傅德良
摘 要 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是胰腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的主要方式,也是影響預(yù)后的重要因素。本文回顧胰頭癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的可能途徑和轉(zhuǎn)移特性,著重討論胰頭癌淋巴結(jié)手術(shù)清掃的范圍和利弊,目前有關(guān)淋巴結(jié)清掃的爭(zhēng)議、詳盡的淋巴結(jié)獲取分析和準(zhǔn)確度腫瘤分期以及更積極的多學(xué)科腫瘤治療是將來胰腺外科努力的發(fā)展方向。
關(guān)鍵詞 胰腺癌 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 擴(kuò)大的淋巴結(jié)清掃 手術(shù)治療
中圖分類號(hào):R735.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2014)08-0003-05
The characteristics of lymph node metastasis and its surgical procedure
FU Deliang
(Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery of Huashan Hosptial Affiliated
to Fudan University, Pancreatic Cancer institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)
ABSTRACT Lymph node metastasis is a common phenomenon with the positive lymph nodes being distributed over a wide range via a complex pathway, and the lymph node status is one of the most important independent factor influencing the long-time survival in patients with resectable tumors. The detailed pattern and characteristic of lymph node metastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer were reviewed. There is still a lot of debate about the benefit of extended lymphadenectomy, because pancreatic cancer frequently metastasizes to distant LNs via a complex pathway and develops into systemic disease. Accurate localization and detailed examination of the resected specimen are required for better staging and mode of lymph node metastasis. Aggressive multimodality therapy, including neoadjuvant therapy, is essential to improve the long-term survival of patients at substantial risk of distant.
KEY WORDS pancreatic cancer; lymph node metastasis; extended lymphadenectomy; surgical procedure
胰腺癌惡性程度高,病死率約占年發(fā)病率的98.0%,因其發(fā)現(xiàn)晚,早期即可發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,手術(shù)切除率低,僅15.0%的患者在明確診斷時(shí)能得到根治性切除。近年來,雖然胰腺癌診治的研究取得了很大進(jìn)步,但預(yù)后并未得到顯著改善,75.0%的患者生存時(shí)間小于1年,5年生存率仍徘徊于5.0%,目前認(rèn)為這主要與其侵襲性生物學(xué)特性和早期診斷困難密切相關(guān)[1]。越來越多的臨床研究表明,淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移是胰腺癌早期主要的轉(zhuǎn)移方式,也是影響胰腺癌手術(shù)療效和預(yù)后的重要因素之一[2],已成為胰腺腫瘤外科研究的熱點(diǎn)。
1 胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能途徑
胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移途徑一般遵循其淋巴回流途徑。胰腺內(nèi)有豐富的毛細(xì)淋巴管網(wǎng)形成淋巴管叢,發(fā)出集合淋巴管到達(dá)胰腺表面,匯入局部淋巴結(jié),最終匯入腹腔淋巴主干。胰腺各部位淋巴回流途徑有所不同,胰腺的淋巴回流基本為按部位多方向就近回流。解剖學(xué)研究中常將胰腺分成以下五部分描述淋巴回流的途徑[3]。
1.1 胰頭前表面
胰頭前表面淋巴結(jié)稱胰十二指腸前淋巴結(jié),其淋巴回流有上下兩條途徑,向上沿著胃十二指腸動(dòng)脈回流到肝固有動(dòng)脈周圍,再注入腹腔干淋巴結(jié),向下注入腸系膜動(dòng)靜脈周圍淋巴結(jié)。除以上兩條途徑外,胰頭前表面中部的淋巴在匯合了幽門下淋巴結(jié)的淋巴管后沿著胃結(jié)腸干可到達(dá)腸系膜上靜脈前表面淋巴結(jié)。
1.2 胰頭后表面
胰頭后表面淋巴結(jié)稱胰十二指腸后淋巴結(jié),解剖學(xué)研究表明來自胰頭后表面的淋巴管向左走行注入腹腔干、腸系膜上動(dòng)脈根部周圍淋巴結(jié),少數(shù)可直接注入腹主動(dòng)脈與下腔靜脈間淋巴結(jié)。
1.3 鉤突
鉤突前后表面的淋巴經(jīng)腸系膜上動(dòng)脈及其根部周圍到達(dá)腹主動(dòng)脈與下腔靜脈間淋巴結(jié)。少數(shù)情況下,鉤突后表面的淋巴管可直接注入腹主動(dòng)脈與下腔靜脈間淋巴結(jié)。
1.4 胰頸
從胰頸和部分胰體上半部發(fā)出的淋巴管注入肝固有動(dòng)脈、胃左動(dòng)脈及脾動(dòng)脈起始部周圍淋巴結(jié),下半部則注入腸系膜上動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴結(jié)。
1.5 胰體尾
胰體尾淋巴回流途徑有兩條:一條沿著脾動(dòng)靜脈周圍淋巴結(jié)流向腹腔干周圍,另一條沿著胰體尾的下沿、胰下動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴結(jié)到達(dá)腸系膜動(dòng)靜脈周圍,該處的淋巴結(jié)可與結(jié)腸中動(dòng)脈、結(jié)腸系膜淋巴結(jié)相聯(lián)系。
胰腺癌淋巴回流是同區(qū)域性的,即某一個(gè)區(qū)域可通過數(shù)條途徑收集,某一途徑也可收集多個(gè)區(qū)域淋巴,腫瘤細(xì)胞可由淋巴液向多個(gè)方向轉(zhuǎn)移,胰腺回流又是整個(gè)消化系統(tǒng)回流的一部分,與周圍臟器有直接和間接關(guān)聯(lián),這也揭示了胰腺癌容易轉(zhuǎn)移的根本原因。盡管很早就開始了對(duì)胰腺淋巴系統(tǒng)的解剖學(xué)研究,積累了很多資料,但至今仍未能向人們清楚地展示胰腺淋巴系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)槭w解剖學(xué)研究的結(jié)果與生理狀態(tài)下的淋巴回流有著本質(zhì)區(qū)別。目前,已有相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光顯像方法觀察到小鼠胰腺癌淋巴道轉(zhuǎn)移途徑,但真正顯示人體生理狀態(tài)下胰腺癌淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移途徑的研究還不多[4]。
限于對(duì)胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移特性的認(rèn)識(shí),迄今為止,胰周淋巴結(jié)分組分站標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還沒有得到統(tǒng)一,較常用的有國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(UICC)和日本胰腺學(xué)會(huì)(JPS)的分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。UICC(第6版,2002)將胰周區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)分為12組,包括胰頭上(組1)、胰體上(組2)、胰頭下(組3)、胰體下(組4)、胰十二指腸前(組5)、幽門(組6)、腸系膜血管根部(組7)、胰十二指腸后(組8)、膽總管(組9)、脾門(組10)、胰尾(組11)和腹腔干(組12),較為籠統(tǒng)。而JPS將其分為三站18組,組1~6,胃周;組7,胃左動(dòng)脈周圍;組8,肝固有動(dòng)脈周圍(組8a,前上方;組8p,后方);組9,腹腔干周周;組10,脾門;組11,脾動(dòng)脈周圍;組12,肝十二指腸韌帶中(組12 h,肝門;組12a1,肝動(dòng)脈上半部分;組12a2,肝動(dòng)脈下半部分;組12b1,膽管上端;組12b2,膽管下端;組12p1,門靜脈后上;組12p2,門靜脈后下; 組12c,膽囊管);組13,胰十二指腸后(組13a,壺腹部以上;組13b,壺腹部以下);組14,腸系膜上動(dòng)脈周圍(組14a,腸系膜上動(dòng)脈根部;組14b,胰十二指腸下動(dòng)脈根部;組14c,結(jié)腸中動(dòng)脈根部;組14d,空腸動(dòng)脈的第一條分支處);組15,結(jié)腸中動(dòng)脈;組16,主動(dòng)脈旁(組16a1,膈肌的主動(dòng)脈裂孔周圍;組16a2,從腹腔干上緣到左腎靜脈下緣;組16b1,從左腎靜脈下緣到腸系膜下動(dòng)脈上緣;組16b2,腸系膜下動(dòng)脈上緣至髂總動(dòng)脈分叉處);組17,胰十二指腸前(組17a,壺腹部以上;組17b,壺腹部以下);組18,胰體尾下緣。主要按手術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)廓清分組及其陽性淋巴結(jié)的情況分期,能精確界定腫瘤部位及轉(zhuǎn)移情況[5],因此需切除足夠的范圍和行廣泛的淋巴結(jié)廓清,并作詳細(xì)的分組記錄和術(shù)后病理檢查,因而可準(zhǔn)確地反映胰腺癌擴(kuò)散和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的實(shí)際情況。胰腺各組淋巴間及其與周圍器官間有著直接或間接聯(lián)系,胰頭癌可通過此途徑轉(zhuǎn)移至周圍鄰近器官。
2 胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移特性
胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的途徑和特性目前還不清楚,只能通過術(shù)后各組淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)反映其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生狀態(tài)。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道60.0%~90.0%的胰腺癌患者手術(shù)時(shí)已有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[6], JPS報(bào)道的822例小胰癌(腫瘤直徑<2 cm)中,37.2%的病例已發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,并在7.7%的病例已轉(zhuǎn)移至第三站淋巴結(jié),表明胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)早期都發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,且范圍較廣[7];即使<1 cm的胰腺癌,胰周軟組織內(nèi)已可發(fā)現(xiàn)微轉(zhuǎn)移灶,其中30%有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[8]。Kanda等[9]總結(jié)429例胰腺癌根治擴(kuò)大淋巴結(jié)清掃(78例全胰切除、278例胰十二指腸切除和73例胰體尾切除)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)67.4%已有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,發(fā)布廣泛,從第4組到第18組都有轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生,有轉(zhuǎn)移者的中位生存時(shí)間明顯低于無轉(zhuǎn)移者(11個(gè)月比16個(gè)月);11.4%有16組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,與腫瘤的血管神經(jīng)侵犯密切相關(guān),尤其與12組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者關(guān)聯(lián)(圖1、2)。
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院胰腺外科應(yīng)用新型手術(shù)顯微鏡法對(duì)150例胰頭癌根治性手術(shù)(胰十二指腸切除聯(lián)合區(qū)域性淋巴結(jié)清掃)標(biāo)本,根據(jù)JPS方法進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)檢出,每例找到淋巴結(jié)數(shù)平均為38.2枚,其中101例有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率為67.3%)。轉(zhuǎn)移頻率較高的淋巴結(jié)組有組13 (64.5%)、組14(51.7%)、組17(38.6%)、組12(25.8%)和組16(20.8%)(圖3),尤其發(fā)現(xiàn)組16陽性的淋巴結(jié)均屬組16b1,主要分布于腹主動(dòng)脈、下腔靜脈和左腎靜脈圍成的三角形區(qū)域內(nèi),與組12、13、14和17淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[10]。此外,許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為,胰腺癌淋巴回流為順行性,腫瘤細(xì)胞很可能是通過組14,從組13轉(zhuǎn)移至組16(組13→組14→組16)。這些研究都提示淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移是胰腺癌首要的轉(zhuǎn)移方式,在進(jìn)行胰腺癌手術(shù)治療時(shí)應(yīng)予以足夠的重視和高度的關(guān)注。
同時(shí),胰腺癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移也是影響預(yù)后的重要因素之一。統(tǒng)計(jì)資料顯示,根治性手術(shù)后病理檢查淋巴結(jié)陰性胰腺癌患者的5年生存率為14.0%~57.0%,而在陽性患者僅為0.0%~7.7%[11]。Schwarz等[12]統(tǒng)計(jì)1 666例胰腺癌根治標(biāo)本中淋巴結(jié)總數(shù)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性數(shù)和陰性數(shù),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),標(biāo)本檢出的淋巴結(jié)總數(shù)及陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)與患者的中位生存期密切相關(guān),尤其當(dāng)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性數(shù)為10~15時(shí),生存期顯著延長。Pawlik等[13]分析905例行胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后標(biāo)本中已發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)占淋巴結(jié)總數(shù)比例(LNR),隨訪患者十年余,中位生存期為17.4個(gè)月,但發(fā)現(xiàn)LNR分別為0、0~0.2、0.2~0.4、>0.4時(shí),患者的中位生存期有顯著不同,分別為25.3、21.7、15.3、12.2個(gè)月,推測(cè)LNR是更有臨床意義的腫瘤分期和判斷預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。
3 胰腺癌手術(shù)淋巴結(jié)清掃
通過手術(shù)將胰腺癌原發(fā)灶連同周圍相關(guān)的淋巴結(jié)、淋巴管和神經(jīng)組織一起整塊切除,可以減少腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)會(huì),從而改善患者的生存率,因此,淋巴結(jié)清掃在胰腺癌根治術(shù)中占有重要地位,是治療胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的有效方法,雖然,手術(shù)切除的范圍和有效性受到質(zhì)疑,但手術(shù)治療結(jié)果已有明顯改進(jìn),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移仍是影響預(yù)后的重要因素,同樣接受根治性手術(shù)治療,有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者的5年生存率低于10.0%,而無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者可達(dá)40.0%~60.0%[14-15]。
胰頭癌早期時(shí)就可發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,且轉(zhuǎn)移范圍可較為廣泛,理論上認(rèn)為,在進(jìn)行胰頭癌根治性手術(shù)中,不管腫瘤大小如何,均應(yīng)作區(qū)域性淋巴結(jié)清掃(圖4),即在經(jīng)典胰十二指腸切除術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上增加:①清掃肝十二指腸韌帶區(qū)域軟組織和淋巴結(jié)(肝十二指腸韌帶骨骼化);②清掃腹腔動(dòng)脈干周圍淋巴結(jié)(組7、8、9淋巴結(jié));③組16淋巴結(jié)及其胰頭周圍軟組織清掃(包括自肝下至腎前腹膜及其軟組織的清除,腹主動(dòng)脈及下腔靜脈血管鞘及周圍軟組織和淋巴結(jié));④清掃腸系膜上動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴脂肪組織,動(dòng)脈完全骨骼化。在胰體尾手術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)該增加組8、組14和16a2,16b1亞組淋巴結(jié)的清掃[16]。
圖4 胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍
4 胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃的爭(zhēng)議
對(duì)于胰腺癌根治術(shù)中進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)的臨床獲益目前尚無定論。有限的隨機(jī)臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn)表明,進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大到淋巴結(jié)的清掃并沒有顯著延長患者的生存期,清掃到第2站淋巴結(jié)的根治術(shù)仍然是目前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段[17]。
Nagakawa等[18]分析了25年間肉眼下達(dá)到根治性切除的66例胰頭十二指腸切除術(shù)患者資料,認(rèn)為由于胰腺癌70.0%有胰后侵犯,要想達(dá)到治愈性根治必需行包括腸系膜上靜脈和胰后筋膜在內(nèi)的廣泛切除和淋巴清掃。而另有學(xué)者對(duì)此持反對(duì)態(tài)度,認(rèn)為廣泛的腹膜后淋巴結(jié)清掃和腹腔干動(dòng)脈、肝動(dòng)脈及腸系膜上動(dòng)脈完全骨骼化可增加手術(shù)并發(fā)癥和死亡率,尤其是產(chǎn)生的頑固性腹瀉嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[19],但區(qū)域性淋巴結(jié)清掃確可提高部分淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者的療效[20]。因此,對(duì)胰腺癌淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移特性認(rèn)識(shí)的不足引發(fā)了對(duì)根治手術(shù)淋巴清掃范圍的爭(zhēng)議,尤其是對(duì)腹主動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴結(jié)清掃的關(guān)注。Doi等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),84.0%的腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)陽性胰腺癌患者死于根治術(shù)后1年內(nèi),腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)有無轉(zhuǎn)移與胰腺癌患者的預(yù)后獨(dú)立相關(guān),手術(shù)清掃價(jià)值值得商榷。Yamada等[22]認(rèn)為對(duì)于特定的年齡小于60歲、腫瘤小于4 cm、沒有血管侵犯、估計(jì)腹主動(dòng)脈淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移只有1個(gè)的患者,仍然可以從擴(kuò)大淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)中獲益。所以,根治性手術(shù)切除目前仍是胰腺癌患者獲得長期生存的唯一有效方法,但仍需得到臨床實(shí)踐的證實(shí)[23]。
如何合理進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)清掃,至今尚無前瞻性大宗病例隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究和多中心研究報(bào)道。隨著對(duì)胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移特性認(rèn)識(shí)的提高,對(duì)有關(guān)胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃的認(rèn)識(shí)已受到重視,進(jìn)行合理的淋巴結(jié)廓清以提高胰頭癌患者的生存率已成為胰腺腫瘤外科工作的重點(diǎn)。通過對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移特性的研究,我們認(rèn)為目前胰頭癌合理的淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍應(yīng)包括:①肝十二指腸韌帶骨骼化,自肝門下清掃肝十二指腸韌帶內(nèi)淋巴脂肪組織;②清掃胃左動(dòng)脈根部、肝總動(dòng)脈和腹腔動(dòng)脈旁淋巴脂肪組織;③清掃組16a2和組16b1淋巴結(jié)及胰頭后方軟組織,包括自肝下至腸系膜下動(dòng)脈間、右側(cè)至右腎門、左側(cè)至腹主動(dòng)脈左緣的腹主動(dòng)脈和下腔靜脈前、側(cè)方淋巴結(jié);④清掃橫結(jié)腸系膜根部、腸系膜上動(dòng)、靜脈周圍含神經(jīng)叢的淋巴脂肪組織,但至少保留腸系膜上動(dòng)脈一側(cè)的神經(jīng)叢,以盡可能減少術(shù)后頑固性腹瀉的產(chǎn)生。
胰腺癌仍是世界上難以攻克的醫(yī)學(xué)難題,目前對(duì)其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的特點(diǎn)、方式和范圍知之甚少,且淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生早、發(fā)生廣更是影響其預(yù)后的重要因素。雖然,根治性手術(shù)是胰腺癌患者獲得長期生存的有效手段,但由于胰腺癌特殊的轉(zhuǎn)移生物學(xué)特性,進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)神經(jīng)組織清掃的作用有限,對(duì)于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移到治療需要采用多學(xué)科協(xié)同治療手段,如放化療、腫瘤分子靶向治療和淋巴靶向治療方可取得更好的效果。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.
[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.
[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.
[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.
[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.
[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.
[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12)
[8] Bogoevski D, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of nodal microinvolvement[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(6): 993-1001.
[9] Kanda M, Fujii T, Nagai S, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastasis spread in pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2011, 40(6): 951-955.
[10] 蔣永劍, 閻九亮, 金忱, 等. 150例根治性切除胰頭癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的分布和特點(diǎn)[J]. 中華肝膽外科雜志, 2012, 18(7): 494-498
[11] Carr JA1, Ajlouni M, Wollner I, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy[J]. Am Surg, 1999, 65(12): 1143-1149.
[12] Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Extent of lymph node retrieval and pancreatic cancer survival: information from a large US population database[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(9): 1189-1200.
[13] Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Cameron JL, et al. Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer[J]. Surgery, 2007, 141(5): 610-618.
[14] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(3): 483-490.
[15] Hellan M, Sun CL, Artinyan A, et al. The impact of lymph node number on survival in patients with lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2008, 37(1): 19-24
[16] Pedrazzoli S, Beger HG, Obertop H, et al. A surgical and pathological based classification of resective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Summary of an international workshop on surgical procedures in pancreatic cancer[J]. Dig Surg, 1999, 16(4): 337-345.
[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.
[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.
[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.
[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.
[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.
[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.
[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12)
[8] Bogoevski D, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of nodal microinvolvement[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(6): 993-1001.
[9] Kanda M, Fujii T, Nagai S, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastasis spread in pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2011, 40(6): 951-955.
[10] 蔣永劍, 閻九亮, 金忱, 等. 150例根治性切除胰頭癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的分布和特點(diǎn)[J]. 中華肝膽外科雜志, 2012, 18(7): 494-498
[11] Carr JA1, Ajlouni M, Wollner I, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy[J]. Am Surg, 1999, 65(12): 1143-1149.
[12] Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Extent of lymph node retrieval and pancreatic cancer survival: information from a large US population database[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(9): 1189-1200.
[13] Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Cameron JL, et al. Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer[J]. Surgery, 2007, 141(5): 610-618.
[14] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with pancreatic head cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(3): 483-490.
[15] Hellan M, Sun CL, Artinyan A, et al. The impact of lymph node number on survival in patients with lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer[J]. Pancreas, 2008, 37(1): 19-24
[16] Pedrazzoli S, Beger HG, Obertop H, et al. A surgical and pathological based classification of resective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Summary of an international workshop on surgical procedures in pancreatic cancer[J]. Dig Surg, 1999, 16(4): 337-345.
[17] Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG. Extended pancreatic resections and lymphadenectomy: An appraisal of the current evidence[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(2): 39-46.
[18] Nagakawa T, Nagamori M, Futakami F, et al. Results of extensive surgery for pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Cancer, 1996, 77(4): 640-645.
[19] Pedrazzoli S, Michelassi F. Extent of lymphedencomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas[J]. J Gastointestinal Surg, 2000, 4(3): 229-230.
[20] Farnell MB, Aranha GV, Nimura Y, et al. The role of extended lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: strength of the evidence[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(4): 651-656.
[21] Doi R, Kami K, Ito D, et al. Prognostic implication of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(1): 147-154.
[22] Yamada S, Nakao A, Fujii T, et al. Pancreatic cancer with paraaortic lymph node metastasis: a contraindication for radical surgery?[J]. Pancreas, 2009, 38(1): e13-17.
[23] Schnelldorfer T, Ware AL, Sarr MG, et al. Long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is cure possible?[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3): 456-462.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12)