顏 珣,郭文秀,2,3,趙國玉,韓日疇*
(1.廣東省昆蟲研究所,廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲綜合治理重點實驗室,廣東省野生動物保護與利用公共實驗室,廣州 510260;2.中國科學院華南植物園,廣州 510650;3.中國科學院大學,北京 100039)
地下害蟲是指生活史的全部或大部分時間在土壤中生活,主要為害植物的地下部分或近地面部分的一類害蟲,其種類繁多,分布廣泛,適應性和隱蔽性強。目前已知的地下害蟲達300 多種,主要有金龜子、金針蟲、地老虎、螻蛄、根蛆等(魏紅軍和黃文琴,1992)。近年來,由于我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結構的調整,化學農(nóng)藥的持續(xù)大量使用,綜合防治地下害蟲措施缺乏等原因,導致地下害蟲發(fā)生為害日趨嚴重,給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成重大損失(高燕等,2011)。
昆蟲病原斯氏屬Steinernema 和異小桿屬Heterorhabditis 線蟲分 與腸桿 科Enterobacteriaceae 嗜線蟲桿菌屬Xenorhabdus 和發(fā)光桿菌屬Photorhabdus 的細菌互惠共生(Poinar,1990;Adams and Nguyen,2002),是一類專門寄生昆蟲的有益線蟲。這類線蟲具有殺蟲能力強,殺蟲譜廣,能主動搜索寄主,對人畜、環(huán)境安全等優(yōu)點,是國際上新型的高效生物殺蟲劑(Georgis et al.,2006),對地下害蟲特效(Kaya and Gaugler 1993;Grewal et al.,2005;Georgis et al.,2006;Yan et al.,2012)。
昆蟲病原線蟲對地下害蟲的防治效果受線蟲種類和品系及害蟲種類影響。本文主要綜述了利用昆蟲病原線蟲防治危害嚴重的金龜子、小地老虎、遲眼蕈蚊和黃曲條跳甲等害蟲的研究進展。
蠐螬是昆蟲綱鞘翅目Coleoptera 金龜子科Scarabaeidae 幼蟲的總稱,為土棲性害蟲中分布最廣、為害最嚴重的一大類群(羅晨等,2008)。一般一年一代或兩年一代,以三齡幼蟲為害最為嚴重。其食性復雜,主要以三齡幼蟲取食農(nóng)作物主要有花生、小麥、大豆、玉米、馬鈴薯、甘薯等的有機質及根冠,危害植物地下根莖,影響植物的正常生長,導致植物枯萎死亡 (王玉東等,2012)。
蠐螬是昆蟲病原線蟲首次應用于害蟲防治的目標害蟲(Glaser and Fox,1930),也是昆蟲病原線蟲應用研究最為廣泛的地下害蟲。經(jīng)過大量的研究和試驗,已篩選出一些種類或品系并成功地應用于蠐螬的防治(施用劑量≤2.5×109IJs/ha)。日本金龜子Popillia japonica 是國外危害較為嚴重的草坪地下害蟲,經(jīng)田間試驗篩選出多個H.bacteriophora 品系(Klein,1992;Downing,1994;Koppenh?fer et al.,2000a,b,2002;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a,b;Grewal et al.,2004),以及H.zealandica (Alm et al.,1997;Grewal et al.,2004),S.scarabaei (Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)等可用于該蠐螬的防治。日本金龜子對很多線蟲品系較為敏感,而其他草坪蠐螬則對少數(shù)線蟲品系較為敏感。多毛犀金龜Cyclocephala hirta 可用S.glaseri 線蟲防治(Converse and Grewal,1998);東方異麗金龜Anomala (Exomala) orientalis,栗馬絨金龜Maladera castanea 和歐洲切根鰓金龜Rhizotrogus majalis 目前僅則可采用S.scarabaei 進行有效防治(Cappaert and Koppenh?fer,2003;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a,c;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)。圓頭犀金龜Cyclocephala borealis 則可采用S.scarabaei、H.zealandica 和 H.bacteriophora 進行防(Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2003a;Grewal et al.,2004;Koppenh?fer et al.,2006)。
在我國,Guo et al.(2013;2014)應用S.longicaudum X-7,H.bacteriophora H06 線蟲(1.5×109IJs/ha 及7.5×108IJs/ha)在花生田對地下害蟲暗黑鰓金龜Holotrichia parallela,華北大黑鰓金龜H.oblita 進行了有效防治,可使蠐螬減退率達88%以上。許艷麗等(2008)采用溫室盆栽試驗(5 IJs/cm2)連續(xù)施用H.bacteriophora NJ 線蟲2-3 次可有效控制東北大黑鰓金龜幼蟲H.diomphalia (71.4%)。
由于同種線蟲對不同蠐螬種類的敏感性的差異較大,且線蟲單獨施用效果有時不穩(wěn)定(Klein,1990;Georgis and Gaugler,1991),目前人們除了不斷分離新的昆蟲病原線蟲品系用于不同蠐螬的防治,同時也在尋找其它一些環(huán)境友好型藥劑與線蟲混用以提高線蟲防治效果。氯化煙酰類殺蟲劑吡蟲啉作為一種廣譜、低毒、持效期長的藥劑,與線蟲混用可以提高對多種蠐螬的作用效果,是目前較為成功的一種線蟲增效藥劑(Koppenh?fer et al.,2000b;Koppenh?fer et al.,2002,2003;Koppenh?fer and Grewal,2005;Koppenh?fer and Fuzy,2008;王玉東等,2012)。另外,張中潤等(2006)在室內(nèi)測定篩選低毒化學藥劑對S.longicaudum X-7 線蟲的作用結果表明,昆蟲生長調節(jié)劑類藥劑除蟲脲在66.7 mg/L 條件下對該線蟲防治卵圓齒爪鰓金龜H.ovata 三齡幼蟲具有增效作用。Koppenh?fer and Fuzy (2008)報道,苯甲酰胺類殺蟲劑氯蟲苯甲酰胺與H.bacteriophora 混用防治三齡日本金龜子、東方異麗金龜三齡幼蟲表現(xiàn)出相加或協(xié)同增效作用。
研究表明,應用昆蟲病原線蟲或將昆蟲病原線蟲與環(huán)境友好型藥劑混用可有效防治多種蠐螬,昆蟲病原線蟲與其他生防因子以及多種線蟲混用防治蠐螬值得繼續(xù)研究。
小地老 Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)是地老虎中分布最廣,危害最嚴重的種類。經(jīng)歷干旱年份的小地老虎分布區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)小地老虎大爆發(fā)災情,使農(nóng)作物嚴重減產(chǎn),給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來嚴重損失(趙永根,2007;郭秀芝,2009;高燕等,2011)。小地老虎的最佳生長發(fā)育溫度在18-27℃之間。小地老虎幼蟲取食玉米、高粱、豆類等糧食作物,麻類、煙草等經(jīng)濟作物以及菠菜、油菜、瓜類等多種蔬菜(Rings et al.,1975)。一二齡幼蟲取食幼苗,三齡幼蟲取食幼苗及嫩莖,造成植株的死亡。三齡幼蟲一般鉆入土中,只有取食時才爬到土層淺表食葉或為害根系(楊健全等,2000)。老熟幼蟲食量增大,嚴重破壞農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量和質量。
應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治小地老虎的研究已從室內(nèi)優(yōu)勢線蟲品系及最佳濃度和溫度的篩選推進到田間的小型試驗。早期研究主要是在室內(nèi)應用單一種線蟲(主要是S.carpocapsae)對小地老虎單一齡期的幼蟲(三齡幼蟲及以上)的進行毒力測定(Capinera et al.,1988;Morris et al.,1990;Baur et al.,1997),并且有一些盆栽實驗以及在玉米地進行的田間實驗 (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi,1992;Kaya et al.,1993;Shapiro et al.,1999;楊健全等,2000)??傮w來說,S.carpocapsae和H.bacteriophora 是對小地老虎毒力較好的線蟲品種,在2.5×109IJ/ha 的施用濃度下對草坪小地老虎的防控效果可達95% 及62% (Georgis and Poinar,1994)。楊健全等(2000)在煙草地進行田間實驗時,比較了采用毒餌法(用煙苗浸蘸線蟲液置于煙苗根際)和澆灌法(于煙苗根際施用線蟲液)施用線蟲的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)用毒餌法更有利于提高線蟲的防效,當線蟲劑量為2×104IJ/株時的防效可達到80%以上,顯著高于化學農(nóng)藥25%喹硫磷的處理。Ebssa and Koppenh?fer (2012)室內(nèi)測定發(fā)現(xiàn),H.megidis 對小地老虎毒力最強,其次是H.bacteriophora,而盆栽實驗結果顯示S.carpocapsae 毒力最高,其次為H.bacteriophora,H.megidis 和S.riobrave;老熟幼蟲(四齡和五齡)對線蟲最為敏感,蛹則最不敏感;測定的4種線蟲在30 IJ/頭幼蟲的濃度下就能有高達90%的致死率,而田間施用時0.5×109IJ/ha 的施用濃度能夠對五齡幼蟲有100%的控制效果;活體培養(yǎng)的H.megidis 和S.carpocapsae 對五齡幼蟲的防治效果好于體外培養(yǎng)的線蟲,但是培養(yǎng)方式對 H.bacteriophora 和S.riobrave 兩種線蟲的活力則沒有影響。在害蟲齡期越小時對害蟲進行有效的防控,將有利于加強防控的效果。Yan et al.(2014)等篩選到的S.carpocapsae Mex 和H.indica LN2 線蟲,在25℃時對小地老虎二齡幼蟲的毒力高于對三齡及四齡幼蟲的毒力。在白菜地應用這兩種線蟲防控小地老虎幼蟲,在2×109IJ/ha 施用濃度下,S.carpocapsae Mex 對小地老虎的防控效果最好,蟲苗率在14 d 時僅為7.4%,顯著低于H.indica LN2 和毒死蜱及氟氯氰菊酯處理的試驗區(qū)。
應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治小地老虎的田間實驗一般都是先人工釋放小地老虎幼蟲再進行實驗(楊健全等,2000;Ebssa and Koppenhofer,2012;Yan et al.,2014 等),因此對于在小地老虎幼蟲自然發(fā)生的種植區(qū)昆蟲病原線蟲的防治效果還需要進一步的研究。同時,也需開展將昆蟲病原線蟲與其他多種生防因子共同用于小地老虎的防控研究,以期建立小地老虎的綜合防控技術。
韭蛆是韭菜根蛆,遲眼蕈蚊 Bradysia odoriphaga 的幼蟲簡稱,一直是影響韭菜生產(chǎn)的重要害蟲(孫瑞紅等,2004)。韭蛆分布地域廣泛,在中國北方年發(fā)生4-6 代,以春秋危害最為嚴重。其卵孵化成幼蟲潛伏入韭菜莖和根內(nèi),蛀食假莖和鱗莖,造成植株葉片失綠、枯黃萎蔫,甚至發(fā)生莖基部腐爛,引起整墩韭菜死亡,產(chǎn)量損失可達60%以上(馮惠琴和鄭方強,1987)。
國內(nèi)對應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治韭蛆做了很多工作。楊秀芬等(2004)篩選出S.feltiae PS4 對韭蛆的防治效果可達80%以上,田間小區(qū)試驗防治效果達55.8%。孫瑞紅等 (2007)對H.indica LN2 線蟲侵染韭蛆的溫度、土壤含水量以及線蟲劑量進行了室內(nèi)生物測定,結果表明,H.indica LN2 線蟲侵染的適宜溫度為25-30℃,土壤濕度為12%左右,最佳劑量每頭韭菜遲眼蕈蚊幼蟲施用線蟲200 IJs。Ma et al.(2013)對昆蟲病原線蟲防治韭蛆齡期、線蟲最佳劑量及田間防治效果進行了研究,結果表明,在100 IJs/蟲條件下,S.feltiae JY-17 線蟲對韭蛆的致死率可達97%;多種線蟲對三齡和四齡幼蟲的敏感性(>70%)優(yōu)于對二齡幼蟲的敏感性(<50%);S.ceratophorum HQA-87 和H.indica ZZ-68 對蛹的致死率分別達83% 和80%;田間應用 S.feltiae JY-17 和S.hebeiense JY-82 線蟲28 d (100 IJs/cm2)時可使韭蛆種群密度下降52%以上。趙國玉(2013)對韭蛆進行了室內(nèi)測定結果顯示,H.indica LN2 線蟲在25-30℃,75 IJs/蟲處理條件下對韭蛆侵染率達80%。田間施用H.indica LN2 線蟲濃度為22.5×108IJs/ha 時,14 d 后韭蛆的蟲口密度即降為原來的50%,與辛硫磷無顯著差異;到防治后期(35-77 d),辛硫磷處理的韭蛆呈現(xiàn)爆發(fā)狀態(tài)(蟲口密度高達1195 頭/m2),而線蟲表現(xiàn)出有效的持續(xù)性防治作用,蟲口密度維持在100 頭/m2以下。
將昆蟲病原線蟲與環(huán)境友好型化學藥劑混用防治韭蛆也有初步研究。孫瑞紅和李愛華(2007)將吡蟲啉、楝素稀釋 4000 倍以上與H.bacteriophora H06 線蟲混用室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)皿測定對韭蛆的死亡率可達87.0%以上。趙國玉(2013)也測定了四種低毒藥劑氯蟲苯甲酰胺、除蟲脲、吡蟲啉、楝素與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica 線蟲混用對韭蛆的防治效果,其中只有吡蟲啉與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲混用對韭蛆表現(xiàn)出增效作用。吡蟲啉與H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲混用可顯著提高線蟲對韭蛆的侵染率(77.5%-97.5%),顯著高于H.bacteriophora H06、H.indica LN2 線蟲單獨處理對韭蛆的侵染率(分別為22.5%和37.5%)。
應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治韭蛆取得了一定效果,但仍需在韭蛆化學增效劑的篩選、線蟲與線蟲混用防治韭蛆以及線蟲防治韭蛆田間可持續(xù)性方面繼續(xù)開展相關研究。
黃曲條跳甲Phyllotreta striolata 最早分布于歐亞大陸,現(xiàn)已擴散至整個東方地區(qū)、太平洋區(qū)域以及南非。寄主植物包括十字花科的野生與栽培植物,如:甘藍、大白菜、蘿卜、蕪箐、油菜等,茄科植物、西瓜和豆類均是黃曲條跳甲的寄主植物(Tansey et al.,2008)。黃曲條跳甲成蟲取食植株地上部分,葉片上留下許多孔洞,還可取食幼苗莖部,幼蟲取食細根或根毛,對植株的產(chǎn)量及質量均嚴重影響。在華南溫暖的氣候條件下黃曲條跳甲可連續(xù)發(fā)育,一年至少有兩個發(fā)育高峰,可對蔬菜造成周年危害(高澤正等,2000;張茂新等,2000)。
應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治黃曲條跳甲的研究始于室內(nèi)對線蟲致死黃曲條跳甲幼蟲能力的測定。魏洪義等(1992)在室內(nèi)測定了S.feltiae 線蟲對黃曲條跳甲幼蟲的感染力,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著黃曲條跳甲幼蟲齡期的增加,線蟲感染力增加;Xu et al.(2010)建立了黃曲條跳甲室內(nèi)種群的飼養(yǎng)方法并從20 個不同品系的線蟲中篩選到H.indica 212-2和S.pakistanense 94-1 兩個品系的昆蟲病原線蟲對跳甲幼蟲毒力較強,并測定了溫度、線蟲濃度及跳甲幼蟲齡期對線蟲毒力的影響。黃曲條跳甲三齡幼蟲比一齡、二齡幼蟲及蛹對線蟲的敏感性更高,是線蟲攻擊的主要目標齡期。魏洪義和王國漢 (1993)在廣州、深圳等多個地點施用S.carpocapsae 線蟲對黃曲條跳甲幼蟲的種群數(shù)量進行控制,結果顯示,在蔬菜移栽至收割期間,施用2-3 次1×106IJ/m2劑量的線蟲懸液或5×105IJ/m2與1000 倍的敵百蟲混合液對黃曲條跳甲有較好的防治效果。侯有明等(2001)采用條帶式施用方法,線蟲用量為1.75×109IJ/ha 時,對黃曲條跳甲幼蟲的感染率在71.28%左右,防效為72.2%,與全施無顯著差異,能降低黃曲條跳甲的種群趨勢指數(shù),干擾黃曲條跳甲的種群增長。Kakizaki (2004)在蘿卜生長期施用S.carpocapsae,濃度為2.5-5×105IJ/m2時對蘿卜根系黃曲條跳甲幼蟲的控制效果較好,跳甲幼蟲減少了3-5 倍。Yan et al.(2013)將商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的S.carpocapsae 和H.indica 線蟲應用于蔬菜地防治黃曲條跳甲幼蟲,在1.5×109IJ/ha 施用濃度下,兩種線蟲都能減少田間跳甲地下齡期的種群數(shù)量,從而減少跳甲成蟲種群及成蟲導致的葉面蟲洞數(shù),增加蔬菜產(chǎn)量及質量,線蟲對跳甲的防控效果好于單次施用魚藤酮。Yan et al.(2013)還將印楝素與線蟲混用,印楝素可在短時間內(nèi)增加S.carpocapsae 線蟲對跳甲的防控效果。
雖然S.feltiae 室內(nèi)對跳甲成蟲的LC50為每成蟲483-1467 IJs,具有在田間防治跳甲成蟲的應用潛力(Trdan et al.,2008),但由于昆蟲病原線蟲在土壤里具有更好的持效性(Guo et al.,2013),所以應用昆蟲病原線蟲防治跳甲幼蟲,進而控制成蟲數(shù)量更具有實際意義。今后的研究應考慮建立將防治幼蟲的昆蟲病原線蟲與防治成蟲的低濃度生物源或化學農(nóng)藥混用的綜合防控技術,以更好地控制黃曲條跳甲的危害。
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