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        地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制及其波動機(jī)理研究

        2014-10-17 09:18:27李國平張文彬
        中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年10期
        關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)境規(guī)制

        李國平+張文彬

        摘要

        文章基于最優(yōu)契約設(shè)計視角,剖析了地方政府的最優(yōu)環(huán)境規(guī)制及其波動,并討論了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭氲淖饔?。首先,利用委托代理模型?gòu)建了以地方政府效益最大化為目標(biāo)并滿足地方政府和企業(yè)激勵約束條件的最優(yōu)環(huán)境規(guī)制契約,該契約表明當(dāng)保持地方政府高環(huán)境規(guī)制水平時,地方政府和企業(yè)處于同等地位,根據(jù)各自的收益分配來決定責(zé)任分擔(dān)的比例,并與二者各自獲得的中央政府的獎勵比例一致,同時地方政府對企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)活動和環(huán)境保護(hù)活動都不進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵。其次,討論了重大環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生后,地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制在中央政府強(qiáng)力介入、環(huán)境污染事故影響減弱和影響完全消失三個典型時期的周期循環(huán)波動及其機(jī)理,結(jié)果表明當(dāng)重大環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生時,由于中央政府的強(qiáng)力介入,地方政府選擇高水平的環(huán)境規(guī)制,這時企業(yè)生產(chǎn)努力水平和產(chǎn)量都較低,但發(fā)生環(huán)境污染事故的概率也最低;當(dāng)環(huán)境污染事故影響減弱時,地方政府即使無法獲得額外收益,也會通過相對降低環(huán)境規(guī)制水平來增加企業(yè)產(chǎn)量,環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生的概率隨之增加;當(dāng)環(huán)境污染事故影響完全消失后,地方政府為獲得額外收益和完成中央政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)考核,會選擇低水平環(huán)境規(guī)制,企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大,環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生的概率也最大,直至環(huán)境污染事故再次發(fā)生,進(jìn)入下一輪的環(huán)境規(guī)制波動周期循環(huán)。再次,將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭?guī)制引入地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制中,得到包含第三方監(jiān)管的最優(yōu)環(huán)境規(guī)制契約,最優(yōu)契約的關(guān)鍵就是地方政府要確定在重大環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生后對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I成本,第三方規(guī)制的引入能夠在一定程度上燙平地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制的波動。最后,從解除地方環(huán)境規(guī)制部門與地方政府的隸屬關(guān)系以保持地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制部門獨立性、推進(jìn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革以保持企業(yè)獨立性和建立包含當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窕蛘呱鐣F(tuán)體的第三方環(huán)境監(jiān)管組織三個方面提出減小中國地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制波動、實現(xiàn)地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制最優(yōu)契約的政策建議。

        關(guān)鍵詞 環(huán)境規(guī)制;波動機(jī)理;契約設(shè)計;最優(yōu)契約

        中圖分類號 F205

        文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0024-08 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.005

        改革開放以來,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)以年均9%的增速創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)增長“奇跡”的同時,也帶來環(huán)境的嚴(yán)重壓力。據(jù)2012年美國哥倫比亞大學(xué)和耶魯大學(xué)科學(xué)家聯(lián)合發(fā)布的163個國家和地區(qū)的環(huán)境績效排名 (Environment Performance Index, EPI)顯示,中國環(huán)境績效排名第116位。環(huán)境問題已成為中國總體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中的關(guān)鍵問題,制度因素或者說環(huán)境規(guī)制成為環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理的最重要推動力。

        國外地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制的研究主要集中在規(guī)制強(qiáng)度變化方面,Oates and Schwab[1]模擬了地方政府通過稅收和環(huán)境政策工具競爭資本的情景,認(rèn)為地方政府會通過降低排污收費或增加排污許可來爭取資本的流入。該結(jié)論與“污染避難所假說”(Pollution Heaven Hypothesis, PHH)相背,其認(rèn)為環(huán)境規(guī)制差異僅帶來生產(chǎn)成本差異,貿(mào)易自由化使污染密集型企業(yè)傾向于從環(huán)境規(guī)制嚴(yán)格的地區(qū)向相對寬松的地區(qū)遷移,使后者成為“污染避難所”[2]。與該假說對應(yīng)的理論是“競爭到底”(Race to the Bottom),認(rèn)為地方政府在與其他地方政府的資本競爭中,會傾向于放松環(huán)境規(guī)制,以犧牲環(huán)境質(zhì)量為代價吸引投資,地方政府相繼降低環(huán)境規(guī)制的最終結(jié)果是環(huán)境零規(guī)制,所有地區(qū)環(huán)境都惡化[3]。Oates and Portney[4]對此提出了質(zhì)疑,認(rèn)為“競爭到底”的說法在邏輯上是不盡合理的,指出資本流入增加地方政府收入的同時也會導(dǎo)致地方政府增加公共品的供給。此外,也有學(xué)者從地方政府與企業(yè)博弈[5]、環(huán)境規(guī)制俘獲[6-7]等方面進(jìn)行了研究。

        國內(nèi)關(guān)于環(huán)境規(guī)制的理論研究相對實證研究較少,趙玉民等[8]重新定義了環(huán)境規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵,將環(huán)境規(guī)制分為顯性和隱性兩種,并分析不同類型環(huán)境規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵、特征、聯(lián)系與區(qū)別等,為改善和優(yōu)化企業(yè)環(huán)境決策提供理論基礎(chǔ)。張崇輝等[9]基于CHME理論,構(gòu)建雙向可比動態(tài)指數(shù)測度了我國2003-2010年的環(huán)境規(guī)制水平,并比較不同環(huán)境規(guī)制替代指標(biāo)的差異,認(rèn)為應(yīng)完善和加強(qiáng)激勵型環(huán)境規(guī)制,并相機(jī)選擇中西部的環(huán)境規(guī)制方式。李郁芳和李項峰[10]基于公共選擇視角分析了環(huán)境規(guī)制處于次優(yōu)水平的原因并給出了政策建議。臧傳琴等[11]分析了信息不對稱條件下政府與排污企業(yè)之間的博弈,認(rèn)為博弈會降低政府環(huán)境規(guī)制的效用,因此政府應(yīng)進(jìn)行規(guī)制政策創(chuàng)新以提高規(guī)制效率。易志斌[12]以跨界水污染為例對地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制失靈的原因及解決途徑進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。吳衛(wèi)星[13]認(rèn)為造成我國環(huán)境規(guī)制失靈的原因是我國環(huán)境規(guī)制存在三種結(jié)構(gòu)性失衡:公眾與企業(yè)參與環(huán)境決策和環(huán)境訴訟失衡、環(huán)保主管部門與地方政府和經(jīng)濟(jì)主管部門規(guī)制權(quán)利失衡以及環(huán)境利益和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益競爭失衡,并依此給出政策建議。朱平芳等[14]基于環(huán)境規(guī)制和地方環(huán)境決策的策略博弈視角,從理論與實證的角度分析是地方政府為吸引外商直接投資而采用競爭到底策略。

        可以看出,現(xiàn)階段關(guān)于地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制的研究多集中在評價和提高地方環(huán)境規(guī)制效率的靜態(tài)分析方面,鮮有學(xué)者對地方環(huán)境規(guī)制動態(tài)波動及其機(jī)理進(jìn)行研究。本文借鑒陳長石[15]的基本假設(shè)和研究思路,通過構(gòu)建中央政府(委托人)——地方政府(中間人)——企業(yè)(代理人)的雙層委托代理模型,剖析環(huán)境污染事故(指重大環(huán)境污染事故)發(fā)生時中央政府強(qiáng)力介入、事故影響減弱和完全消失三個典型階段的地方環(huán)境規(guī)制波動機(jī)理。

        1 委托代理模型和最優(yōu)契約

        在中國的環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理實踐過程中,地方政府在中央政府和企業(yè)之間扮演著“中間人”的角色,中央政府制定的環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理政策要由地方政府負(fù)責(zé)實施和監(jiān)督。但是,我國實施的“向上負(fù)責(zé)”的政治體制和財政分權(quán)相結(jié)合的地方政府治理方式使得發(fā)展地方經(jīng)濟(jì)會給地方官員帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)上的激勵[16],如果缺乏有效的激勵約束機(jī)制,地方政府官員就和企業(yè)經(jīng)理人一樣存在機(jī)會主義行為,從政治決策中尋租,導(dǎo)致地方政府行為選擇逐漸偏離社會公共利益的軌道,相對缺乏提供生態(tài)產(chǎn)品的積極性。

        本部分通過構(gòu)建中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)環(huán)境規(guī)制的雙重委托代理模型,對環(huán)境規(guī)制最優(yōu)契約形式及其性質(zhì)進(jìn)行討論,以解釋地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制行為選擇的特征。

        1.1 委托代理模型構(gòu)建

        假設(shè)在一個僅存在中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)三方的封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)體中,中央政府負(fù)責(zé)制定總的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展政策和環(huán)境保護(hù)、污染治理等環(huán)境規(guī)制政策,并負(fù)責(zé)對地方政府的政績進(jìn)行考核,根據(jù)地方政府和企業(yè)提供的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)品和環(huán)境保護(hù)及污染治理績效對其進(jìn)行獎罰;地方政府負(fù)責(zé)對企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)活動和環(huán)境保護(hù)及污染治理活動進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,并對企業(yè)的行為進(jìn)行獎罰;企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)提供經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)品和環(huán)境保護(hù)、污染治理。

        企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)為:

        由此得到本文的最后一個結(jié)論。

        結(jié)論5:在給定的約束條件下,并將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭氲胤江h(huán)境規(guī)制的條件下,保證地方政府不對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用襁M(jìn)行收買的最優(yōu)契約應(yīng)具有以下性質(zhì):第一,企業(yè)和地方政府的參與約束條件是松的,而其他約束條件都是緊的;第二,在滿足最優(yōu)契約時,重大環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生后地方政府愿意支付的收買成本隨其在總的收買成本中的占比增加而減少,隨中央政府的獎勵增加而增加。

        結(jié)論5的經(jīng)濟(jì)含義是:①地方政府可以通過對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I,小幅度的對環(huán)境規(guī)制水平進(jìn)行調(diào)整,從而在企業(yè)增加的產(chǎn)量中獲得收益,從合謀的角度看,實際上是將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褚氲降胤秸推髽I(yè)的合謀中,使其成為其中的一員,分享部分合謀的收益;②地方政府在發(fā)生環(huán)境污染事故后對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I成本m′滿足m′=p2(rs-ri)/[(1-p2)(2v-1)]時,地方政府就會放棄對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭?guī)制將發(fā)揮其職能,導(dǎo)致中央政府的介入,對地方政府和企業(yè)處以總fa的罰金;③地方政府通過對相關(guān)政策的變動影響v和rs,進(jìn)而對環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生后的收買成本m′進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

        與結(jié)論1相比,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭?guī)制被引入地方環(huán)境規(guī)制后,中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)三方關(guān)于環(huán)境規(guī)制的博弈就轉(zhuǎn)化為地方政府、企業(yè)和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢降年P(guān)于是否收買的博弈。這個博弈的關(guān)鍵就是地方政府要確定在環(huán)境污染事故發(fā)生后對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I成本m′,與之相比,中央政府更難察覺到地方政府在未發(fā)生環(huán)境污染事故時對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖召I成本m。

        總之,將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭?guī)制引入能夠緩解地方政府放松環(huán)境規(guī)制的沖動。首先,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡鳛榈谌揭?guī)制引入時,地方政府不僅要與企業(yè)進(jìn)行談判,還要花費一定的精力和成本與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駞f(xié)商和收買,減少了地方政府的額外收益,制約了地方政府改變環(huán)境規(guī)制行為的選擇;當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥⒗弥醒胝x予的監(jiān)督地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制和企業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)的權(quán)力,獲取最大化的自身收益。其次,能夠改善環(huán)境規(guī)制中的中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)之間的信息不對稱狀況,有利于中央政府對地方政府和企業(yè)的環(huán)境信息真實性的掌控,為逐漸提高和穩(wěn)定地方環(huán)境規(guī)制的水平,提供了一條有效的改革思路。

        4 結(jié) 論

        綜上所述,本文運用契約設(shè)計理論,通過建立中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)三方的雙重委托代理模型,對中國地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制的“發(fā)生環(huán)境污染事故——地方政府選擇高水平環(huán)境規(guī)制——環(huán)境污染事故影響減弱——地方政府降低環(huán)境規(guī)制水平——環(huán)境污染事故影響消失——地方政府選擇低水平環(huán)境規(guī)制——發(fā)生下一次環(huán)境污染事故”周期性波動以及波動機(jī)理進(jìn)行了描述。分析表明,這一地方環(huán)境規(guī)制波動機(jī)理詮釋了中國環(huán)境污染事故頻發(fā),但解決起來又異常困難的原因。認(rèn)為破解現(xiàn)階段中國地方環(huán)境規(guī)制的周期性波動需要引入第三方規(guī)制。將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥Νh(huán)境保護(hù)的監(jiān)督權(quán)法律化和制度化,變中央政府、地方政府和企業(yè)的三方博弈為地方政府、企業(yè)和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦娜讲┺?,能夠緩解博弈各方的信息不對稱程度,抑制地方政府放松環(huán)境規(guī)制的沖動,減輕由地方政府降低環(huán)境規(guī)制水平所造成的惡性累積效應(yīng),這一制度改進(jìn)雖然無法從根本上消除地方環(huán)境規(guī)制波動,但在現(xiàn)有的中國環(huán)境規(guī)制體系下,不失為一種解決地方環(huán)境規(guī)制波動的有效方式。

        針對中國地方環(huán)境規(guī)制的行為特征,提出以下穩(wěn)定中國地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制水平的政策建議:

        (1)解除地方環(huán)境規(guī)制部門與地方政府的隸屬關(guān)系,保證地方環(huán)境規(guī)制部門的獨立性。中國環(huán)境規(guī)制的主要問題集中在實施過程中,特別是環(huán)境規(guī)制部門歸屬于地方政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)所造成的尋租和低效率問題。地方環(huán)保部門雖然隸屬于上級環(huán)保部門和地方政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo),但基本上以地方政府的目標(biāo)為主,不具備行使“獨立性”環(huán)保職責(zé)的條件,特別是其績效考核受到地方政府的利益相關(guān)方干擾,地方政府掌控著環(huán)境治理的局面?,F(xiàn)行的地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制部門往往以地方政府經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最大化為目標(biāo),成為引發(fā)地方政府降低環(huán)境規(guī)制水平和企業(yè)爆發(fā)重大污染環(huán)境事件的重要原因。完善地方環(huán)境規(guī)制制度的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是改變地方環(huán)境規(guī)制部門對地方政府的行政依賴性,嘗試將環(huán)境規(guī)制相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)機(jī)構(gòu)從地方政府中剝離出來,成立由國務(wù)院主管資源環(huán)境和生態(tài)文明的副總理負(fù)責(zé)、由環(huán)保部統(tǒng)一管理的、與地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)分離的環(huán)境規(guī)制體制。

        (2)推進(jìn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革,促使企業(yè)成為獨立的行為主體,減少政府的行政干預(yù),便于環(huán)境規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)對企業(yè)的環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理行為進(jìn)行考核?,F(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度改革的核心是產(chǎn)權(quán)界定和產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰,由于中國行政體系和經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的影響,中國企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)尤其資源和環(huán)境產(chǎn)權(quán)缺位和模糊,這種產(chǎn)權(quán)狀態(tài)嚴(yán)重影響了企業(yè)決策的獨立性,使得地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)對企業(yè)的環(huán)境責(zé)任的追究存在難點。只有加快推動中國企業(yè)的環(huán)境產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革,加快生態(tài)環(huán)境資源的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革,增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的決策獨立性,才能降低企業(yè)與地方政府合謀的傾向性,提高企業(yè)履行節(jié)約資源、保護(hù)環(huán)境以及環(huán)境治理責(zé)任的剛性。

        (3)建立包含當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈蜕鐣F(tuán)體的第三方環(huán)境規(guī)制監(jiān)管體制。通過法律法規(guī)的完善,逐步提高當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠M成的地方環(huán)境保護(hù)公益團(tuán)體(即第三方監(jiān)管組織)參與環(huán)境規(guī)制的決策地位。中央政府將居民在環(huán)境規(guī)制中的責(zé)任和權(quán)力納入國家基本法如《憲法》之中,使當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裣碛星鍧嵀h(huán)境和對地方環(huán)境規(guī)制監(jiān)督建議及部分決策的權(quán)力得以制度化,借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國家環(huán)境規(guī)制的成功經(jīng)驗,在我國建立由環(huán)境規(guī)制的所有利益方即中央政府、地方政府、企業(yè)和由當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠M成的地方環(huán)境保護(hù)管理協(xié)會,共同負(fù)責(zé)本地區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染治理的管理,確保當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨诠芾韰f(xié)會中占有重要席位,并逐漸提高當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈蜕鐣F(tuán)體對地方環(huán)境規(guī)制的參與程度。

        (編輯:王愛萍)

        參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

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        [9]張崇輝, 蘇為華, 曾守楨.基于CHME理論的環(huán)境規(guī)制水平測度研究 [J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2013, 23(1): 19-24. [Zhang Chonghui, Su Weihua, Zeng Shouzhen.Environmental Regulation Measure Research Based on CHME Theory [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(1): 19-24.]

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        [12]易志斌.地方政府環(huán)境規(guī)制失靈的原因及解決途徑:以跨界水污染為例 [J].城市問題, 2010, (1): 74-77. [Yi Zhibin.Causes and Countermeasures on the Failure of Local Government Environmental Regulation:Case of Pollution of Transboundary Rivers [J].Urban Problems, 2010, (1): 74-77.]

        [13]吳衛(wèi)星.論環(huán)境規(guī)制中的結(jié)構(gòu)性失衡:對中國環(huán)境規(guī)制失靈的一種理論解釋 [J].南京大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2013, (2): 49-57.[Wu Weixing.Finding Structural Imbalance: A Theoretical Explanation to the Failure of Chinas Environmental Regulations [J].Jouranl of Nanjing University, 2013, (2): 49-57.]

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        [15]皮建才.中國式分權(quán)下的地方官員治理研究 [J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究, 2012, (10): 14-26. [Pi Jiancai.The Governance of Local Officials under Chinese Style Decentralization [J].Economic Research Journal, 2012, (10): 14-26.]

        [16]陳長石.地方政府激勵與安全規(guī)制波動 [D].大連:東北財經(jīng)大學(xué), 2012. [Chen Changshi.Local Government Incentives and Safety Regulations Fluctuations [J].Dalian: Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, 2012.]

        Analysis on the Local Government Environmental Regulation and Its Fluctuation Mechanism:

        Based on the Perspective of Optimal Contract Design

        LI Guoping ZHANG Wenbin

        (School of Finance and Economics,Xian Jiaotong University,Xian Shaanxi 710061,China)

        Abstract This paper analyzes the fluctuation mechanism of local government environmental regulation from the perspective of optimal contract design, and analyzes the influence of introducing local residents as the third party.First of all, we build the optimal environmental regulation contract which aims at the biggest to the local government efficiency and meets the enterprise incentive constraints by using the principalagent model, and the analysis shows that when the local government keeps a high level of environmental regulation,the local governments and the enterprises are in the same position, according to the distribution of income to determine the responsibility of the respective proportion, and it is consistent with the ratio of awards obtained from the central government, and there is not any economic incentive to production activities or environmental protection activities between the local government and the enterprise.Secondly, we analyze the cycle fluctuation and its mechanism of environmental regulation in the three typical periods in terms of central government intervention after the serious environmental pollution accident, pollution accident being weakened and completely disappeared, and conclude that when the central government

        conducts strong involvement

        after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

        the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

        Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

        conducts strong involvement

        after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

        the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

        Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

        conducts strong involvement

        after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

        the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

        Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

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