趙偉偉
摘要
城市間的航空運輸活動是城市相互聯(lián)系的最高表現(xiàn)形式,航線運量反映了城市間的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系和對外職能,城市及航線所組成的航空網(wǎng)絡直觀反映了城市體系的等級結構和分布特征。2000年以來我國航空運輸持續(xù)高速增長,通航城市由139個增加至175個,占地級城市數(shù)量的60%以上,通航城市的分布特征在一定程度上代表了全國的城市體系特征。本文在系統(tǒng)回顧國內(nèi)外研究文獻的基礎上,利用2000-2012年民航行業(yè)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),通過假定和計算城市間航線復合流量,從通航城市分布的統(tǒng)計特征、等級劃分、網(wǎng)絡結構等視角進行分析。首先,研究了通航城市分布的區(qū)域差異,貨運業(yè)務城市差距不斷擴大,呈集聚特征,三大樞紐城市比重始終過半;從城市累計分配率看,貨運相比客運更集中。其次,運用圖表法和聚類分析法,將175個城市分為3個首位中心城市、13個二級中心城市、17個三級中心城市和142個四級中心城市,城市等級分布呈金字塔型且受政治、經(jīng)濟和旅游等因素影響顯著。最后,利用2000年和2012年國內(nèi)城市間前100位復合流量航線,分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)北京、上海和廣州等三大樞紐城市穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)主導地位,成渝成為未來第四極,東北地區(qū)城市體系穩(wěn)定,沿海城市被中部城市取代,旅游城市等級升級,“軸—輻”網(wǎng)絡城市體系正在形成。
關鍵詞 航空網(wǎng)絡;城市體系;機場;空間格局;網(wǎng)絡特征
中圖分類號 F562
文獻標識碼 A
文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0068-08
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.011
1903年美國萊特兄弟成功試飛了第一架飛機,實現(xiàn)了人類空中飛行的夢想,激發(fā)了全球的航空熱潮。伴隨著噴氣式飛機技術的應用和和世界航空管制的放松,航空運輸對全球產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。美國學者卡薩達教授提出航空運輸正在成為繼海運、河運、鐵路、公路之后影響世界經(jīng)濟的“第五沖擊波”,在中國這個觀點已逐步被學者和地方政府認可,航空運輸業(yè)已升級為國家戰(zhàn)略性先導產(chǎn)業(yè)。航空運輸相比鐵路、公路、水運等其他運輸方式具有快捷、長距離、高附加值等優(yōu)勢,直接反映城市間的交易流和聯(lián)通度,在一定程度上反映了城市對外聯(lián)系的程度和水平。隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的深入,一個城市航空運輸水平的高低體現(xiàn)了其在全球、國家和區(qū)域城市體系中所處的等級或層次,自上世紀50年代這一現(xiàn)象逐步引起國內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟地理學和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟學領域學者的關注。
國外最早利用航空運輸研究城市體系是美國學者Taaffe,1956年他研究了機場旅客吞吐量與城鎮(zhèn)人口之間的關聯(lián)關系,并考察了基于機場吞吐量的城鎮(zhèn)關聯(lián)體系[1-2]。Murayama利用加拿大與美國之間的航空客運資料對加拿大城市開放性作了研究,分析加拿大城市體系的變化[3]。Goetz研究了1950-1985年間美國航空客流與城市體系繁華的關系[4]。Rimmer把國際航空客貨運作為重要指標研究了世界城市和東北亞大城市之間的聯(lián)系[5]。進入新世紀,Matsumoto對日本機場體系、城鎮(zhèn)體系、航空運輸量做了系統(tǒng)分析,并在此基礎上從航空運輸?shù)慕嵌妊芯苛耸澜绯擎?zhèn)體系格局和演變[6-7]。Guimera和Bagler在分析航空網(wǎng)絡特性的基礎上研究世界城市體系,后者認為航空網(wǎng)絡和城市體系同樣具有復雜網(wǎng)路的“小世界”特征[8-9]。
國內(nèi)關于航空運輸與城市體系的研究相比國外起步晚,且集中出于上世紀90年代后期和21世紀初期。最早顧朝林利用航空資料對中國首位城市網(wǎng)絡做了分析[10],郭文炯、白明英分析了城市航空運輸職能層次,認為城市間航空運輸聯(lián)系反映了城市體系的基本特征[11]。金鳳君研究了大陸地區(qū)航空客流網(wǎng)絡體系的地域分異現(xiàn)象[12],并對中國樞紐機場進行篩選,率先構筑了軸-輻式航空網(wǎng)絡體系[13]。周一星、胡智勇利用航空客運量和每周航班數(shù),揭示了城市體系的結構框架,預測了未來城市體系演變的可能方向[14]。朱英明認為城市密集區(qū)的航空聯(lián)系具有明顯的方向性,導致了城市間的內(nèi)聚效應和空間互動[15]。王法輝等研究了航空客運網(wǎng)絡的空間演化和地域差異[16]。唐次妹分析了臺灣地區(qū)航空港的分布與城市體系的關系[17]。于濤方利用航空客流分析了1995-2004年中國城市體系格局的變化[18]。受“數(shù)量革命”影響,劉宏鯤、王嬌娥、莫輝輝和曾小周等應用復雜網(wǎng)絡理論和GIS方法對中國航空網(wǎng)絡進行分析,認為中國航空網(wǎng)絡具有典型的小世界網(wǎng)絡特征[19-22]。
國內(nèi)學者針對中國城市航空網(wǎng)絡與城市體系的研究,大多是利用航空客運數(shù)據(jù)和航班數(shù),通過航空聯(lián)系的角度分析城市體系的特點,采用數(shù)據(jù)大多集中在1995-2005年左右,缺乏對航空貨運研究。航空貨運相比客運更能反映城市間經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系和對外職能,而且2000年以后中國航空客貨運分別年均增長高達15%和11%,通航城市由139個增加至175個,成為全球航空運輸增長最快的地區(qū)。此外,民用航空機場的服務范圍一般都在200 km2以上,且基本分布在地級市以上的中心城區(qū)附近。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2010年中國地級市數(shù)量為283個,直轄市數(shù)量為4個,通航城市已占總數(shù)的60%以上。因此,通過分析已通航城市的分布格局來研究2000年以中國城市體系演變特征具有一定代表性。
1 研究內(nèi)容與數(shù)據(jù)來源
1.1 定義與假設
通航城市:本文是指已經(jīng)開通民用航空運輸業(yè)務,且有固定航班活動的城市,不包括停航機場的城市和僅僅開展通用航空業(yè)務的城市。
航線:飛機飛行的路線稱為空中交通線,簡稱航線。飛機的航線不僅確定了飛機飛行具體方向、起訖點和經(jīng)停點。按照飛機飛行的起訖點,航線可分為國際航線、國內(nèi)航線和地區(qū)航線三大類。國際航線是指飛行路線連接兩個或兩個以上國家的航線;國內(nèi)航線是指在一個國家內(nèi)部的航線,它又可分為干線、支線和地方航線三大類。本文以分析國內(nèi)航線為主。
城市復合流量:參照國際民航運輸協(xié)會計算辦法,1個單位復合流量等于1名旅客或90 kg貨物。如1個城市具有2個或2個以上機場,合并計算流量,如北京首都和北京南苑,上海虹橋和上海浦東。
城市間航線復合流量:兩個城市之間航線運輸?shù)膹托泻狭髁俊?如果是經(jīng)停航線,根據(jù)航段數(shù)目取均值分攤,如廣州-西安-銀川航線流量為Q,廣州-西安取Q/2,張家界-長沙-青島-沈陽航線流量為Q,張家界-長沙取Q/3。根據(jù)前期研究者經(jīng)驗和實際情況,航線流量計算取航線年運輸旅客在5萬人以上且年貨物運輸量在5 000 t以上的航線。
1.2 研究內(nèi)容
在總結分析已有研究文獻的基礎上,通過分析通航城市分布的區(qū)域統(tǒng)計特征和客貨航空運輸業(yè)的集聚與擴散特征,利用國內(nèi)航線數(shù)據(jù)運用圖表判斷法和聚類分析法,將通航城市劃分不同層次,進而利用城市間的航空運輸數(shù)量分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡特征,最后試圖從多個因素分析通航城市體系演化的動力因素。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)來源
本文研究數(shù)據(jù)主要來源分兩部分:第一部分各城市的經(jīng)濟社會人口指標來自《中國統(tǒng)計年鑒》和《中國城市統(tǒng)計年鑒》。第二部分關于航空運輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù),主要是指機場旅客吞吐量、貨郵吞吐量、航線班次、吞吐量等來自《從統(tǒng)計看民航》、《2010年全國夏秋航線航班時刻表》、《中國交通年鑒》和中國民航局歷年民航發(fā)展公報。
城市間復合流量已增長了3-5倍,而且北京、上海、廣州之間的航線牢牢占據(jù)主導地位,杭州-北京、上海-成都、上海-廈門進入前十大航線。高鐵的開通對城市間航空流量影響非常大,特別是對1 500 km以內(nèi)的航線,比如京滬和鄭西高鐵開通后,北京-南京航線位次從2000年第10名下降至2012年的45名,北京-濟南和鄭州-西安直飛航線陸續(xù)停航。
最后,根據(jù)城市間復合流量計算法,取前100位航線繪制2000年和2012年城市航空流向的節(jié)點-網(wǎng)絡結構圖,分析通航城市的網(wǎng)絡結構特征,如圖5和圖6所示。
通過以上分析,可以看出通航城市體系有以下網(wǎng)絡特征:
(1)通航城市空間分布存在明顯的區(qū)域差異。從圖5、6中可以看出覺得通航城市分布也符合胡煥庸線(也稱“黑河-騰沖”線)。即在黑河-騰沖線東南區(qū)域集中分布絕大部分通航城市和航空運輸活動,線西北區(qū)域城市和航空運輸活動較少,但近年來新疆與內(nèi)地聯(lián)系密切,特別是烏魯木齊與北京、烏魯木齊與西安聯(lián)系密集,烏魯木齊已有5條航線進入前100位。另外,航點分布更加分散,除西寧外其他省會城市均有航線進入前100位航線的起止點。
(2)北京、上海和廣州穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)空間網(wǎng)絡的主導地位,成渝有望成為未來第四極,西安、烏魯木齊、昆明地位提升。從圖5、6中可以看出前100位航線中自北京、上海、廣州出發(fā)的航線占據(jù)了大部分,且等級非常高,前10大航線均與三大城市有關,也在一定程度上代表以他們?yōu)橹行牡木┙蚣匠鞘腥骸㈤L三角城市群和珠三角城市群之間的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系一直影響著整個國家的城市體系。與此同時,以成都、重慶為中心的成渝城市群與三大城市群經(jīng)濟和商務聯(lián)系密切,從而提升了城市等級。
(3)東北地區(qū)分布穩(wěn)定,沿海城市被中部城市取代,旅游城市等級提升。從2000年至2012年東北地區(qū)通航城市分布穩(wěn)定,哈爾濱、長春、沈陽和大連一直作為區(qū)域中心城市,與北京、上海一直保持穩(wěn)定的聯(lián)系。沿海城市煙臺、溫州、福州在通航城市體系的地位逐步被鄭州、長沙等中部城市取代,同時隨著高鐵網(wǎng)的行程,中短程航線受到?jīng)_擊,比如上海-溫州在高鐵開通后,航班也隨即取消。以廈門、三亞、??跒榇淼穆糜纬鞘?,有10條航線進入前100位,且三個城市航空復合流量增長迅速。
(4)軸-輻式網(wǎng)絡體系正在形成。航空網(wǎng)絡的“軸-輻”系統(tǒng)是指以最主要的航空港為軸心、其他航空機場為附屬,形成具有密切聯(lián)系的類似“自行車輪子”的空間網(wǎng)絡聯(lián)系交流體系。從全國城市來看北京、上海、廣州已經(jīng)成為全國的“軸”,即全國樞紐城市。其他次級區(qū)域,尤其是新疆和云南等航空活動比較發(fā)達的地區(qū),烏魯木齊和昆明正在成為區(qū)域的“軸”,即區(qū)域樞紐城市。在“軸-輻”網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)中低級城市通過航線向高級城市聯(lián)系,高級城市向更高一級城市聯(lián)系,如騰沖-昆明-北京、喀什-烏魯木齊-上海,軸-輻式網(wǎng)絡有利于降低城市間的聯(lián)系成本,從而促進區(qū)域經(jīng)濟高效發(fā)展。從圖5、6來看,成都和西安也有條件成為區(qū)域性樞紐城市。
5 結論與展望
本文利用2000-2012年民航行業(yè)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),首先分析了通航城市分布的區(qū)域差異,從三大樞紐城市和全國城市累計分配率方面分別分析了城市客貨運的集聚和分散特征??傮w來看,通航城市布局區(qū)域差異大,西部新增數(shù)目遠遠大于中部和東部,客運業(yè)務區(qū)域差異趨緩,貨郵業(yè)務差距進一步擴大,客運業(yè)務呈現(xiàn)出擴散特征,貨郵業(yè)務分布更加集中。其次,運用圖表法和聚類分析法,將175個城市分為3個首位中心城市、13個二級中心城市、17三級中心城市和142個四級中心城市四個等級,進一步分析出城市等級結構呈金字塔型,同時受政治、經(jīng)濟和旅游因素影響顯著。最后,利用“城市復合流量”和“城市間航線復合流量”分析了城市體系的網(wǎng)絡特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市復合流量在區(qū)域差異的基礎上,北京、上海和廣州在城市網(wǎng)絡中穩(wěn)穩(wěn)占據(jù)主導地位,成渝成為未來第四極,東北區(qū)域穩(wěn)定,中部城市崛起等特征,同時,“軸-輻”式城市網(wǎng)絡體系正在逐步形成。航空運輸在綜合交通體系中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用,特別是在對外開放和進出口貿(mào)易方面優(yōu)勢明顯,各級城市特別是內(nèi)陸型中心城市不僅要建設鐵路、公路,而且要發(fā)展民航運輸,以全方位提升城市等級。
但是,不是每個城市都有機場,通航城市體系只是研究城市體系的一個切入點,有些城市是通過城市群中的航空活動參與城市聯(lián)系的,且這些城市與城市群中心城市具有便捷地面聯(lián)系條件,這些城市雖然在全國城市體系中有較高等級,比如唐山、蘇州、昆山、東莞、中山等,但沒進入本次分析范圍。后續(xù)筆者將嘗試以城市群為單元研究航空活動對城市體系的影響。
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[9]Bagler G. Analysis of the Airport Network of India as a Complex Weighted Network [J]. Physic A, 2008, 387(12): 2972-2980.
[10]顧朝林.中國城鎮(zhèn)體系:歷史、現(xiàn)狀、展望[M]. 北京: 商務印書館, 1992:275-313.[Gu Chaolin. Chinese Urban System:History, Status and Prospect[M].Beijing: The Commercial Press,1992:275-313.]
[11]郭文炯,白明英.中國城市航空運輸職能等級及航空聯(lián)系特征的實證研究[J].人文地理, 1999,14(1):27-31.[Guo Wenjiong, Bai Mingying. A Positive Research on the Functional Hierarchy of Urban Air Transportation and the Features of Air Transportation Relationship in China[J].Human Geography,1999,14(1):27-31.]
[12]金鳳君.我國航空客流網(wǎng)絡發(fā)展及其地域系統(tǒng)研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(1):31-39.[Jin Fengjun. A Study on Network of Domestic Air Passenger Flow in China[J].Geographical Research, 2001,20(1):31-39.]
[13]金鳳君,王成金.軸-輻侍服理念下的中國航空網(wǎng)絡模式構筑[J].地理研究,2005, 24(5):774-784.[Jin Fengjun,Wang Chengjin. HubandSpoke System and China Aviation Network Organization[J]. Geographical Research 2005, 24(5):774-784.]
[14]周一星,胡智勇.從航空運輸看中國城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡結構[J].地理研究,2002,21(3):276-285.[Zhou Yixing,Hu Zhiyong. Looking into the Network Structure of Chinese Urban System from the Perspective of Air Transportation[J]. Geographical Research, 2002,21(3):276-285.]
[15]朱英明.中國城市密集區(qū)航空運輸聯(lián)系研究[J].人文地理,2003,18(5):22-25.[Zhu Yiming. The Study of Air Transportation Links Among Chinas Urban Compact Areas[J].Human Geography, 2003,18(5):22-25.]
[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國航空客運網(wǎng)絡的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學,2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運輸與臺灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡結構[J].臺灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來中國城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國城市航空網(wǎng)絡的實證研究與分析[J].物理學報,2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國機場體系的空間格局及其服務水平[J].地理學報,2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運輸網(wǎng)絡的復雜性研究[J].地理科學進展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國航空網(wǎng)絡樞紐機場中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics
[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國航空客運網(wǎng)絡的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學,2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運輸與臺灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡結構[J].臺灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來中國城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國城市航空網(wǎng)絡的實證研究與分析[J].物理學報,2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國機場體系的空間格局及其服務水平[J].地理學報,2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運輸網(wǎng)絡的復雜性研究[J].地理科學進展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國航空網(wǎng)絡樞紐機場中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics
[16]王法輝,金鳳君,曾光.中國航空客運網(wǎng)絡的空間演化模式研究[J].地理科學,2003, 23(5):519-525.[Wang Fahui,Jin Fengjun,Zeng Guang. Geographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(5):519-525.]
[17]唐次妹.航空運輸與臺灣城市體系的空間網(wǎng)絡結構[J].臺灣研究,2006,1:39-44.[Tang Cimei. Air Transport and the Space Network Structure of Urban System in Taiwan[J].Taiwan Research,2006,1:39-44.]
[18]于濤方,顧朝林,李志剛.1995年以來中國城市體系格局與演變:基于航空流視角[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1407-1418.[Yu Taofang,Gu Chaolin,Li Zhigang.Chinas Urban Systems in Terms of Air Passenger and Cargo Flows since 1995[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[19]劉宏鯤,周濤.中國城市航空網(wǎng)絡的實證研究與分析[J].物理學報,2007,56(1):106-112.[ Liu Hongkun, Zhou Tao.Empirical Study of Chinese City Airline Network[J]. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[20]王姣娥, 金鳳君, 孫煒,等.中國機場體系的空間格局及其服務水平[J].地理學報,2006, 61(8):829-838.[Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun,Sun Wei,et al. Research on Spatial Distribution and Service Level of Chinese Airport System [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,27(6):1407-1418.]
[21]莫輝輝,王姣娥,金鳳君.交通運輸網(wǎng)絡的復雜性研究[J].地理科學進展,2008,27(6): 112-120.[Mo Huihui,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun.Complexity Perspectives on Transportation Network[J]. Progress in Geography, 2008,27(6): 112-120.]
[22]曾小舟,江可申,程凱.我國航空網(wǎng)絡樞紐機場中心化水平比較[J].系統(tǒng)工程,2010,28(9):39-45.[Zeng Xiaozhou, Jiang Keshen,Cheng Kai. Comparative Analysis on the Centralized Level of Hub Airport of Chinese Aviation Network [J].Systems Engineering, 2010,28(9):39-45.]
Evolution Characteristics of Urban System in China Since 2000 inTerms of Distribution of Civil Aviation City
ZHAO Weiwei
(School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xian Shaanxi 710127, China)
AbstractAir transport activities between cities are the highest form of city interconnected, where routes reflect the economic ties among different cities and external function, and the city and routes of aviation network directly reflect the level of urban system structure and the distribution characteristics. Rapid growth of air transport in China since 2000, with the navigable city increased from 139 to 175
level covers an area of more than 60% of the number of cities; navigable city space distribution to a certain extent, represents the urban system of the national chara cteristics. Based on the literature review, this paper used the statistical data (2000-2012) of civil aviation industry, urban routes between compound flow, in order to analyze the statistical characteristic of navigable city distribution, hierarchy, such as hierarchical network structure. First, we studied the distribution and differences of navigable city: namely the passenger business city differences has slow and diffusion characteristics, and the share of three major hub cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China decreases. Cargo business city gap is widening, the agglomeration characteristics of three major hub cities share is always more than half. From total allocation rate, cargo business is more concentrated than passenger freight. Secondly, using chart method and clustering analysis method, 175 cities can be divided into three top center cities,13 secondary center cities,17 tertiary center cities and 142 four centers cities. The distribution of city level is the pyramid and influenced by political, economic and tourism factors significantly. Finally, we used the data of domestic cities who vanks 100 composite traffic routes between 2000 and 2012 to analyze the network characteristics of the urban system, and find that three major hub cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are firmly dominated, ChengduChongqing express way will be the fourth pole in the future, the northeast city system is stable, coastal cities are replaced by the central city, tourist city level upgrades, and “axial and radial” network cities system are forming.
Key words aviation network; urban system; airport; spatial distribution; network characteristics