建筑設(shè)計(jì)：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

成都華林小學(xué)臨時(shí)紙質(zhì)校舍，成都，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

1 內(nèi)景/Interior view

該項(xiàng)目由日本與中國(guó)的大學(xué)合作完成，具體內(nèi)容是設(shè)計(jì)與建造紙管結(jié)構(gòu)的臨時(shí)教室，項(xiàng)目所在的小學(xué)曾于2008年5月在四川大地震中受災(zāi)。盡管大部分重建援助項(xiàng)目都是臨時(shí)住宅的建設(shè)，我們?nèi)缘玫搅顺啥汲扇A區(qū)教育局要求重建校舍的邀請(qǐng)。原先的校舍被官方認(rèn)定為不能繼續(xù)使用，并作為被推遲重建的部分教學(xué)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目被完全關(guān)閉。因此，我們用紙管重建了一些臨時(shí)教室，它們成本低廉且可循環(huán)利用，使用的建筑材料也可在當(dāng)?shù)孬@得。整個(gè)暑假期間，共約有120名日本與中國(guó)的志愿者協(xié)同工作，在日益深入的相互理解中完成了項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)工程。為此，我們研究出簡(jiǎn)單易行的建構(gòu)方法與平面方案，適合志愿者等技術(shù)不熟練的人員進(jìn)行施工。通過合理的施工管理，大約共用40天完成了3座建筑（共9間教室） 的建設(shè)任務(wù)。這是在中國(guó)建成的首批紙管建筑，也是在四川大地震災(zāi)區(qū)最早得到重建的校園建筑。（徐知蘭 譯）

2 鳥瞰/Aerial view

This collaborative project between the Japanese and Chinese universities involved the design and construction of temporary paper-tubestructured classrooms at the elementary school struck by the Sichuan earthquake on May 2008. While most of the reconstruction projects were temporary housing, we received a request from the Chengdu Education Bureau to rebuild classroom buildings. These buildings had been officially designated as unusable and had been completely shut down as part of the delayed reconstruction of educational facilities. We therefore designed some temporary classrooms to be built of paper tubes, which are cheap, recyclable, reusable, and readily available on site. During the summer vacation, about 120 Japanese and Chinese volunteers worked together on the construction with increasing mutual understandings. We developed simple building methods and plans suited to unskilled people like volunteers. With appropriate construction management, three buildings (nine classrooms in total) were completed in about forty days. These were the first buildings of papertube structure in China and also the first school buildings that had been rebuilt in the earthquakestricken area.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: Keio University Shigeru Ban + Hironori Matsubara Laboratory

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)/Structural Engineer: Minoru Tezuka

建筑施工/Construction: Keio University Shigeru Ban+ Hironori Matsubara Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University (China), The Education Department of Chenghua District in Chengdu City (China)

主要結(jié)構(gòu)/Main Structure: 紙管，木/Paper tubes, wood

基底面積/Building Area: 614.4m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 614.4m2

建成時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2008.09

攝影/Photos: LI Jun

3 外景/Exterior view

評(píng)論

馮江：學(xué)生對(duì)汶川大地震中遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的學(xué)校產(chǎn)生了復(fù)雜的情緒。坂茂和志愿者們?yōu)槿A林小學(xué)快速搭建了3棟平行排列的紙管結(jié)構(gòu)臨時(shí)校舍。每間教室寬6m、長(zhǎng)9.76m、柱高2.44m，有頂光的教室寬敞明亮、尺度親切。每個(gè)教室橫向四步五架、有鋼絲拉結(jié)，步長(zhǎng)1.8m；長(zhǎng)向?yàn)?個(gè)開間，每開間2.44m寬。由擎檐柱和陽光板屋檐構(gòu)成的檐廊為學(xué)生們找回了課間的快樂時(shí)光。

郝琳：多快好省的實(shí)踐性創(chuàng)新

因?yàn)橐苍鴧⑴c四川災(zāi)后重建，所以很留心他人是如何切入災(zāi)區(qū)。坂茂的方式，簡(jiǎn)單地說，是實(shí)踐適合災(zāi)區(qū)的“多快好省”的方法。構(gòu)造來得干凈利落，無非是連接橫縱向紙管的木連接件和張力金屬拉索桿組成?；蛟S是受了福勒的影響，建筑從他早期的厚重承重紙墻和紙柱列的方式，邁向了輕型構(gòu)建的轉(zhuǎn)化（類似坂茂在京都藝術(shù)與建筑大學(xué)的系列實(shí)驗(yàn)）。進(jìn)步的是，用料更為環(huán)保精簡(jiǎn)；分層的構(gòu)造，更易于替換和拓展，適應(yīng)性也更高，更易加工、建造和鼓勵(lì)公眾參與。這棟建筑，是“成本/重量/強(qiáng)度/能源”的創(chuàng)新思考模式，其取向完全逾越了多數(shù)日本當(dāng)代建筑師唯美感知的界限。

4.5 草圖/Sketch

Comments

FENG Jiang: Students had mixed emotions towards the schools severely damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake. On the campus of Hualin Elementary School of Chengdu city, three parallel classroom buildings in paper-tube structure were assembled in a short time by Shigeru Ban and volunteers. Each classroom is 6m in width and 9.76m in length. The columns are 2.44m in height. All the classrooms are spacious, top-lit, and of an amiable scale. The section of each classroom consists of 4 spans and 5 paper-tube beams, secured by steel wires. The span is 1.8m wide. Lengthwise there are 4 bays. Each bay is 2.44m wide.The eave gallery forms an attractive space for students to enjoy their playtime.

HAO Lin: Action Research for Reality

Once participated in post-earthquake reconstruction in Sichuan, I pay much attention to how other people approach the issue. In short, Shigeru Ban's method was to test an efficient and economical mode suitable for disaster areas. The construction is straightforwardconsisting of no more than paper tube beams connected by wooden joints and tension rods. Probably influenced by Buckminster Fuller, Ban's architecture has evolved from the heavy load-bearing paper wall and paper colonnade system in his earlier works, to a lighter structure (similar to his series of experiments in the Kyoto Art and Architecture University). The choice of material choice is now more of environmental and economic concerns and the layering structure is easier to be replaced or developed. Additionally, the building has become more adaptive, easier to be prefabricated and constructed, and more participable by general public. Ban's architecture represents an innovative way of thinking about "cost, weight, strength, energy".The approach has much exceeded the purely aesthetic limits of most contemporary Japanese architects.

Paper Temporary Chengdu Hualin Elementary School, Chengdu, China, 2008

Architects: Shigeru Ban Architects

12 草圖/Sketch