田志保
摘 要:英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是語(yǔ)法課教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)和易混點(diǎn)。本文介紹一種新的教學(xué)方法——運(yùn)用時(shí)間線對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行教學(xué),它能夠激發(fā)學(xué)生們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使復(fù)雜抽象的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變得簡(jiǎn)單、具體、直觀,從而收到事半功倍的效果。
關(guān)鍵詞:動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài);時(shí)間線;直觀;興趣
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是語(yǔ)法課教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)中教師反復(fù)講解了好多遍(講的口干舌燥),但很多學(xué)生對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)仍然概念模糊,理不清頭緒,感覺(jué)抽象、枯燥。筆者在長(zhǎng)期的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,嘗試運(yùn)用時(shí)間線對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行教學(xué),并利用多媒體動(dòng)畫(huà)展示,激發(fā)了學(xué)生們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使復(fù)雜抽象的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變得簡(jiǎn)單、具體、直觀,收到了事半功倍的效果。
一、基本用法介紹
時(shí)間線跟數(shù)學(xué)上的坐標(biāo)軸類(lèi)似。如下圖所示:先畫(huà)一條帶箭頭的橫線,命名為時(shí)間線(Time Line),箭頭方向代表將來(lái)(見(jiàn)圖1);取橫線上的中間一處為現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(now)(見(jiàn)圖2)。
以此為分界點(diǎn),在它前面的表示將來(lái)(future),在它后面的表示過(guò)去(past)(圖3)。
二、時(shí)間線在四大類(lèi)時(shí)態(tài)中的應(yīng)用
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)(The Tense)其實(shí)是兩個(gè)概念:時(shí)間和狀態(tài),指動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和存在的狀態(tài)。從時(shí)間上劃分可分為四大類(lèi):現(xiàn)在時(shí),過(guò)去時(shí),將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
通過(guò)下面的時(shí)間線就能直觀的展示出來(lái)(見(jiàn)圖4,●表示某時(shí))。
每一類(lèi)從狀態(tài)上又可分為四種形式:一般式,進(jìn)行式,完成式和完成進(jìn)行式。
(一)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)包括:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
概念:表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
標(biāo)志:常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)always, often, usually, seldom, every day (week, month, etc), sometimes, now and then, from time to time, in the morning (afternoon, evening),once a year 等連用。
基本用法:(見(jiàn)圖5)
(1)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如:I go to see my grandmother every week.
(2)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的狀態(tài)或特征,多用于表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(如be, like, ready等)。如:
He is always ready to help others.
(3)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。如:
Summer comes after spring.
(4) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如:
Ill tell her about it as soon as I see her.
If it is fine tomorrow, well go to the park.
(5) 表示已決定或計(jì)劃要做(將來(lái))的事,常用于航班、列車(chē)時(shí)刻、開(kāi)學(xué)、開(kāi)會(huì)、電影開(kāi)始放映的時(shí)間等。這種用法常用于表示“來(lái)、去、開(kāi)始、結(jié)束”等動(dòng)詞:come, go, begin, start, end, stop, leave, arrive, return, stay, open, close, dine, depart等。如:
The train starts at two.
(6)用于圖片說(shuō)明或劇本中的動(dòng)作提示和背景說(shuō)明。如:
INSIDE THE SHELTER
Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.防空洞中,斯道克頓慢慢轉(zhuǎn)身,面對(duì)他的妻子。那群人正在離去,而他們憤怒的尖叫聲卻還回響在他們耳邊。(劇本中的背景說(shuō)明)
(7)電視節(jié)目直播解說(shuō)。如:
Yi Jian-lian passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots——a fine shot!
易建聯(lián)把球傳給姚明,姚明投籃,好球!
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況。
標(biāo)志:(1)常與表示此刻或現(xiàn)階段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now, today, at present, at this moment, this week (month, term, etc), these days, just等連用。(2)由Look! Listen!等引出的句子中通常要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
Look! They are dancing.
Listen! Somebody is singing.
基本用法:
(1)表示此刻或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (見(jiàn)圖6 所示,▲表示時(shí)刻)。如:
—What are you doing?
—I am writing.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行(見(jiàn)圖7 所示,表示時(shí)間段)。如:
—What are you doing these days?
—I am writing a new novel.
(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以與always, frequently, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等時(shí)間副詞連用,表示某種感情色彩,如責(zé)備、不滿或贊揚(yáng)(見(jiàn)圖8) 。如:
John is always thinking of others.(贊揚(yáng))
My father is forever criticizing me.(埋怨)
(4)有時(shí)表示一個(gè)按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這一用法僅適用于少數(shù)趨向性動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, stay, begin, return, spend, sail, meet, fly, take off, lose, die, do等,而且常跟一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(見(jiàn)圖9)。如:
Im leaving by train tonight.
The plane is taking off an hour later.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
概念:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)包括兩個(gè)含義:
①表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,此時(shí)要求句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(見(jiàn)圖10①,虛線箭頭表示非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果)。如:
He has gone to Shanghai.
He has been to Shanghai.
②表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能還要持續(xù)下去),此時(shí)要求句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(見(jiàn)圖10②,實(shí)線箭頭表示延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,并表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,后面的虛線箭頭表示可能持續(xù)下去)。如:
We have studied here for about five years.
標(biāo)志和基本用法:(見(jiàn)圖11)
(1)常與表示不定的過(guò)去的時(shí)間副詞,如already, yet, before, recently, lately, just, of late, in the past等連用。如:
They have already arrived.
I havent written the letter yet.
(2)常與表示頻度或次數(shù)的詞,如ever, never, once, rarely, once, twice, many times等連用。如:
—Have you ever been to Africa?
—No. Ive never been there. But Ive been to Europe many times.
(3)常與包含現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如now, just, today, this morning( week, month, etc), until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present, all day等連用。如:
I have just finished my homework now.
I have not heard from her so far.
(4)句中常含有(ever) since + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子或for + 一段時(shí)間的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He has lived here since he came to this city.
We have studied here for about two years.
(5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用在條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作(參見(jiàn)圖23,將來(lái)完成時(shí))。如:
He will come back as soon as he has finished his work.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)下去(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,未完成性)(見(jiàn)圖12,多條實(shí)線箭頭強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù), 虛線箭頭表示有可能繼續(xù)下去)。
標(biāo)志: 常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如all day (this morning, night, etc), the whole day (morning,afternoon, etc), these days (months, terms, etc), for hours以及since + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子或名詞等連用。
He has been painting the house the whole afternoon.
(二)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)包括:一般過(guò)去時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
概念:表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間(或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù))發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(見(jiàn)圖13、14)。如:
She asked me a lot of questions yesterday.
During his middle school years, he played football nearly every day.
標(biāo)志及基本用法:
(1)常與表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如yesterday, last night (week, month, etc), then, at that time ( moment), just now, a few days (weeks, months, etc) ago, from then (that night) on, afterwards, after that等以及由after, when, while等引導(dǎo)的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。
(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)也可以與today, this week( month, year)等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)指過(guò)去。如:
Did you see him today? 你今天見(jiàn)他了嗎?(today指今天已過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻)
(3)還常用于描述一些發(fā)生時(shí)間不清楚,但肯定是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情。如:
I was happy to hear from you.
What was the final score? 最后的比分如何?
I didnt expect to meet you here. 我(原來(lái))沒(méi)想到在這兒遇見(jiàn)你。
2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(見(jiàn)圖15、16)。如:
This time yesterday, they were having lunch.
We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday.
標(biāo)志及基本用法:
(1)句中常有(或暗含有)表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間或時(shí)刻的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或句子,如at that time, at nine yesterday, at the time, when I arrived等。
(2)也常與表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如yesterday, this morning等連用。
(3)還常與always, constantly等詞連用,表示某種感情色彩。如:
He was always coming home late. 他總是很晚回家(表示埋怨)。
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
概念:過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間(或動(dòng)作)以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(即動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”) (見(jiàn)圖17)。
標(biāo)志:(1)句子中常用by, by the end of, by the time, before, until, when等引導(dǎo)的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
(2)也可以與already, yet, still, just, ever, never等副詞以及hardly( scarcely) …when, no sooner… than句型連用。
(3)也可以用一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。如:
How many English stories had you read by the end of last term? (該句見(jiàn)圖18)
She realized she had made a mistake.
4. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間(或某動(dòng)作)以前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(見(jiàn)圖19,多條實(shí)線箭頭強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)
He said he had been doing experiments those days. 他說(shuō)他那幾天一直在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
標(biāo)志:同過(guò)去完成時(shí)的(1)、(3)標(biāo)志。
(三)將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)包括:一般將來(lái)時(shí),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
概念:一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(見(jiàn)圖20①、20②)。
標(biāo)志:常與表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如soon, next week (month, year, etc),tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in+ 一段時(shí)間,this afternoon (evening)等連用。如:
—Will you be free this afternoon?
—Yes, I will.
2. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(見(jiàn)圖21、22)。
標(biāo)志:常與表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如:this time tomorrow, this evening, next term等連用。如:
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
Well be having some new subjects for the next term.
3. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
概念:表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前完成的動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作往往對(duì)將來(lái)某時(shí)產(chǎn)生影響。(見(jiàn)圖23,實(shí)線箭頭表示延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到將來(lái)某時(shí);虛線箭頭表示非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)作已完成,但對(duì)將來(lái)某時(shí)有影響)
標(biāo)志:句中常與by, by the time, by the end of, when, before等引導(dǎo)的將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或never, soon,等詞連用。如:
The snow will have disappeared before the end of March.
Ill have been here for seven years by next February.
注意: by, by the time, by the end of+將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),句中用將來(lái)完成(進(jìn)行)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)完成(進(jìn)行)時(shí);by, by the time, by the end of + 過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),句中用過(guò)去完成(進(jìn)行)時(shí)。
4. 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某時(shí)的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)進(jìn)行(見(jiàn)圖24,多條實(shí)線箭頭強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)性)。如:
I shall have been living here for 15 years by the end of next month.