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        房顫合并冠心病的抗栓策略

        2014-04-29 00:00:00李欣儒邱春光
        醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2014年14期

        摘要:房顫合并冠心病在隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),發(fā)病率越來(lái)越高,需要對(duì)兩種疾病同時(shí)治療,目前的抗栓藥物很多,如何把握和平衡有效抗凝及出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如何個(gè)體化制定及調(diào)整房顫合并冠心病的抗栓方案,仍有待探索。

        關(guān)鍵詞:房顫;冠心??;抗栓治療;急性冠脈綜合征;經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療

        The Antithrombotic Strategies of Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease

        LI Xin-ru, QIU Chun-guang

        (Department of Cardiology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,Henan,China)

        Abstract:The coexisting atrial fibrillation(AF) and coronary artery disease(CAD) are prevalent in the elder, there are kinds of antithrombotic agents, how to balance the efficacy and safety, and how to choose the individualized antithrombotic regimen for patient with both AF and CAD, we need more evidence to support.

        Key words:Atrial Fibrillation; Coronary Artery Disease; Antithrombotic therapy; Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

        房顫是最常見的心律失常之一,常常導(dǎo)致卒中和其他動(dòng)脈栓塞,抗栓治療已成為其治療總策略的首位。臨床上經(jīng)常應(yīng)用抗凝藥如維生素K抑制劑及新型口服抗凝藥來(lái)預(yù)防卒中和栓塞事件[1,2]。對(duì)于穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者,臨床上應(yīng)用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷等抗血小板來(lái)預(yù)防冠脈事件[3,4],而對(duì)于ACS(Acute Coronary Syndrome,急性冠脈綜合征)及PCI(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention,經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療)后的患者則建議應(yīng)用雙聯(lián)抗血小板來(lái)預(yù)防冠脈事件[5,6]。目前的抗栓藥物包括阿司匹林、ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate,二磷酸腺苷)受體抑制劑(氯吡格雷、普拉格雷、替格瑞洛)和口服抗凝藥(華法林以及新型口服抗凝藥達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班)。尤其是在>65歲的人群中,冠心病和房顫的發(fā)病率極高,約有1/3的房顫患者同時(shí)患有冠心病。目前很多大型隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究都是分開研究冠心病和房顫的抗栓治療方案,很少有證據(jù)是研究冠心病合并房顫的抗栓治療。

        1冠心病的抗栓治療

        1.1抗血小板藥和維生素K抑制劑

        1.1.1一級(jí)預(yù)防冠心病一級(jí)預(yù)防使用小劑量阿司匹林被證明是安全和有效的,但是只對(duì)于冠脈事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的人群其獲益大于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3,4,7,8]。低強(qiáng)度華法林(INR=1.5)也能在冠心病一級(jí)預(yù)防中也有效果,但是臨床很少使用,畢竟阿司匹林使用方便。低強(qiáng)度華法林加阿司匹林兩者聯(lián)用會(huì)增加主要出血事件,而阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷并不改善一級(jí)預(yù)防的結(jié)局。

        1.1.2二級(jí)預(yù)防對(duì)于已知穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者,小劑量阿司匹林和氯吡格雷一樣有效,兩者聯(lián)用能稍改善預(yù)后[4,8]。對(duì)于ACS患者,無(wú)論是否實(shí)施PCI,阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷會(huì)降低1年死亡和心梗事件。而目前很多試驗(yàn)是對(duì)比研究氯吡格雷、普拉格雷、替格瑞洛三者聯(lián)合阿司匹林。心梗發(fā)生后,高強(qiáng)度華法林、中強(qiáng)度華法林聯(lián)合阿司匹林及阿司匹林聯(lián)合ADP受體抑制劑都能降低冠脈事件發(fā)生率[8,9]。

        1.1.3擇期PCI很多隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí)了PCI后阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷的優(yōu)勢(shì),不建議單獨(dú)應(yīng)用華法林或者阿司匹林聯(lián)合華法林。BMS(Bare Mental Stent,金屬裸支架)雙抗至少1個(gè)月,DES(Drug-eluting Stent,藥物涂層支架)則要求12個(gè)月,新一代DES推薦的雙抗時(shí)間可以縮短一些[10,11]。

        1.2新型口服抗凝藥有臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究ACS患者應(yīng)用新型口服抗凝藥聯(lián)合常規(guī)雙抗的三聯(lián)抗栓療法的療效和安全性。含有達(dá)比加群[12]的三聯(lián)抗栓與雙聯(lián)抗血小板相比,6個(gè)月出血事件發(fā)生率增高,150mg bid 優(yōu)于110mg bid。阿哌沙班的試驗(yàn)[13]中6個(gè)月主要出血事件發(fā)生率比安慰劑組高,2.5mg bid 與5mg bid相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。利伐沙班試驗(yàn)中[14],10mg/d比安慰劑組的6月出血事件發(fā)生率高很多。這3個(gè)試驗(yàn)都是Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),都沒(méi)有獲得理想的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獲益比。阿哌沙班的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)[15]因過(guò)高的出血發(fā)生率提前終止。達(dá)比加群則因Ⅱ期臨床結(jié)果讓人失望根本沒(méi)有進(jìn)入Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段[16]。只有利伐沙班在Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),利伐沙班聯(lián)合雙聯(lián)抗血小板有良好的結(jié)果,無(wú)論是2.5mg bid還是5mg bid都能顯著減少一級(jí)負(fù)荷終點(diǎn)(心源性死亡、心梗、卒中),但是也增加了主要出血結(jié)局,卻未增加致死性出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。沒(méi)有任何指南推薦新型口服抗凝藥用于無(wú)房顫的ACS患者中。

        2房顫的抗栓治療

        2.1華法林在非瓣膜病性房顫中,華法林比阿司匹林更能預(yù)防卒中的發(fā)生,其心血管獲益確切[1,2,18],但是阿司匹林的主要出血事件更少,因此臨床上對(duì)低卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的房顫患者使用阿司匹林,而高卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的房顫患者服用華法林[1,18],目前公認(rèn)的預(yù)測(cè)房顫患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)用CHADS2評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/TIA2),卒中低危者用CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分(Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age≥75, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/TIA , Vascular disease, Age 65-74,Sex category(female))更準(zhǔn)確。如評(píng)分≥1則推薦口服抗凝藥,年輕的沒(méi)有任何卒中危險(xiǎn)因素的暫不推薦任何抗栓治療[1]。如今的臨床試驗(yàn)顯示新型口服抗凝藥,如達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班在預(yù)防房顫相關(guān)性卒中的療效不劣于華法林,而且更方便服用[1,10,36],如果有應(yīng)用口服抗凝藥指征時(shí),2012ESC指南推薦選用新型口服抗凝藥優(yōu)于華法林(,A)[19]。

        2.2新型口服抗凝藥RE-LY研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)達(dá)比加群150mg bid會(huì)增加心梗發(fā)生率[21,22],所以很多指南建議房顫合并冠心病者應(yīng)用華法林優(yōu)于達(dá)比加群[18]。至于達(dá)比加群是否能導(dǎo)致心梗、增加心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能只是達(dá)比加群不能預(yù)防高危患者的心梗事件。ROCKET-AF[23](利伐沙班VS華法林)、ARISTOTLE[24](阿哌沙班VS華法林)都發(fā)現(xiàn)Ⅹa因子抑制劑沒(méi)有明顯減少心梗及全因死亡??傊疀](méi)有一個(gè)試驗(yàn)證實(shí)房顫患者服用新型口服抗凝藥比華法林有額外的冠脈獲益[36]。

        3房顫與冠心病并存的情況

        對(duì)于那些同時(shí)患有房顫和冠心病的患者,目前還沒(méi)有隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究明確提出最佳的抗栓方案。

        3.1未知或穩(wěn)定性冠心病一些指南共識(shí)提出,冠心病一級(jí)預(yù)防,對(duì)于CHADS2=0且年齡<65的患者,首選阿司匹林來(lái)預(yù)防心血管事件和卒中。如果卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高CHADS2≥1,更推薦華法林來(lái)預(yù)防卒中[18]。目前尚無(wú)新型口服抗凝藥VS華法林用于冠心病一級(jí)預(yù)防的臨床試驗(yàn)。穩(wěn)定型冠心?。](méi)有ACS事件或在未來(lái)1年不需要PCI者),可單用口服抗凝藥。

        3.2 ACS對(duì)于ACS患者,ACTIVE-W[25]對(duì)比研究了華法林VS阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板,發(fā)現(xiàn)后者降低卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)欠佳,但是出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相當(dāng)。達(dá)比加群的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)就已拒之ACS門外。ATLAS ACS 2 - TIMI 51研究[15,36]發(fā)現(xiàn),在ACS二級(jí)預(yù)防,利伐沙班是目前惟一在Ⅲ期臨床研究獲得良好結(jié)果的新型口服抗凝藥,提示在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙聯(lián)抗板治療基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)用利伐沙班能進(jìn)一步獲益。2012 ESC STEMI指南[26]首次推薦低劑量利伐沙班2.5 mg bid用于STEMI患者抗凝治療(Ⅱb,B)。

        3.3 PCI在冠心病PCI合并房顫的患者,一定要選擇雙抗時(shí),置入BMS比DES有優(yōu)勢(shì),尤其是支架內(nèi)血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的患者。DES一般用于那些血管較細(xì)、長(zhǎng)病變或分叉病變或糖尿病,但現(xiàn)實(shí)中總體DES置入的比例比BMS高[11]。WOEST試驗(yàn)[27]將口服抗凝藥并實(shí)施PCI的隨機(jī)分組,一部分應(yīng)用三聯(lián)抗栓,一部分用口服抗凝藥聯(lián)合氯吡格雷的雙聯(lián)抗栓,隨訪1年期間,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種方法的血栓事件無(wú)差異,但三聯(lián)抗栓比雙聯(lián)抗栓累計(jì)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要高,主要體現(xiàn)在消化道出血,但主要出血事件的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但是這個(gè)試驗(yàn)不是雙盲的,且隨訪時(shí)間短。華法林聯(lián)合阿司匹林的雙聯(lián)抗栓不能減少支架內(nèi)血栓和其他臨床時(shí)間,因此不推薦使用。PCI前口服抗凝藥的橋接治療安全性和有效性尚待論證,因此暫不推薦PCI圍手術(shù)期中斷口服抗凝藥。

        房顫抗凝常用的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層工具是HAS-BLED評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[31](Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INRs, Elderly, Drugs or alcohol),比ATRIA評(píng)分[32]有更好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。

        歐洲專家共識(shí)[33]建議:見表1。

        而北美專家共識(shí)[34]則建議:見表2。

        都建議含有阿司匹林的聯(lián)合抗栓期間應(yīng)用PPI(尤其是那些對(duì)CYP2C19活性影響最小的,如泮托拉唑),避免聯(lián)用非甾體類抗炎藥,雙聯(lián)抗板時(shí)氯吡格雷優(yōu)于普拉格雷或替格瑞洛[34,35],不中斷口服抗凝藥,橈動(dòng)脈入路優(yōu)于股動(dòng)脈入路,華法林優(yōu)于新型口服抗凝藥。暫時(shí)缺少更多支持性數(shù)據(jù),只能認(rèn)為歐洲或北美的共識(shí)是合理的。

        對(duì)于近期ACS(無(wú)論是否PCI)、實(shí)施過(guò)PCI(無(wú)論是擇期還是急診),抗栓方案是根據(jù)卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)選擇,對(duì)于卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低者(CHADS2≤1),那么雙聯(lián)抗血小板即可,而卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高者(CHADS2≥2),則選擇口服抗凝藥加阿司匹林加氯吡格雷三聯(lián)抗栓,數(shù)據(jù)表明純獲益,但問(wèn)題是出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,其消化道出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是雙聯(lián)抗板的5倍,也有人建議即使出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高也應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持三聯(lián)抗栓,如果出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特別高和或冠脈事件發(fā)生率確實(shí)低,那么推薦縮短三聯(lián)抗栓的時(shí)限,并給與胃黏膜保護(hù)劑等減少消化道出血[28,29]。新一代DES甚至生物可降解支架讓縮短三聯(lián)抗栓時(shí)間變得可能[11,30]。目前沒(méi)有公開發(fā)表的試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)含有普拉格雷或替格瑞洛來(lái)三聯(lián)抗栓的,但可以預(yù)測(cè)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也都高。我們需要更多關(guān)于房顫合并冠心病患者的抗栓策略的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。

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