文/五花肉

一方寶硯世代相傳
——藏硯賞石的風華歲月

An Inkstone Lasts Forever——History of Collection and Appreciation of Inkstone

文/五花肉

制硯業(yè)

inkstone industry

硯務官

inkstone official

降樣造形

customization

“宮作”

royal style

——《叢書集成新編·甌公試筆》The government appointed inkstone artisans as the ninth grade officials with monthly salary.These officials make inkstones for the royal family every year.

——《端溪硯譜》/葉樾（宋）In late Northern Song Dynasty,the inkstones were customized for father of the emperor.The inkstones resembled a pool with a platform and four earrings.

——《紙筆墨硯箋》/屠?。鳎〢 supreme inkstone stores ink for a long time;produces ink continuously and is made of stone which feels like jade.

如果說從研到硯的演變，使?jié)h代成為中國古硯發(fā)展史上的一大里程碑，那么由魏晉至隋唐，多足硯、箕形硯、辟雍硯的大量涌現，以及蓄硯、賞硯風氣的興起，便是硯由實用向審美過渡的開端。

The Han Dynasty was the milestone of the development of Chinese inkstone.Meanwhile,the appearance of multiped inkstones;dustpan shaped inkstones and Biyong inkstones;and the popularity of inkstone collection symbolizedthe beginningofthe changefrompracticalto aestheticsinthefieldofChineseinkstone.

這一時期的制硯業(yè)日趨專業(yè)化，以陶、瓦、瓷等為材質的硯盛行全國。同時，由于高型家具和垂足而坐逐漸興起，取代了原來的低矮幾案和席地跪坐，硯的形制也因此由足支硯向平臺硯演進。

At that time the inkstone industry developed rapidly. Inkstones made of pottery and chinaware became popular all over the country.High furniture and chairs replaced low furniture at the same time.As a result,platform inkstones came to replace multiped inkstones.

自五代始，帝王與文人的趣味又進一步賦予制硯業(yè)制度化、標準化內涵。由于南唐后主推崇歙州硯，朝廷在歙州設置硯務，任命硯工李少微為硯務官，專司制硯；北宋末年，朝廷內府不僅大量藏硯，還選擇特定硯式降樣造形，不僅滿足定制、收藏需求，還催生出一整套規(guī)范的皇家制硯生產體系。其間涌現出的《硯錄》、《歙州硯譜》、《硯史》等品評專著，則為后世硯的收藏、交易提供了一定程度的參照標準。

AFrom the era of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, aristocrat and royal family were interested in inkstones, which promoted the standardization of inkstones.The Southern Tang emperor Li Yu valued the inkstones from SheZhou and the imperial government established the inkstone department and appointed Li wei as the inkstone official.In late Northern Song Dynasty, the royal family collected a large number of customized inkstones and developed standards system of inkstone.Such masterworks as"Yan Lu";"Genealogyof She Zhou Inkstone";"History of Inkstone"provided standards for collection;transaction and appreciation of inkstone.

與此同時，由于品性優(yōu)良、發(fā)墨效果好、能更好地適應繪畫技法和材料發(fā)展對墨的需要，石硯在宋以后成為硯的主流。人們在使用“端、歙、洮河、澄泥”等硯材的過程中，積累了豐富的辨石和研墨經驗，在收藏交易中注重辨識產地、開采層位、石材肌理色彩；在使用中總結出“著墨不滲”、“發(fā)墨不乏”、“貯墨不干”等特性。這些事實標準的出現，使硯的審美價值和藝術價值逐漸超越了實用性。

After Song Dynasty,thanks to the high quality and fitness for painting,inkstones made of rocks became the mainstream.In the process of selecting raw material, people accumulated experience of indentifying stones and ink.The inkstones were classified according to origins;exploited horizon and texture.The performance of ink production and storage became the de facto standards for quality,which made the aesthetics value surpassed practical features.

到了明清時期，藏硯賞石之風進一步興盛，盡管硯式承襲宋制，但制作工藝更加注重硯雕、硯銘設計，甚至出現以水晶、翡翠、象牙等為材質的賞玩硯，還逐漸形成粵派、徽派和蘇派等硯雕藝術流派。清代宮廷更設立造辦處，由皇帝親自審閱專人繪制的圖樣，繼而批準硯雕工匠制做御硯和官硯，從而形成和眾家之長的“宮作”風格。

In Ming and Qing Dynasties,inkstone collection became much more popular.The design of inkstone became more sophisticated and inkstones made of jade; jadeites and ivory appeared.The inkstone art fell into different schools including Cantonese style;Anhui style and Suzhou style.The Qing Dynasty established inkstone department which was supervised by the emperor on his own.The emperor audited the design and ordered the artisans to make royal inkstones,which was called the royal style.

一方寶硯，世代相傳。可以說作為中國人文化生活中不可或缺的一寶，硯的發(fā)展體現著書寫媒介的技術演進、承載了多元文化的交融與個人的情感宣泄，而她所蘊涵的利用則止、文質彬彬、因材施藝等民族造物觀，則為人類的文明基因注入了一劑曼妙元素。

Apreciousinkstonelastsforever.Asone of themostimportant factorofChineseculture,inkstonesstandsforthe advancement of Chinese traditional writing technology. Asthe carrier of culture exchange and emotional release, Chinese inkstonessymbolize the aesthetics taste of Chinese nation including elegance;connotation,which is the indispensiblefactorinhumancivilization.

（支持單位：上海市質量和標準化研究院）