疫及對(duì)放射治療和化學(xué)治療的耐受能力[14]。本研究中營養(yǎng)方案的制定前充分評(píng)估了患者的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),腫瘤類型,預(yù)測對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)以及耐受情況,針對(duì)性選用經(jīng)口進(jìn)食、腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)、靜脈營養(yǎng)為患者提供營養(yǎng)支持。本研究中食管癌合并食管瘺的患者,為避免食物經(jīng)食管瘺口進(jìn)入氣道或縱膈加重感染,均予以禁食,予腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持(18例經(jīng)鼻胃管,22例經(jīng)胃造瘺管)。多項(xiàng)研究表明腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)能為患者提供充足的營養(yǎng)支持,不僅能增加患者的體重,提高患者對(duì)治療的反應(yīng),還能提高患者的生活質(zhì)量[14-15]。endprint
NRS營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查能有效區(qū)分和檢測患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,及時(shí)、充足的腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持能有效增加患者對(duì)放化療的耐受性,完成相關(guān)治療,并促進(jìn)瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
NRS營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查能有效區(qū)分和檢測患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,及時(shí)、充足的腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持能有效增加患者對(duì)放化療的耐受性,完成相關(guān)治療,并促進(jìn)瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
NRS營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查能有效區(qū)分和檢測患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,及時(shí)、充足的腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持能有效增加患者對(duì)放化療的耐受性,完成相關(guān)治療,并促進(jìn)瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint