吳靜等
[摘要] 目的 觀察碳酸鑭聯合阿法骨化醇治療維持性腹膜透析患者繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進的效果。 方法 選取30例維持性非臥床腹膜透析繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進患者,隨機分為對照組(n=15,阿法骨化醇 0.5 μg/d)和治療組(n=15,阿法骨化醇0.5 μg、1次/d+碳酸鑭500 mg、3次/d),觀察治療前及治療后連續(xù)3個月的血Ca2+、血P3+及血全段甲狀旁腺激素(iPTH)水平變化。 結果 對照組治療2、3個月后,僅血Ca2+有明顯改善(P<0.05),血P3+、血iPTH與治療前比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。治療組的血P3+于治療后1個月開始下降,血Ca2+、血iPTH于治療后2個月開始有顯著改善(P<0.05);與對照組治療3個月相比,治療組血P3+、血iPTH改善明顯,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。 結論 在阿法骨化醇基礎上加用碳酸鑭可明顯改善維持性腹膜透析患者鈣磷代謝紊亂,有效緩解繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進。
[關鍵詞] 阿法骨化醇;碳酸鑭;維持性腹膜透析;甲狀旁腺功能亢進
[中圖分類號] R459.5 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)08(b)-0096-03
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of lanthanum carbonate combined with alphacalcidol in the treatment of continuous peritoneal dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods 30 cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were selected and randomly divided into control group(n=15,alphacalcidol 0.5 μg/d)and treatment group(n=15,alphacalcidol 0.5 μg/d+lanthanum carbonate 500 mg,three times a day).In 3 months of treatment,serum calcium(Ca2+),serum phosphate(P3+)and serum intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)was observed respectively. Results After 2 and 3 months of treatment in control group,only the level of serum Ca2+ increased obviously between before and after treatment,with statistical difference(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference in the change of serum P3+ and iPTH(P>0.05)in control group.In treatment group,serum P3+ began to fall evidently after 1 month of combination therapy with lanthanum carbonate(P<0.05).Serum Ca2+ and iPTH showed significant change after 2 month of treatment(P<0.05).There was statistical difference on the serum P3+ and iPTH between treatment group and control group after 3 months respectively(P<0.05). Conclusion Alphacalcidol combined lanthanum carbonate can obviously improve the calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder in peritoneal dialysis patients,and relieve secondary hyperparathyroidism effectively.
[Key words] Alphacalcidol;Lanthanum carbonate;Continous peritoneal dialysis;Hyperparathyroidism
慢性腎臟疾?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)具有高發(fā)病率、高住院率、高死亡率及高額治療費用等特點,已成為危害全世界公共衛(wèi)生健康的重大疾病[1]。CKD患者約占世界總人口的10%[1],西南地區(qū)CKD的患病率高達18.3%,成人中約有1.2億CKD患者[2],全國約有3600萬尿毒癥患者需行腎臟替代治療,CKD已成為影響中國人群的重要健康問題。隨著醫(yī)療技術的改進,越來越多的尿毒癥患者選擇維持性非臥床腹膜透析(CAPD)治療。繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進是CAPD患者常見的并發(fā)癥,也是其發(fā)生腎性骨病及相應靶器官損傷的重要病因。研究發(fā)現血P3+每升高1 mg/dl,CKD患者死亡風險升高18%,高磷血癥是死亡風險增加的一個獨立因素[3-4],所以選擇合適的藥物治療鈣磷代謝紊亂顯得尤為重要。本研究觀察磷結合劑——碳酸鑭聯合阿法骨化醇治療CAPD患者繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進的臨床效果,為臨床合理防治甲狀旁腺功能亢進提供依據。endprint
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2011年3月~2013年12月本院腎內科行CAPD繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進患者30例,隨機分為兩組,對照組和治療組各15例。對照組:男9例,女6例;年齡22~72歲,平均(44.7±3.8)歲;維持性腹膜透析1~5年,平均3.2年;原發(fā)病為慢性腎小球腎炎7例,糖尿病腎病4例,高血壓腎損害3例,急進性腎小球腎炎1例。治療組:男8例,女7例;年齡20~78歲,平均(46.8±4.2)歲;維持性腹膜透析1~6年,平均3.8年;原發(fā)疾病為慢性腎小球腎炎8例,糖尿病性腎病3例,高血壓腎病3例,梗阻性腎病1例。兩組患者的一般情況比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 腹膜透析及治療
兩組患者均行CAPD 3~4次/d,透析液為廣州百特公司的低鈣透析液(碳酸鹽-1.5%),對照組給予阿法骨化醇軟膠囊(上海信宜延安藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:05130904,0.5 μg/粒)0.5 μg口服,1次/d,2~4周后根據血Ca2+情況調整劑量,最大劑量為0.5~1 μg/d;治療組在對照組的基礎上嚼服碳酸鑭咀嚼片[費森尤斯卡比(中國)投資有限公司,批號:H20120055,500 mg/片]500 mg,3次/d,餐中嚼服。根據血P3+情況調整碳酸鑭用量,最大日劑量不超過3750 mg,同時給予低蛋白和低磷飲食配合治療,總療程為3個月。
1.3 觀察指標
兩組治療前后每隔4周均監(jiān)測血Ca2+、血P3+,采用雙位點免疫放射分析法測定全段甲狀旁腺激素(iPTH),連續(xù)觀察3個月。
1.4 統計學處理
采用SPSS 17.0統計軟件對數據進行分析和處理,計量資料以x±s表示,采用t檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組治療前后血Ca2+、血P3+及血iPTH的比較
兩組治療后2、3個月的血Ca2+水平與治療前相比,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);對照組治療后血P3+、血iPTH水平與治療前相比差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);治療組的血P3+水平與治療前相比,治療1個月后開始下降(P<0.05),治療后3個月與對照組相比差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);治療組的血iPTH水平治療后2個月開始下降,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),且治療后3個月與對照組相比差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 不良反應情況
在治療期間,所有患者未出現阿法骨化醇、碳酸鑭有關的嚴重不良反應(消化道癥狀、頭痛、頭暈、肝腎功能損害、皮疹)。對照組1例患者出現高鈣血癥,減少阿法骨化醇用量后血Ca2+降至正常。治療組1例出現惡心癥狀,服藥2周后消失;1例出現高鈣血癥,也于減少阿法骨化醇用量后血Ca2+降至正常。
3 討論
慢性腎衰竭時,腎臟1α羥化作用的損害及維生素D受體的表達減少,導致相對和絕對1,25-(OH)2D3的不足,是CKD患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進的主要原因[5]。高磷血癥不僅通過減少骨化三醇的產生和降低血Ca2+濃度間接影響PTH的分泌,而且對甲狀旁腺還有直接刺激作用,引起PTH分泌增加,是造成繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進的重要因素[6]。慢性腎衰竭早期,血P3+仍維持在正常范圍內,當腎小球濾過率為20~50 ml/min時,血P3+水平開始升高[7],維持性腹膜透析不能有效清除血P3+,且高磷血癥是心血管疾病的獨立危險因素,因此調節(jié)CAPD的鈣磷代謝紊亂,緩解甲狀旁腺代謝紊亂顯得尤為重要。
阿法骨化醇口服經小腸吸收后在肝內經25-羥化酶作用轉化為1,25-(OH)2 D3而發(fā)揮療效,1,25-(OH)2 D3直接抑制PTH合成與分泌,增加甲狀旁腺對Ca2+的敏感性,促進腸道吸收Ca2+,糾正低鈣血癥[8]。本研究發(fā)現應用阿法骨化醇治療CAPD患者低鈣血癥效果確切,對照組和治療組口服阿法骨化醇2、3個月后血Ca2+均有升高趨勢(P<0.05),表明單用阿法骨化醇可明顯升高血Ca2+,且不易導致高鈣血癥。
按照KDOQI指南推薦的透析患者每日蛋白攝入量1.2 g/kg,長期腹膜透析患者的高磷血癥幾乎不可避免[9],盡管可以采用增加透析頻率、延長透析時間來增加清除血P3+[10],但由于成本問題、各個透析中心技術問題,透析清除的P3+仍是有限。碳酸鑭是一種不含鈣和鋁的磷酸鹽結合劑,通過形成高度不溶的磷酸鑭復合物來抑制磷酸鹽的吸收,從而降低血漿磷酸鹽和磷酸鈣水平。用于終末期腎病患者降低血清中磷酸鹽濃度,有其獨特的治療優(yōu)越性[11-12]。本研究發(fā)現,碳酸鑭的起效時間較快,大約1個月就表現出了明顯下降趨勢,3個月治療組患者血P3+大多降至正常,且不升高血Ca2+濃度。本文發(fā)現治療組服用碳酸鑭加阿法骨化醇后2個月iPTH水平出現明顯下降趨勢,3個月后iPTH水平降至正常,考慮與碳酸鑭及阿法骨化醇的升高血Ca2+、降低血P3+及改善繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進有關。
我國血液透析發(fā)展較快,臨床上有較多關于患者鈣磷代謝的研究,而腹膜透析在我國基層醫(yī)院開展相對較遲,其鈣磷代謝紊亂的研究相對較少[13]。本研究發(fā)現,單用阿法骨化醇治療3個月后血Ca2+水平恢復正常,差異有統計學意義,而血P3+、血iPTH水平較治療前差異無統計學意義,可能與治療時間短及樣本量少有關,以后可通過增加樣本量及延長治療時間進一步觀察臨床療效。治療組血Ca2+水平恢復正常,血P3+、血iPTH水平明顯下降,差異有統計學意義,可證明阿法骨化醇聯合碳酸鑭在糾正低鈣、高磷及降低PTH水平,而不升高血Ca2+中療效顯著,安全可靠。
綜上所述,碳酸鑭聯合阿法骨化醇可以明顯改善維持性血液透析患者鈣、磷代謝紊亂,有效緩解繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進,為臨床合理防治甲狀旁腺功能亢進提供依據。endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張訓.慢性腎臟病繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進的新認識[J].中國中西醫(yī)結合腎病雜志,2010,11(4):283-285.
[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.
[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.
[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.
[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.
[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.
[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性腎臟病及透析的臨床指南[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2004:141-153.
[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.
[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.
[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.
[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.
[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.
[13] 瞿金濤,汪玫,郁勝強.1998~2007年國內腹膜透析及血液透析領域文獻回顧與分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張訓.慢性腎臟病繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進的新認識[J].中國中西醫(yī)結合腎病雜志,2010,11(4):283-285.
[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.
[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.
[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.
[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.
[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.
[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性腎臟病及透析的臨床指南[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2004:141-153.
[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.
[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.
[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.
[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.
[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.
[13] 瞿金濤,汪玫,郁勝強.1998~2007年國內腹膜透析及血液透析領域文獻回顧與分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張訓.慢性腎臟病繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進的新認識[J].中國中西醫(yī)結合腎病雜志,2010,11(4):283-285.
[2] Zhang L,Wang F,Wang L,et al.Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China:a cross-sectional survey[J].Lancet,2012,379(9818):815-822.
[3] Palmer SC,Hayen A,Macaskill P,et al.Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone,and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1119-1127.
[4] Hruska KA,Saab G,Mathew S,et al.Renal osteodystrophy,phosphate homeostasis,and vascular calcification[J].Semin Dial,2007,20(4):309-315.
[5] Cozzolion M,Gallieni M,Brancaccio D,et al.Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure[J].J Nephrol,2006,19(5):566-577.
[6] Cunningham J,Locatelli F,Rodriguez M,et al.Secondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease progression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921.
[7] 王海燕,王梅.慢性腎臟病及透析的臨床指南[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2004:141-153.
[8] Francis RM,Boyle IT,Moniz C,et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures[J].Osteoporos Int,1996,6(4):284-290.
[9] Uribarri J.Doqi guidelines for nutrition in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients:a dissenting view[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2001,37(6):1313-1318.
[10] Badve SV,Zimmerman DL,Knoll GA,et al.Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality,independent of peritoneal transport characteristics[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1711-1717.
[11] Tonelli M,Pannu N,Manns B,et al.Oral phosphate binders in patients with kidney failure[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(10):1312-1324.
[12] Lloret MJ,Ruiz-García C,Dasilva I,et al.Lanthanum carbonate for the control of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure patients:a new oral powder formulation-safety,efficacy,and patient adherence[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2013,7:1147-1156.
[13] 瞿金濤,汪玫,郁勝強.1998~2007年國內腹膜透析及血液透析領域文獻回顧與分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2010, 13(8):1953-1955.
(收稿日期:2014-06-06 本文編輯:李亞聰)endprint