張建磊等
【摘要】 目的:探討血清同型半胱氨酸水平(Hcy)與多發(fā)性硬化(MS)的關(guān)系。方法:檢測(cè)41例MS患者(MS組)和42例正常對(duì)照者(NC組)血清中Hcy濃度、葉酸及維生素B12濃度,并將結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較分析。結(jié)果:MS組和NC組血清中Hcy濃度分別為(25.82±1.724)μmol/L、(13.60±1.517)μmol/L。MS組的Hcy濃度明顯高于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而兩組的葉酸、維生素B12濃度比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:MS患者血清Hcy水平升高,同型半胱氨酸可能在多發(fā)性硬化病理過(guò)程中起作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 多發(fā)性硬化; 同型半胱氨酸; 葉酸; 維生素B12
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the relationship between the serum level of homocysteine(Hcy) and multiple sclerosis(MS).Method:The concentration of Hcy,folic acid and vitamin B12 in serum in 41 MS patients(MS group) and 42 normal controls(NC group) were detected,and the results were compared and analyzed.Result:The mean concentrations of Hcy in MS group and NC group were (25.82±1.724)μmol/L,(13.60±1.517)μmol/L respectively.The mean concentration of Hcy in the MS group was significantly higher than the NC group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01),while there were no statistically significant differences in folic acid and vitamin B12 between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:The level of Hcy is higher in MS patients,homocysteine may play a role in the pathological process of multiple sclerosis.
【Key words】 Multiple sclerosis; Homocysteine; Folic acid; Vitamin B12
First-authors address:Huaihe Hospital of Henan University,Kaifeng 475000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.18.018
多發(fā)性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一種病理特點(diǎn)為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性脫髓鞘的自身免疫性疾病,該病的發(fā)病機(jī)制同病原體感染、自身免疫反應(yīng)、遺傳因素和外部環(huán)境作用等因素有關(guān)。同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)是一種氨基酸,具有神經(jīng)毒性,維生素B12、葉酸能促進(jìn)Hcy的代謝。如果飲食中葉酸、維生素B12攝入不足、甲基化障礙,則Hcy無(wú)法代謝生成蛋氨酸,就有可能導(dǎo)致Hcy在血清中蓄積。已有研究資料顯示,多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病和血清同型半胱氨酸的升高有關(guān),如腦血管病、阿爾茨海默病、帕金森病等[1-5]。腦白質(zhì)病變與Hcy的關(guān)系亦有研究證實(shí)[6]。目前有的研究表明,高Hcy血癥與MS具有相關(guān)性,但也有一些研究得出不同結(jié)論[7]。本研究擬通過(guò)比較MS患者與正常對(duì)照組的血清Hcy與維生素B12、葉酸的濃度,進(jìn)一步探討其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2011年1月-2013年12月在本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的41例MS患者作為多發(fā)性硬化組(MS組),其中男14例,女27例,所有患者均符合McDonald的多發(fā)性硬化診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:(1)≥2次發(fā)作+≥2個(gè)病灶。(2)≥2次發(fā)作+1處病灶+a、b、c附加之一(a、MRI證實(shí)空間病灶的彌散性;b、有與MS一致的2個(gè)或2 個(gè)以上的病灶,加上腦脊液的陽(yáng)性證據(jù);c、等待提示另一病變的又一次臨床發(fā)作)。(3)1次發(fā)作+≥2個(gè)病灶+a、b附加之一(a、MRI證實(shí)時(shí)間的彌散性;b、有第2次臨床發(fā)作)。(4)1次發(fā)作+1個(gè)病灶+a、b、c附加之一(a、MRI上病灶空間的彌散性;b、≥2個(gè)與MS一致的MRI病灶+腦脊液陽(yáng)性證據(jù)+MRI時(shí)間上的彌散性;c、有第2次臨床發(fā)作)。入選的MS患者在3個(gè)月內(nèi)未曾服用維生素B12以及葉酸,平均年齡(36.47±8.60)歲,病程3.5~74個(gè)月,平均(27.5±12.55)個(gè)月。另外選取42例健康志愿者作為正常對(duì)照組(NC組),其中男16例,女26例,無(wú)吸煙、酗酒等不良嗜好,平均年齡(37.82±10.31)歲。兩組研究對(duì)象的年齡、性別等一般資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 研究方法 被檢者早晨空腹抽取靜脈血3~5 mL,離心分離血清,-20 ℃冰箱保存待測(cè)。檢測(cè)Hcy的儀器為奧林巴斯AU2700全自動(dòng)生化分析儀,采用循環(huán)酶法檢測(cè)血清Hcy濃度,檢測(cè)試劑由四川邁克生物科技股份有限公司提供;血清葉酸、維生素B12的檢測(cè)運(yùn)用Beckman Coulter公司的ACESS2化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀,采用化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析法檢測(cè)血清葉酸、維生素B12的濃度,檢測(cè)試劑由貝克曼庫(kù)爾特有限公司提供。endprint
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
MS組和NC組血清中Hcy濃度分別為(25.82±1.724)μmol/L、(13.60±1.517)μmol/L。MS組的Hcy濃度明顯高于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而兩組的葉酸、維生素B12濃度比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
3 討論
多發(fā)性硬化(MS)是導(dǎo)致青壯年神經(jīng)功能障礙的常見(jiàn)病因之一。1868年法國(guó)神經(jīng)病學(xué)家Charcot首先提出,病程中神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙間斷發(fā)展并伴有腦和脊髓白質(zhì)血管周圍炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。然而其病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚未完全清楚,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,MS是由細(xì)胞和體液免疫共同參與導(dǎo)致的腦和脊髓白質(zhì)損傷。Khan等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦白質(zhì)病變組血漿Hcy水平較無(wú)腦白質(zhì)病變組的血漿Hcy水平明顯升高,并且腦白質(zhì)病變的嚴(yán)重程度與血漿Hcy水平呈正相關(guān)。由于代謝過(guò)程中血漿Hcy的巰基可以發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生自由基損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞;Hcy還可以使S腺苷聚集在細(xì)胞內(nèi),造成血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡異常,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙;血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙將使一氧化氮分泌減少,血管舒張調(diào)節(jié)能力降低,腦血管灌注下降,造成腦缺血、腦白質(zhì)損傷。因此有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,血漿Hcy是腦白質(zhì)病變的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素,并且與病變損傷程度密切相關(guān)。
國(guó)外對(duì)多發(fā)性硬化與同型半胱氨酸的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果差異較大。Ramsaransing等[8]和Vrethem等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)MS患者的血清Hcy平均濃度較正常人升高,而Rio等[10]則報(bào)道,血清Hcy水平在MS患者和健康人群中無(wú)明顯差異。對(duì)于造成差異的原因,目前尚無(wú)權(quán)威解釋。本研究的結(jié)果表明,MS患者血清Hcy平均濃度明顯高于正常人,由此認(rèn)為Hcy可能在MS的病理發(fā)展過(guò)程起是一定作用的。研究證實(shí),高Hcy血癥與腦梗死的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[1,4-5]。但Hcy在MS和Hcy在腦梗死病理過(guò)程中的作用是否相似?筆者對(duì)葉酸、維生素B12進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明,這兩者在MS患者血清中的濃度和正常對(duì)照組的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這與Ramsaransing等[8]的研究結(jié)果是一致的。葉酸、維生素B12主要是在Hcy的再甲基化代謝過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用,因此在心腦血管疾病、糖尿病等患者血清中有高濃度的Hcy以及相應(yīng)低濃度的葉酸、維生素B12[11]。而Hcy在MS患者血清中的升高機(jī)制可能不同于其在心腦血管疾病中。Hcy在MS病程中的可能作用有:(1)Hcy抑制甲基化過(guò)程,甲基化過(guò)程在控制DNA甲基化以及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、膜磷脂、髓鞘的合成和分解中起重要作用,通過(guò)甲基化作用形成的髓鞘堿性蛋白是維護(hù)髓鞘和髓鞘再生的重要物質(zhì),Hcy可通過(guò)抑制此過(guò)程造成損傷[12-13];(2)Hcy通過(guò)結(jié)合NMDA受體,間接增加鈣離子內(nèi)流,發(fā)揮其興奮性神經(jīng)毒性,損傷神經(jīng)元DNA,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,而中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)細(xì)胞外Hcy很敏感,所以輕度的血清Hcy濃度升高就可能導(dǎo)致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷[14-15];(3)Hcy能減少載脂蛋白A-I的產(chǎn)生,載脂蛋白A-I可以干擾巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞的相互作用或抑制白細(xì)胞介素-lβ發(fā)揮抗炎特性,它的生成減少會(huì)促進(jìn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥的發(fā)展[16];(4)Hcy通過(guò)核因子-kβ途徑產(chǎn)生大量細(xì)胞因子、促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞活化[15,17-18];(5)Hcy通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)激活細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶直接損害中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)元[14-15,18]。
綜上所述,本研究提示,多發(fā)性硬化與高同型半胱氨酸血癥存在相關(guān)性,但與血清中葉酸、維生素B12無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,鑒于目前同型半胱氨酸在MS發(fā)病過(guò)程中所起機(jī)制不明,降低血清同型半胱氨酸水平是否對(duì)MS有防治作用目前不明確,需進(jìn)一步臨床和基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[9] Vrethem M,Mattsson E,Hebelka H,et al.Increased plasma homocysteine levels without signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis assessed by blood and cerebrospinal fluid homocysteine and methylmalonic acid[J].Multiple Sclerosis,2003,9(3):239-245.
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[11] Brosnan J T,Jacobs R L,Stead L M,et al.Methylation demand:a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism[J].Acta Biochim Pol,2004,51(2):405-414.
[12] Kim S,Lim I K,Park G H,et al.Biological methylation of myelin basic protein:enzymology and biological significance[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,1997,29(5):743-751.
[13] Reynolds E.Vitamin B12,folic acid,and the nervous system[J].Lancet Neurol,2006,5(11):949-960.
[14] Ho P I,Ortiz D,Rogers E,et al.Multiple aspects of homocysteine neurotoxicity:glutamate excitotoxicity,kinase hyperactivation and DNA damage[J].J Neurosci Res,2002,70(5):694-702.
[15] Kruman I I,Culmsee C,Chan S L,et al.Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity[J].J Neurosci,2000,20(18):6920-6926.
[16] Liao D,Tan H,Hui R,et al.Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases circulating high-density lipoprotein by inhibiting apolipoprotein AI Protein synthesis and enhancing HDL cholesterol clearance[J].Circ Res,2006,99(6):598-606.
[17] Sengupta S,Wehbe C,Majors A K,et al.Relative roles of albumin and ceruloplasmin in the formation of homocystine,homocysteine-cysteine-mixed disulfide,and cystine in circulation[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(50):46 896-46 904.
[18] Au-Yeung K K W,Yip J C W,Siow Y L,et al.Folic acid inhibits homocysteine-induced superoxide anion production and nuclear factor kappa B activation in macrophages.This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue,entitled Young Investigators Forum[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2006,84(1):141-147.
(收稿日期:2014-03-21) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
[8] Ramsaransing G S M,F(xiàn)okkema M R,Teelken A,et al.Plasma homocysteine levels in multiple sclerosis[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2006,77(2):189-192.
[9] Vrethem M,Mattsson E,Hebelka H,et al.Increased plasma homocysteine levels without signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis assessed by blood and cerebrospinal fluid homocysteine and methylmalonic acid[J].Multiple Sclerosis,2003,9(3):239-245.
[10] Rio J,Malinow M R,Montalban J,et al.Serum homocysteine levels in multiple sclerosis[J].Arch Neurol,1994,51(12):1181.
[11] Brosnan J T,Jacobs R L,Stead L M,et al.Methylation demand:a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism[J].Acta Biochim Pol,2004,51(2):405-414.
[12] Kim S,Lim I K,Park G H,et al.Biological methylation of myelin basic protein:enzymology and biological significance[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,1997,29(5):743-751.
[13] Reynolds E.Vitamin B12,folic acid,and the nervous system[J].Lancet Neurol,2006,5(11):949-960.
[14] Ho P I,Ortiz D,Rogers E,et al.Multiple aspects of homocysteine neurotoxicity:glutamate excitotoxicity,kinase hyperactivation and DNA damage[J].J Neurosci Res,2002,70(5):694-702.
[15] Kruman I I,Culmsee C,Chan S L,et al.Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity[J].J Neurosci,2000,20(18):6920-6926.
[16] Liao D,Tan H,Hui R,et al.Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases circulating high-density lipoprotein by inhibiting apolipoprotein AI Protein synthesis and enhancing HDL cholesterol clearance[J].Circ Res,2006,99(6):598-606.
[17] Sengupta S,Wehbe C,Majors A K,et al.Relative roles of albumin and ceruloplasmin in the formation of homocystine,homocysteine-cysteine-mixed disulfide,and cystine in circulation[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(50):46 896-46 904.
[18] Au-Yeung K K W,Yip J C W,Siow Y L,et al.Folic acid inhibits homocysteine-induced superoxide anion production and nuclear factor kappa B activation in macrophages.This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue,entitled Young Investigators Forum[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2006,84(1):141-147.
(收稿日期:2014-03-21) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
[8] Ramsaransing G S M,F(xiàn)okkema M R,Teelken A,et al.Plasma homocysteine levels in multiple sclerosis[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2006,77(2):189-192.
[9] Vrethem M,Mattsson E,Hebelka H,et al.Increased plasma homocysteine levels without signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis assessed by blood and cerebrospinal fluid homocysteine and methylmalonic acid[J].Multiple Sclerosis,2003,9(3):239-245.
[10] Rio J,Malinow M R,Montalban J,et al.Serum homocysteine levels in multiple sclerosis[J].Arch Neurol,1994,51(12):1181.
[11] Brosnan J T,Jacobs R L,Stead L M,et al.Methylation demand:a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism[J].Acta Biochim Pol,2004,51(2):405-414.
[12] Kim S,Lim I K,Park G H,et al.Biological methylation of myelin basic protein:enzymology and biological significance[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,1997,29(5):743-751.
[13] Reynolds E.Vitamin B12,folic acid,and the nervous system[J].Lancet Neurol,2006,5(11):949-960.
[14] Ho P I,Ortiz D,Rogers E,et al.Multiple aspects of homocysteine neurotoxicity:glutamate excitotoxicity,kinase hyperactivation and DNA damage[J].J Neurosci Res,2002,70(5):694-702.
[15] Kruman I I,Culmsee C,Chan S L,et al.Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity[J].J Neurosci,2000,20(18):6920-6926.
[16] Liao D,Tan H,Hui R,et al.Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases circulating high-density lipoprotein by inhibiting apolipoprotein AI Protein synthesis and enhancing HDL cholesterol clearance[J].Circ Res,2006,99(6):598-606.
[17] Sengupta S,Wehbe C,Majors A K,et al.Relative roles of albumin and ceruloplasmin in the formation of homocystine,homocysteine-cysteine-mixed disulfide,and cystine in circulation[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(50):46 896-46 904.
[18] Au-Yeung K K W,Yip J C W,Siow Y L,et al.Folic acid inhibits homocysteine-induced superoxide anion production and nuclear factor kappa B activation in macrophages.This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue,entitled Young Investigators Forum[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2006,84(1):141-147.
(收稿日期:2014-03-21) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint