Abstract：Written by Theodore Roethke， The Waking is a villanelle. The theme is to illustrate that people should be related to the nature of the world and appreciate life. Based on the whole poem， there are four rhetorical devices appeared， including alliteration， repetition， metaphor and paradox.

Key words：Alliteration； repetition； metaphor； paradox

摘 要：《蘇醒》是西奧多·羅特克的一首帶有自我反省的維拉內拉詩。其主題是倡導人們要接近自然以及欣賞生活。全詩中，作者采用了頭韻、重復、隱喻和悖論等修辭手法。

關鍵詞：頭韻；重復；隱喻；悖論

1. Introduction

The Waking is a poem written by Theodore Roethke in 1953. It is a self-reflexive poem that describes waking up from sleep. The two key lines of the poem， “I wake to sleep， and take my waking slow” and “I learn by going where I have to go.” illustrate that people should be related to the nature of the world and appreciate life. Based on the whole poem， there are four rhetorical devices appeared， including alliteration， repetition， metaphor and paradox.

2. General information

Roethkes The Waking is a villanelle， a form of five tercets and a quatrain. Each stanza contains three lines （called a tercet）， except in the last stanza where there are four lines （called a quatrain）. The rhyme scheme initiated by the author is ABA ABA CDA CDA CDA ABAA， specifically， ABA in the first two stanzas， CDA in the third through fifth stanzas， and ABAA in the final stanza. This particular rhyme scheme creates a comfortable flow of overt rhyming. By reading the poem， the themes of relating to the nature of the world and appreciating life are represented clearly.

3. Four rhetorical devices appeared in the poem

3.1 Alliteration

In the first stanza， there are alliterations of “wake . . . waking” and “sleep . . . slow” coupled with the interior rhyming of “wake . . . take . . . waking” in the first line. The same harmonies rhythm in “feel . . . fate . . . fear . . .， going . . . go . . . and what . . . where” appear in the second and third lines. In Roethkes lines， people can hear soul clap its hands with the initial consonant patterning and repeated medial vowel sounds and the eight iterations of the pronoun “I”.

3.2 Repetition

“Repetition is the soul of poetry.” In the whole poem， the repetitive rhyme appears at the end of each line， such as “slow . . .go . . .know”， “fear . . .ear . . .near”， “there . . .stair . . .air”， along with the inconsistent rhyme “you . . .how . . .do”. These ordinarily ominous words do make sense， which makes people understand that fate is something not to be feared. In addition to the repetitive 4 “l(fā)”s of “l(fā)ight . . . lowly . . . lively . . . lovely”， creating a consciousness lovely as the sleep from which it has slowly emerged.

3.3 Metaphor

The title is a metaphor within itself. It is similar with a Pun， namely， one aspect refers to the waking from sleeping in reality and the waking from a chaotic life in the other. The second line from the second stanza， “I hear my being dance from ear to ear”， also shows the metaphor， which refers to the struggling to figure out what is life. In the third stanza， the ground is not simply an object but the life force， where the dead body dissolves， nourishes new life， and continues the cycle.

In addition to the fourth stanza， light refers to the goodness in life， the tree stands for the living things， the lowly worm refers to the humble people in life and a winding stair represents the long and rough life road that we encounter. Whats more， Sleep is often refers to as the “l(fā)ittle death”.

3.4 Paradox

There are a series of paradoxes in The Waking. In lines of the poem “I wake to sleep， and take my waking slow.” and “I learn by going where I have to go.” “Sleeping” and “waking”， which seem opposite， are like the shaking that paradoxically keeps the speaker steady. “Waking to sleep” and “l(fā)earning by going where you have to go” are both paradoxes. The effect of a circular form and a circular content adds to the mystical nature of the poem. The circle is the ultimate mystery of life.

In the first stanza， the line “I feel my fate in what I cannot fear，” is also a paradox. The second stanza rejects the intellect as the road to enlightenment. To “think by feeling” is another paradox. Thinking is an activity through mental process， while feeling is achieved through our sense organs. The last paradox in the poem is about life and death. It is as vibrant and fragile and mysterious as the circle of life， “birth and decay” and “l(fā)ife and death”.

4. Conclusion

Based on the whole poem， Theodore Roethke adopts four rhetorical devices， namely， alliteration， repetition， metaphor and paradox to illustrate the theme of the poem relates to the nature of the world and appreciating life. Especially in modern times， its urgent for people to relax the fickle mood by learning from yesterday， living for today and hoping for tomorrow， so as to enrich themselves properly and persistently.

Bibliography

[1]景曉鶯，王丹斌.英語詩歌常識與名作研讀[M].上海交通大學出版社，2011.

[2]許淵沖.中詩英韻探勝[M].北京大學出版社，2010.

作者簡介： 孟金艷（1987—）， 女， 陜西延安人， 西北大學外國語學院碩士研究生，研究方向：中西文化對比。