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        異常踝臂指數(shù)與慢性腎臟病患者左室重量指數(shù)的關(guān)系研究

        2014-06-27 03:09:38張立萍等

        張立萍等

        [摘要] 目的 通過(guò)評(píng)估慢性腎臟疾?。–KD)3~5期患者的踝臂指數(shù)(ABI)和心臟超聲參數(shù),了解二者在CKD中是否存在獨(dú)立相關(guān)性。 [關(guān)鍵詞] 踝臂指數(shù);左室重量指數(shù);慢性腎臟疾病

        [中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R692 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)04(b)-0014-03

        [Abstract] Objective To assess ankle brachial index (ABI) and echocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic renal disease (CKD) stage 3-5, and to know whether there was an significant correlation between abnormal ABI and echocaroigraphic parameters. Methods A total of 250 predialysis CKD patients from January 2011 to December 2012 were included in the study. The ABI was measured by an ABI-form device and patients were classified into three groups:ABI <0.9 group

        [Key words] Ankle-brachial indices; Left ventricular mass index; Chronic kidney disease

        慢性腎臟疾?。–KD)是一種臨床常見(jiàn)病,發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年上升趨勢(shì),而心血管疾病(CAD)在CKD患者中高發(fā),是影響CKD患者預(yù)后的重要因素。踝臂指數(shù)(ABI)是踝動(dòng)脈與肱動(dòng)脈的比值,其對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化具有良好的預(yù)測(cè)性,ABI的變化可反映動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展。ABI< 0.9被認(rèn)為是診斷外周動(dòng)脈疾病(PAD)無(wú)創(chuàng)且有效的檢查手段,而ABI≥ 1.3則提示血管中膜鈣化(MAC)。PAD和MAC在CKD患者中普遍伴發(fā)[1],可能與長(zhǎng)期血管鈣化、炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、感染等因素相關(guān)[2-4]。研究顯示,在高血壓患者及一般人群中,異常的ABI均與左室重量指數(shù)(LVMI)獨(dú)立相關(guān)[5-6]。由于高血壓、容量負(fù)荷過(guò)重、貧血、低蛋白血癥、炎癥等原因,左室肥厚(LVH)在CKD患者中常見(jiàn),但對(duì)CKD患者中異常ABI和LVMI間相關(guān)性的研究很有限。為此,本研究探究了兩者間是否存在獨(dú)立相關(guān)性。

        1 對(duì)象與方法

        3 討論

        CKD患病率在全球范圍內(nèi)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),而CVD是CKD最主要的并發(fā)癥,并且是影響其預(yù)后的重要因素,約50% CKD患者最終死于CVD。研究顯示ABI與心血管事件間呈現(xiàn)U型關(guān)系[8-9],對(duì)CKD中總病死率和心血管病死率也具有強(qiáng)烈預(yù)測(cè)性[8,10],但此種關(guān)聯(lián)的具體機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。LVMI是衡量心肌重塑以及隨后心衰程度的重要指標(biāo),心肌在發(fā)生肥厚之前,已有心肌硬化及LVMI的增加。應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單、易行的早期指標(biāo)對(duì)CKD患者中的CVD進(jìn)行診斷,及早進(jìn)行干預(yù),對(duì)于改善預(yù)后至關(guān)重要。

        PAD和LVH在CKD患者中高發(fā)[11-12],許多病理因素如壓力負(fù)荷過(guò)重、腎性貧血、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良和炎癥是導(dǎo)致CKD患者中動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和血管僵硬度增加的主要原因[12-13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在CKD患者中ABI低于正常時(shí)存在較高的LVH發(fā)生率且LVMI值也增加,并且在CKD患者中,低ABI與LVMI的增加獨(dú)立相關(guān),其可能的機(jī)制是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化可導(dǎo)致下肢血流灌注降低和血管僵硬度增加,進(jìn)而引起ABI降低和動(dòng)脈彈性下降,最終可引發(fā)LVH[15-16]。相應(yīng)地,LVH導(dǎo)致左室收縮和舒張功能失調(diào)以及心輸出量下降,從而使得下肢血流灌注減少,導(dǎo)致PAD的發(fā)生和ABI降低。本研究結(jié)果也顯示在CKD患者中,ABI高于正常時(shí)也存在較高的LVH發(fā)生率,且異常增高的ABI與LVMI的增加獨(dú)立相關(guān)。ABI的異常增高往往被認(rèn)為與血管中膜鈣化(MAC)相關(guān),多見(jiàn)于糖尿病或腎功能不全患者伴發(fā)下肢血管彌漫性鈣化時(shí)[3,16]。MAC時(shí)ABI的異常增高主要是血管鈣鹽沉積導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈硬化以及左室肌重的增加,此種情況是一種非動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化途徑[5]。至于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化途徑在ABI升高中是否發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用,尚待進(jìn)一步研究。

        本研究結(jié)果還顯示出在CKD患者中,異常ABI者中糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病、腦血管病以及脈壓增寬、低蛋白血癥、低的血細(xì)胞比容等是LVH的危險(xiǎn)因素。進(jìn)一步調(diào)整這些危險(xiǎn)因素后,異常的ABI仍獨(dú)立相關(guān)于LVMI的增加。

        總之,本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),CKD3~5期患者中過(guò)高或過(guò)低的ABI與LVMI的增加獨(dú)立相關(guān),在CKD患者中進(jìn)行ABI的測(cè)定有助于心血管疾病的早期預(yù)測(cè),從而及早使用ACEI/ARB及他汀類(lèi)等藥物進(jìn)行臨床干預(yù),以達(dá)到最大限度地保護(hù)心臟、腎臟,從而改善患者短期和長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后。

        [參考文獻(xiàn)]

        [1] de Vinuesa SG,Ortega M,Martinez P,et al. Subclinical peripheral arterial disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and related risk factors [J]. Kidney Int Suppl,2005,(93):44-47.

        [2] O′Hare A,Johansen K. Lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease among patients with end-stage renal disease [J]. Am Soc Nephrol,2001,12(12):2838-2847.

        [3] O′Hare AM,Hsu CY,Bacchetti P,et al. Peripheral vascular disease risk factors among patients undergoing he-modialysis [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2002,13(2):497-503.

        [4] Webb AT,F(xiàn)ranks PJ,Reaveley DA,et al. Prevalence of intermittent claudication and risk factors for its development in patients on renal replacement therapy [J]. Eur J Vasc Surg,1993,7(5):523-527.

        [5] Ix JH,Katz R,Peralta CA,et al. A high ankle brachial index is associated with greater left ventricular mass mesa (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis) [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,55(4):342-349.

        [6] Aboyans V,Ho E,Denenberg JO,et al. The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects [J]. J Vasc Surg,2008,48(5):1197-1203.

        [7] Levey AS,Stevens LA,Schmid CH,et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate [J]. Ann Intern Med,2009,150(9):604-612.

        [8] Ono K,Tsuchida A,Kawai H,et al. Ankle brachial blood pressure index predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(6):1591-1598.

        [9] O′Hare AM,Katz R,Shlipak MG,et al. Mortality and cardiovascular risk across the ankle-arm index spectrum: Results from the cardiovascular health study [J]. Circulation,2006,113 (3):388-393.

        [10] Guerrero A,Montes R,Munoz-Terol J,et al. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with stages Ⅳ and Ⅴ chronic renal failure [J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2006,21(12):3525-3531.

        [11] Leskinen Y,Salenius JP,Lehtimaki T,et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and medial arterial calcification in patients with chronic renal failure:Requirements for diagnostics [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2002, 40(3):472-479.

        [12] Levin A,Singer J,Thompson CR,et al. Prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy in the predialysis population:Identifying opportunities for intervention [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,1996,27(3):347-354.

        [13] Levin A,Thompson CR,Ethier J,et al. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease:Impact of decline inhemoglobin [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,1999,34(1):125-134.

        [14] Roman MJ,Ganau A,Saba PS,et al. Impact of arterial stiffening on left ventricular structure [J]. Hypertension,2000,36(4):489-494.

        [15] Leskinen Y,Salenius JP,Lehtimaki T,et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and medial arterial calcification in patients with chronic renal failure:requirements for diagnostics [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2002, 40(3):472-479.

        [16] Orchard TJ,Strandness DE. Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes report and recommendations of an international workshop sponsored by the American heart association and the American diabetes association 18-20 September 1992,new orleans,Louisiana [J]. Diabetes Care,1993,16(8):1199-1209.

        (收稿日期:2013-11-22 本文編輯:任 念)

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