朱彩艷等
[摘要] 目的 分析脊柱手術(shù)過(guò)程中體位變化影響全麻高濃度氧通氣的效果。方法 選擇腰椎后路手術(shù)的82例ASA I~I(xiàn)I級(jí)患者均接受全麻,在以100%氧濃度麻醉誘導(dǎo)后以80%氧濃度行機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間15 min(Ta)、體位從仰臥位變成俯臥位時(shí)間15 min(Tb)、俯臥位后1 h(Tc)、俯臥位變成仰臥位前(Td)、翻身變成仰臥位后15 min(Te)分別監(jiān)測(cè),然后算出肺泡動(dòng)脈氧含量差、氧合指數(shù)。 結(jié)果 Tb~Te各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的肺泡氣與動(dòng)脈血氧分壓差明顯小于Ta時(shí)間點(diǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)?;颊咛幱诟┡P位狀態(tài)下(Tb-Td)時(shí)間點(diǎn)時(shí),平均氣道壓與仰臥位(Ta、Te)比較明顯增高,但順應(yīng)性明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 在正確體位狀態(tài)下行脊柱手術(shù)期間,俯臥位能提高患者氧合效果。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 脊柱手術(shù);體位變化;全麻高濃度氧通氣
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)22-0048-02
[Abstract] Objective To study the impacts of position changes on high concentration oxygen ventilation in spinal surgery under general anesthesia. Methods A total of 82 ASA I-II patients for lumbar posterior surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled for study. At the time points of 15 mins after anesthesia induction(Ta),15 mins after position change from supine to prone(Tb),1 hour after the prone position(Tc),at the end of prone position(Td) and 15 mins after the supine position(Te) arterial blood gas,at the same time,alveolar artery oxygen content and oxygenation indexs were calculated. Results From time point of Tb to Te,alveolar air and arterial blood oxygen partial pressure difference were much smaller than that of Ta, the differences were statistically significant. Mean airway pressure were significantly increased while the pulmonary compliance decreased obviously at the time points of Ta and Te when compared with those at time points of Tb,Tc and Td. Conclusion Under high concentration oxygen ventilation,prone position during spinal surgery can not only increase airway pressure,but also reduce pulmonary compliance and improve patients ventilation and oxygenation.
[Key words] Spinal surgery;Position change;High concentration oxygen ventilation general anesthesia
麻醉手術(shù)期間常規(guī)吸氧使患者體內(nèi)氧分壓升高,但會(huì)增加患者在麻醉誘導(dǎo)插管、灌注、低血壓等環(huán)節(jié)中對(duì)缺氧癥狀的耐受時(shí)間[1],還會(huì)緩解患者心血管功能,所以,諸多全身麻醉手術(shù)時(shí),患者常規(guī)吸入高濃度氧氣。但部分患者在全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)下,或是麻醉維持期間出現(xiàn)不同程度的肺不張現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而使肺內(nèi)血管分流有所升高,氧合效率有所降低,其關(guān)鍵原因在于吸入高濃度氧。本研究針對(duì)脊柱手術(shù)過(guò)程中患者不同體位時(shí)血?dú)鈪?shù)、呼吸參數(shù)的變化,進(jìn)一步分析脊柱手術(shù)過(guò)程中俯臥體位變化對(duì)其機(jī)械吸入高濃度氧的氧合效果的影響。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇2010年5月~2013年5月在我院接受腰椎后路手術(shù)的82例ASA I~I(xiàn)I級(jí)患者,均接受全麻。全部患者術(shù)前無(wú)典型肺部疾病,且脊柱沒(méi)有側(cè)凸、后凸等畸形癥狀。其中,男44例,女38例。年齡31~68歲,平均(54.27±5.49)歲。術(shù)中仰臥位時(shí)間平均(227±58) min,失血量平均(1 042±555)mL。
1.2麻醉方法
全部患者行腰椎后路減壓內(nèi)固定手術(shù)治療,均選擇全麻。誘導(dǎo)麻醉:緩慢靜注丙泊酚(英國(guó)阿斯利康公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào)KJ711)(1.5~2.0)mg/kg、順式阿曲庫(kù)銨(葛蘭素史克中國(guó)有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào)3517)(0.1~0.2) mg/kg、芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào)100608)(3.0~5.0)μg/kg,通氣4 min后氣管內(nèi)插管,控制呼吸,調(diào)節(jié)潮氣量使PetCO2維持在35~40 mm Hg左右。維持麻醉:低流量吸入七氟醚(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào)12101732),同時(shí)靜脈泵入丙泊酚(3.0~5.0)mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào)1110306)(0.1~0.3)mg/(kg·min)和阿曲庫(kù)銨(0.3~0.5)mg/(kg·h)。采用腦電圖雙頻指數(shù)維持麻醉深度。endprint
呼吸管理:麻醉機(jī)氧流量調(diào)節(jié)為2L/min,麻醉誘導(dǎo)吸入氧濃度100%,誘導(dǎo)后氧濃度降低為80%,術(shù)中潮氣量調(diào)節(jié)為(7~9)mL/kg,呼吸頻率約為(12~13)次/min,將PEEP調(diào)為0,呼氣末二氧化碳調(diào)至30~40 mm Hg。體位變化:患者在麻醉誘導(dǎo)、導(dǎo)尿、深靜脈以及橈動(dòng)脈穿刺結(jié)束以后開(kāi)始變換體位。變換體位期間需要臨床麻醉醫(yī)師、手術(shù)醫(yī)師協(xié)同完成俯臥位。當(dāng)俯臥位時(shí),應(yīng)保證患者腹部、面部以及眼部沒(méi)有受壓。整個(gè)翻身期間患者氣管導(dǎo)管不能與呼吸環(huán)路連接中斷。
1.3測(cè)定指標(biāo)
分別監(jiān)測(cè)同時(shí)記錄機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間15 min(Ta)、體位從仰臥變成俯臥位時(shí)間15 min(Tb)、俯臥位后1 h(Tc)、俯臥位變成仰臥位前(Td)、翻身變成仰臥位后15 min(Te)5個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的動(dòng)脈血?dú)?、吸入氧濃度、胸腔整體順應(yīng)性以及氣道壓。分別采用麻醉機(jī)呼吸監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),通過(guò)旁氣流法監(jiān)測(cè)各時(shí)點(diǎn)肺順應(yīng)性指標(biāo)(Cdyn),每次記錄均連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)3 次取中位數(shù)。術(shù)中采集動(dòng)脈血使用GEM Premier 3000 進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治?,然后?jì)算出氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2])、肺泡動(dòng)脈血氧分壓差(P[AO2-aO2])、肺泡動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓差(P[ACO2-aCO2])。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,所有統(tǒng)計(jì)均由SAS軟件完成,兩組比較采用t檢驗(yàn),不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的多組比較采用單因素方差分析,在有意義的情況下采用q檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩兩比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
與Ta比較,Tb、Tc、Td、Te各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的氧合指數(shù)明顯升高(P<0.05),肺泡氣與動(dòng)脈血氧分壓差明顯降低(F=20.7,P<0.05)。同仰臥位時(shí)間點(diǎn)(Ta、Te)比較,各俯臥位時(shí)間點(diǎn)(Tb-Td)平均氣道壓明顯增高(F=9.3,P<0.05);順應(yīng)性明顯下降(F=11.2,P<0.05)。 見(jiàn)表1。
3討論
手術(shù)麻醉過(guò)程中吸入高濃度氧的理由[2]:(1)氧合的益處超過(guò)可能的毒性效應(yīng);(2)氧毒性與急診室或手術(shù)室無(wú)關(guān),因?yàn)樵谶@些情況下很少長(zhǎng)期吸入高濃度氧氣;(3)高濃度氧導(dǎo)致的損傷是輕至中度的。已有研究證明,全身麻醉時(shí)吸入氧濃度(FiO2)>50%的氧氣超過(guò)2 h,即有超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)下降,肺超微結(jié)構(gòu)的變化[3]。另外有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道假定俯臥位時(shí)胸腹能自由活動(dòng),則能明顯改善氧合,而對(duì)肺順應(yīng)性無(wú)任何影響[4]。
麻醉手術(shù)過(guò)程中,氧合效率減少關(guān)鍵在于與肺不張、分流升高有關(guān),而且術(shù)中產(chǎn)生肺不張的關(guān)鍵因素在于吸入氧濃度及體位[5、6]。全身麻醉期間,在患者仰臥位時(shí),患者膈肌松弛逐漸向頭端、背側(cè)移位,不但使功能余氣量下降,而且還造成背角部位的肺組織受壓,致使分流升高,對(duì)氧合效果造成影響[7]。俯臥位通氣利用改變胸膜腔壓力,使肺內(nèi)氣體分布達(dá)到均勻,擴(kuò)張背角等部位不張的肺組織,并且因重力作用使血流灌注發(fā)生改變,從而改善氧合效果[8]。本研究中,全部患者均接受高濃度氧氣吸入,誘導(dǎo)吸純氧只需要數(shù)分鐘后就可能造成肺部不張,更換俯臥位以后,可明顯緩解肺不張、氧合效果。此種改善作用在患者更換為仰臥位后的短時(shí)間內(nèi)仍然有效[9],在從俯臥位變?yōu)檠雠P位后15 min的Te時(shí)間點(diǎn),氧合指數(shù)明顯大于Ta時(shí)間點(diǎn),但是肺泡動(dòng)脈血氧分壓差也明顯小于Ta時(shí)間點(diǎn)。雖然在變?yōu)楦┡P位后,全部患者的腹部均沒(méi)有受壓,但是根據(jù)結(jié)果可知,肺動(dòng)態(tài)順應(yīng)性明顯下降,平均氣道壓明顯增高,這可能是因?yàn)楦┡P位狀態(tài)下患者胸部受體重壓力所導(dǎo)致的。
在麻醉狀態(tài)下,俯臥位對(duì)呼吸力學(xué)影響較大,由于俯臥位部分影響了腹部自由活動(dòng),部分腹腔內(nèi)臟受壓,膈肌運(yùn)動(dòng)受阻,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者Ppeak升高及Cdyn下降[10]。Ppeak升高及 Cdyn下降的原因主要與機(jī)械通氣引起的肺不張及全身麻醉藥及吸入氧濃度過(guò)高對(duì)呼吸道和肺泡表面活性物質(zhì)的影響有關(guān)[11]。機(jī)械通氣可導(dǎo)致肺泡Ⅱ型細(xì)胞受損,造成表面活性物質(zhì)代謝途徑破壞,肺泡中活化的表面活性物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換為失活狀態(tài),從而抑制了表面活性物質(zhì)的活性[12]。
總之,在正確體位狀態(tài)下,行脊柱手術(shù)期間俯臥位雖然升高氣道壓,減小順應(yīng)性,但是確能改善患者因?yàn)檠雠P位且吸入高濃度氧而導(dǎo)致的肺不張、增加分流等因素對(duì)換氣效果的影響,使患者氧合效果得到明顯提高。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 張亮,高梁斌,張志. 經(jīng)皮椎體成形手術(shù)體位對(duì)患者生命體征和血氧飽和度的影響[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2011,30(12):4379-4380.
[2] losi P,Croci M,Calappi E,et al. Prone positioning impwves pulmonary function in obese patients during generalanesthesia[J]. Anestb An Mg,2009,83(3):578-583.
[3] Soro M,Garcia Perez ML,Belda FJ,et al. Effects of prone position on alveolar dead space and gas exchange during general anaesthesia in surgery of long duration[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2007,24(5):431-437.
[4] Richter T,Bellani G,Harris RS,et al. Effect of prone position on regional shunt, aeration, and perfusion in experimental acute lung injury[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2009,172(4):480-487.endprint
[5] 楊光存,龍勝華. 不同體位對(duì)腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉下行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)孕婦的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南,2011,13(24):842-843.
[6] Edmark L1,Auner U,Enlund M,et al. Oxygen concentration and characteristics of progressive atelectasis formation during anaesthesia[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2011,55(1):75-81.
[7] Tawhai MH1,Nash MP,Lin CL,et al. Supine and prone differences in regional lung density and pleural pressure gradients in the human lung with constant shape[J]. J Appl Physiol(1985), 2009,107(3):912-920.
[8] Radstrom M1,Loswick AC,Bengtsson JP. Respiratory effects of the kneeling prone position for low back surgery[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2004,21(4):279-283.
[9] Rival G1,Patry C,F(xiàn)loret N,et al. Prone position and recruitment manoeuvre: the combined effect improves oxygenation[J]. Crit Care, 2011,15(3):125-135.
[10] 蔣德斌,庾俊雄. 腹腔鏡手術(shù)中不同體位對(duì)呼吸功能的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào),2011,14(20):182-183.
[11] Mahajan RP,Hennessy N,Aitkenhead AR,et al. Effect of three different surgical prone positions on lung volumes in healthy volunteers[J]. Anaesthesia,2009,49(7):583-586.
[12] Manna EM,lbraheim OA,Samarkandi AH,et al. The effect of prone position on respiratory mechanics during spinal surgery[J]. Middle East J Anesthesiol,2010,18(3):623-630.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28)endprint
[5] 楊光存,龍勝華. 不同體位對(duì)腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉下行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)孕婦的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南,2011,13(24):842-843.
[6] Edmark L1,Auner U,Enlund M,et al. Oxygen concentration and characteristics of progressive atelectasis formation during anaesthesia[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2011,55(1):75-81.
[7] Tawhai MH1,Nash MP,Lin CL,et al. Supine and prone differences in regional lung density and pleural pressure gradients in the human lung with constant shape[J]. J Appl Physiol(1985), 2009,107(3):912-920.
[8] Radstrom M1,Loswick AC,Bengtsson JP. Respiratory effects of the kneeling prone position for low back surgery[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2004,21(4):279-283.
[9] Rival G1,Patry C,F(xiàn)loret N,et al. Prone position and recruitment manoeuvre: the combined effect improves oxygenation[J]. Crit Care, 2011,15(3):125-135.
[10] 蔣德斌,庾俊雄. 腹腔鏡手術(shù)中不同體位對(duì)呼吸功能的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào),2011,14(20):182-183.
[11] Mahajan RP,Hennessy N,Aitkenhead AR,et al. Effect of three different surgical prone positions on lung volumes in healthy volunteers[J]. Anaesthesia,2009,49(7):583-586.
[12] Manna EM,lbraheim OA,Samarkandi AH,et al. The effect of prone position on respiratory mechanics during spinal surgery[J]. Middle East J Anesthesiol,2010,18(3):623-630.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28)endprint
[5] 楊光存,龍勝華. 不同體位對(duì)腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉下行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)孕婦的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南,2011,13(24):842-843.
[6] Edmark L1,Auner U,Enlund M,et al. Oxygen concentration and characteristics of progressive atelectasis formation during anaesthesia[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2011,55(1):75-81.
[7] Tawhai MH1,Nash MP,Lin CL,et al. Supine and prone differences in regional lung density and pleural pressure gradients in the human lung with constant shape[J]. J Appl Physiol(1985), 2009,107(3):912-920.
[8] Radstrom M1,Loswick AC,Bengtsson JP. Respiratory effects of the kneeling prone position for low back surgery[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2004,21(4):279-283.
[9] Rival G1,Patry C,F(xiàn)loret N,et al. Prone position and recruitment manoeuvre: the combined effect improves oxygenation[J]. Crit Care, 2011,15(3):125-135.
[10] 蔣德斌,庾俊雄. 腹腔鏡手術(shù)中不同體位對(duì)呼吸功能的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào),2011,14(20):182-183.
[11] Mahajan RP,Hennessy N,Aitkenhead AR,et al. Effect of three different surgical prone positions on lung volumes in healthy volunteers[J]. Anaesthesia,2009,49(7):583-586.
[12] Manna EM,lbraheim OA,Samarkandi AH,et al. The effect of prone position on respiratory mechanics during spinal surgery[J]. Middle East J Anesthesiol,2010,18(3):623-630.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28)endprint