摘要:目的觀察生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽(growth hormone releasing peptide, Ghrelin)對(duì)人結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及可能機(jī)制。方法5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)聯(lián)合Ghrelin作用人結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞及預(yù)處理AKT抑制劑wortmannin后再作用RKO細(xì)胞,Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖;熒光顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞凋亡;Western blotting檢測(cè)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中p-AKT蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果Ghrelin可削弱5-FU對(duì)RKO細(xì)胞的增殖抑制和凋亡誘導(dǎo)作用,而渥曼青霉素(wortmannin)可顯著抑制Ghrelin對(duì)體外結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用;Ghrelin可促進(jìn)p-AKT蛋白在RKO細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),該作用可被wortmannin阻斷。結(jié)論Ghrelin可顯著抑制體外結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞凋亡,該作用可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)AKT磷酸化的表達(dá)而實(shí)現(xiàn),Ghrelin可能作為結(jié)腸癌治療中新的抗癌靶點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)腸癌;Ghrelin;AKT
Ghrelin Inhibit Cell Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line RKO Via AKT Pathway
TANG Zhen, LIU An, TANG Min
(Institute of Orthpaedics, Yueyang Hospital, The Medical College of Xiangya, The Central South University, Yueyang 414000,Hunan,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-apoptotic effect and the mechanism of Ghrelin in human colorectal cancer cell line RKO in vitro. MethodsAfter human colorectal cancer cell line RKO was 5-FU treatment to induce apoptosis and simultaneously treated with Ghrelin in the presence or absence of wortmannin, a highly specific inhibitor of AKT. The cellular proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The morphological changes of RKO cells were observed under the fluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of p-AKT in RKO cells. ResultsGhrelin prevented apoptosis in RKO cells induced by 5-FU. However, wortmannin abolished Ghrelin' s cytoprotective activity after 5-FU treatment. Ghrelin treatment markedly increased AKT activation in RKO cells, and this was completely suppressed by coincubation with wortmannin. ConclusionGhrelin may act as a survival factor in RKO cells through the activation of AKT, and Ghrelin might become a potential therapeutic target of colorectal cancer.
Key words: Colorectal cancer; Ghrelin; AKT
Ghrelin作為一種生長(zhǎng)激素促泌劑受體的內(nèi)源性配體,其大部分由胃腸道上皮細(xì)胞分泌,自從Ghrelin被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái),就被證實(shí)在包括控制進(jìn)食和新陳代謝等多種生理及病理活動(dòng)中也發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。近來(lái)來(lái)研究表明,Ghrelin在前列腺癌[1]、胃癌[2]和肝癌[3]等多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)升高,同時(shí)對(duì)乳腺癌及前列腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡有一定抑制作用[4],其作用機(jī)制尚不十分明確,且目前尚未有Ghrelin對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡作用的研究報(bào)道。為此,本研究擬探討Ghrelin對(duì)體外人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株RKO凋亡的影響及可能機(jī)制,為臨床提供有價(jià)值的參考指標(biāo)。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料胎牛血清、RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基和含0.25%EDTA胰蛋白酶購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;CCK-8試劑盒、DAPI和BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)定試劑盒購(gòu)自上海碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;Ghrelin購(gòu)自美國(guó)Biovisin公司;p-AKT和AKT抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santa Cruz公司;AKT特異性抑制劑wortmannin購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)購(gòu)自上海旭東海普藥業(yè)有限公司。
1.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株RKO購(gòu)自ATCC,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,含1%的青-鏈霉素,在5%CO2,37℃培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)孵育,胰蛋白酶消化傳代,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象。
1.3 CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖收集處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的RKO細(xì)胞,制成單細(xì)胞懸液,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為5×105/ml,接種于96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,每孔10 μL,待細(xì)胞過(guò)夜貼壁后,分別加入5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)或5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)+Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24h及預(yù)處理wortmannin(200 nmol·L-1)1h后再經(jīng)5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)+Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24h,更換新鮮培養(yǎng)液,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8 細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)試劑,于培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)孵育4h后置酶標(biāo)儀450 nm下讀取吸光度A值。同時(shí)設(shè)置空白調(diào)零組(不加細(xì)胞加入等量的PBS),以及陰性對(duì)照組(加入等量的生理鹽水),實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
細(xì)胞存活率=(實(shí)驗(yàn)組A450值-空白調(diào)零組A450值)/(對(duì)照組A450值-空白調(diào)零組A450值)×100%
1.4細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)觀察取1 ml濃度為1×106/L的RKO細(xì)胞懸液接種于載玻片上,待過(guò)夜細(xì)胞貼壁后更換培養(yǎng)液,藥物處理同CCK-8法。甲醛固定后,經(jīng)DAPI染色5 min,置熒光顯微鏡(OLYMPUS, BX51TF)下觀察。
1.5 Western blot檢測(cè)RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT的表達(dá)收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的RKO細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞經(jīng)Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24h、wortmannin(200 nmol·L-1)作用1h及預(yù)處理wortmannin(200 nmol·L-1)1h再加Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24h后,裂解細(xì)胞并分離細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì),用Bradford法測(cè)量蛋白濃度后取等量蛋白質(zhì)樣品(20μg/孔),常規(guī)8% SDS-PAGE電泳,半干轉(zhuǎn)膜儀轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉封閉,加入p-AKT-抗(1:1000)于4℃下孵育過(guò)夜,HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG為第二抗體(1:2500)室溫孵育1h,ECL顯色,條帶暴光強(qiáng)度用Quantity One 4.6.2(BIO, RAD)軟件分析,以AKT為內(nèi)參,通過(guò)與內(nèi)參的灰度比,得出目的條帶的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平。
1.6數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)處理實(shí)驗(yàn)所得計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)均以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s) 的形式表示,采用SPSS 11.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)分析,以P<0.05時(shí)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 Ghrelin對(duì)體外結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞增殖的影響RKO細(xì)胞經(jīng)5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)或5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)聯(lián)合Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24 h后,細(xì)胞存活率分別為34.65%和86.42%,兩者相比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05);而wortmannin預(yù)處理1 h,細(xì)胞再經(jīng)5-FU(40 nmol·L-1)+Ghrelin(10 nmol·L-1)作用24 h后細(xì)胞存活率為47.28%,與5-FU聯(lián)合Ghrelin組相比較,有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。
2.2 Ghrelin對(duì)結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞凋亡的影響細(xì)胞經(jīng)DAPI染色后,熒光顯微鏡下觀察到正常RKO細(xì)胞核完整,形態(tài)規(guī)則(圖1A),5-FU處理后多數(shù)細(xì)胞核出現(xiàn)明顯固縮和染色體凝集等凋亡特征性改變(圖1B),表明5-FU可顯著誘導(dǎo)RKO細(xì)胞凋亡;5-FU聯(lián)合Ghrelin作用RKO細(xì)胞后少量細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡(圖1C);RKO細(xì)胞經(jīng)wortmannin預(yù)處理再經(jīng)5-FU+Ghrelin作用后凋亡細(xì)胞明顯增多,并出現(xiàn)大量凋亡小體(圖1D)。為排除wortmannin對(duì)RKO細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響,預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,wortmannin(200 nmol·L-1)單獨(dú)作用1 h對(duì)RKO細(xì)胞無(wú)明顯增殖抑制和凋亡誘導(dǎo)作用。
圖1AKT抑制劑wortmannin對(duì)Ghrelin抗凋亡作用的影響
細(xì)胞經(jīng)DAPI染色,熒光顯微鏡下觀察到細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)改變,箭頭示典型凋亡細(xì)胞(×400)。
2.3 Ghrelin對(duì)RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT蛋白表達(dá)的影響如圖2所示,Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明wortmannin(200 nmol·L-1)作用1h后RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT的相對(duì)表達(dá)量為1.29±0.24,與對(duì)照組(2.25±0.52)相比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而Ghrelin作用后RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT的相對(duì)表達(dá)量為6.84±1.34,與對(duì)照組相比較,有顯著性差異(P<0.05);wortmannin預(yù)處理后再經(jīng)Ghrelin作用的RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT的相對(duì)表達(dá)量為3.43±0.48,與Ghrelin單藥組相比較,有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。
圖2 Western blotting檢測(cè)Ghrelin對(duì)結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞中p-AKT蛋白表達(dá)的影響,以AKT為內(nèi)參
3討論
Ghrelin是1999年由日本Kojima等發(fā)現(xiàn)的生長(zhǎng)激素促泌劑受體的內(nèi)源性配體,為含有28個(gè)氨基酸的活性多肽,Ghrelin與受體結(jié)合后可產(chǎn)生廣泛的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),如促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)激素分泌、減少脂肪利用、維持能量正平衡等[5]。另外,Ghrelin還可促進(jìn)胃酸分泌,增加胃腸蠕動(dòng)和保護(hù)心臟等作用[6,7]。研究表明嬰兒和胎兒有大量的Ghrelin生成細(xì)胞,但隨年齡增長(zhǎng)Ghrelin分泌細(xì)胞不斷減少[8],從而提示Ghrelin與細(xì)胞增殖和分化有一定聯(lián)系。2002年,Murata等首先報(bào)道Ghrelin與肝癌細(xì)胞的惡性增殖有一定聯(lián)系[3];在隨后的研究中,更多研究表明Ghrelin在促進(jìn)多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮了巨大作用[1,2,4],但目前尚未有Ghrelin對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡的研究報(bào)道。在本研究中,5-FU作用RKO細(xì)胞后可顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,而Ghrelin聯(lián)合5-FU作用結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞后凋亡細(xì)胞明顯減少,表明Ghrelin在結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株RKO中充當(dāng)細(xì)胞保護(hù)性因子,并可明顯抑制5-FU對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖抑制和凋亡誘導(dǎo)作用。
PI-3K/AKT通路是細(xì)胞內(nèi)廣泛存在的重要信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,該通路的激活可通過(guò)影響下游多種效應(yīng)分子的活化狀態(tài),從而導(dǎo)致諸如自身免疫病和糖尿病等多種疾病的發(fā)生。另外,PI-3K/AKT通路在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展、促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移以及腫瘤的免疫逃逸中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用。在PI-3K/AKT通路中,AKT是信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中最重要的中心環(huán)節(jié),AKT的活化依賴于其上游分子PDK來(lái)完成蘇氨酸磷酸化位點(diǎn)(Thr308)和絲氨酸磷酸化位點(diǎn)(Ser473)的磷酸化,p-AKT通過(guò)作用于其各種下游分子從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。渥曼青霉素(wortmannin)是一種常用PI-3K/AKT通路特異性抑制劑,它可以通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜與胞內(nèi)PI-3K的110 KD催化亞基相結(jié)合而特異性地抑制PI-3K/AKT信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路[10]。在本研究中,為探討Ghrelin對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的抗凋亡作用機(jī)制,本研究使用wortmannin作用RKO細(xì)胞,觀察wortmannin對(duì)Ghrelin抗凋亡作用的影響。細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,預(yù)處理wortmannin后Ghrelin抗凋亡作用明顯下降,提示PI-3K/AKT通路在Ghrelin抗結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮了重要作用。同時(shí)本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)AKT在Ser473位點(diǎn)的磷酸化,以此來(lái)反映AKT的活化狀態(tài),蛋白印記結(jié)果也表明,Ghrelin作用后p-AKT在RKO細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)明顯升高,表明AKT的活化在Ghrelin發(fā)揮抗結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用。另外,wortmannin預(yù)處理RKO細(xì)胞后可明顯抑制Ghrelin對(duì)AKT的活化作用,與細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)和細(xì)胞凋亡結(jié)果相吻合,進(jìn)一步表明,PI-3K/AKT通路的活化在Ghrelin抗結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相近[11]。
綜上所述,本研究表明Ghrelin可有效抑制5-FU對(duì)結(jié)腸癌RKO細(xì)胞的增殖抑制和凋亡誘導(dǎo)作用,其作用機(jī)制與PI-3K/AKT通路的活化密切相關(guān)。而Ghrelin可能作為結(jié)腸癌治療中新的抗癌靶點(diǎn),具體作用機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
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