李祖濤 徐江波 徐萬龍 繆曉剛 袁宏
. 論著 Original article .
雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)表面置換術(shù)的不同手術(shù)方案療效比較
李祖濤 徐江波 徐萬龍 繆曉剛 袁宏
目的比較同一住院周期 1 次手術(shù)、同一住院周期分次手術(shù)與分次住院行雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)表面置換術(shù) ( total knee arthroplasty,TKA ) 的療效及其影響因素。方法回顧性分析 2003 年至 2011 年,在我科接受雙膝關(guān)節(jié)表面置換的病例共 378 例,其中 352 例獲得為期 2 年的隨訪。根據(jù)雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間不同,分為同一住院周期 1 次手術(shù)組 128 例 ( A 組 )、同一住院周期分次手術(shù)組 118 例 ( B 組 ) 與分次住院組 106 例 ( C 組 ),比較 3 組患者術(shù)前因素、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、療效差異。結(jié)果患者年齡 A 組 ( 65.0±6.8 ) 歲低于 B 組 ( 70.8±7.6 ) 歲和 C 組 ( 70.2±7.7 ) 歲,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ),B 組與 C 組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 );術(shù)前合并癥 A 組少于 B,C 兩組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 );總住院時(shí)間,A 組 ( 13.6± 3.2 ) 天,較 B 組 ( 22.5±6.2 ) 天與 C 組 ( 27.4±7.3 ) 天短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ),后兩組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 );圍術(shù)期輸血量,A 組 ( 732.4±375.1 ) ml,高于 B 組 ( 501.7±207.2 ) ml 和 C 組 ( 510.9± 208.8 ) ml,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ),而 B、C 兩組間,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 );A,B,C 3 組手術(shù)前后的 HSS 評(píng)分差值分別為 ( 32.9±12.3 ),( 33.2±12.8 ),( 33.4±11.9 );圍術(shù)期總出血量分別為 ( 1071.6±112.3 ) ml,( 986.4±121.7 ) ml,( 1036.1±98.7 ) ml;總手術(shù)時(shí)間分別為 ( 171.9±30.1 ) min,( 183.7±32.2 ) min,( 182.7±32.4) min;術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率及病死率 A,B,C 3 組差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 )。結(jié)論在患者基礎(chǔ)條件允許和充分的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備條件下,同期雙膝置換可獲得與分期雙膝置換或分次住院行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換同樣的遠(yuǎn)期療效。
膝關(guān)節(jié);人工膝關(guān)節(jié);關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,膝;外科手術(shù);治療方案
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換技術(shù) ( total knee arthroplasty,TKA ) 作為治療終末期膝關(guān)節(jié)病變的手術(shù)治療方法被引進(jìn)國內(nèi) 30 余年,目前此技術(shù)已相當(dāng)成熟,并被廣泛地應(yīng)用于骨科臨床,改善了越來越多的膝關(guān)節(jié)病變患者的膝關(guān)節(jié)功能乃至生活質(zhì)量。其對(duì)于各種原因所致的膝關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙性疾病均具有良好的療效,并已成為重要的、有效的治療膝關(guān)節(jié)病變的手段,15 年成功率已超過 90%[1-2]。而臨床上對(duì)于同時(shí)存在雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)終末期病變的患者,可以同期行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),也可以分期行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[3-4]。大量文獻(xiàn)已經(jīng)詳細(xì)介紹了雙側(cè)全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的時(shí)機(jī)選擇,但在手術(shù)安全性及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等方面一直存在爭議[5]。我院開展膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)以來,進(jìn)行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的手術(shù)方式有:同一住院周期1 次手術(shù),同一住院周期分次手術(shù),分次住院 3 種方案。本研究通過中長期隨訪,旨在對(duì)以上 3 種不同方案中,患者術(shù)前一般狀況、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后療效進(jìn)行比較,為臨床行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)方案的選擇提供依據(jù)。
一、一般資料
回顧總結(jié) 2003 年至 2011 年,我科行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換病例 378 例,其中 352 例獲得為期 2 年的隨訪,并記錄隨訪資料。根據(jù)雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間不同分為:同一住院周期 1 次手術(shù)組 128 例( A 組 ),同一住院周期分次手術(shù)組 118 例 ( B 組 ),分次住院組 106 例 ( C 組 )。A 組 128 例中,男 60 例,女 68 例,平均年齡 ( 65.0±6.8 ) 歲。B 組 118 例其手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間為 7~15 天,男 61 例,女 57 例,平均年齡 ( 70.8±7.6 ) 歲。C 組 106 例中,男 50 例,女56 例,平均年齡 ( 70.2±7.7 ) 歲。比較 3 組患者術(shù)前因素、療效、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等方面的差異。
二、治療方法
術(shù)前進(jìn)行全面的體格檢查和輔助檢查,充分了解患者的基礎(chǔ)身體情況,并準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估患者手術(shù)耐受能力。對(duì)有高血壓的患者,血壓控制在160 / 90 mm Hg ( 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa ) 以下;糖尿病的患者,控制血糖低于 8.7 mmol / L,術(shù)中術(shù)后繼續(xù)使用胰島素并維持血糖在基本正常水平。
手術(shù)均由我科同一高年資主任醫(yī)師完成,麻醉方式采用硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉,具體手術(shù)過程從略。全部留置負(fù)壓引流管于膝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè),逐層縫合。術(shù)中所用假體均為進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品并全部使用骨水泥固定。
術(shù)后當(dāng)天切口用彈力繃帶加壓包扎、冰敷,查血常規(guī),根據(jù)引流量及血紅蛋白量決定術(shù)后是否補(bǔ)充血容量或輸血,48 h 內(nèi)拔除引流管,并記錄引流量。術(shù)前 30 min 常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素,并在術(shù)后 24~72 h 內(nèi)停藥。術(shù)后當(dāng)天開始主動(dòng)鍛煉股四頭肌。使用低分子肝素或利伐沙班規(guī)范抗凝。術(shù)后及出院后指導(dǎo)患者功能鍛煉。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
收集患者年齡、術(shù)前 HSS 評(píng)分、術(shù)后 2 年 HSS評(píng)分、總手術(shù)時(shí)間、總住院時(shí)間、圍術(shù)期總出血量、圍術(shù)期總輸血量,術(shù)前合并癥 ( 包括高血壓病、冠心病、糖尿病、腦血管病及呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病 )及主要術(shù)后并發(fā)癥 ( 包括深靜脈血栓、肺栓塞、傷口感染及心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥 ) 的發(fā)生率。其中圍術(shù)期總出血量=術(shù)中出血量+引流量+隱性失血量。隱性失血量應(yīng)用 Nadler,Hidalo,Bloch[6]方程計(jì)算。應(yīng)用 SPSS l7.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)資料 ( 性別、術(shù)前合并癥、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的概率等 ) 采用卡方檢驗(yàn);對(duì)計(jì)量資料 ( 年齡、總住院天數(shù)、總手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量和輸血 HSS 評(píng)分 ) 進(jìn)行方差齊性檢驗(yàn),符合后采用方差分析作統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、A,B,C 3 組患者術(shù)前因素比較
結(jié)果表明:B 組和 C 組術(shù)前合并高血壓病、冠心病、糖尿病的比例均高于 A 組,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ),B、C 組間比較在以上并發(fā)癥差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 )。腦血管病及呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病3組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 ) ( 表 1 )。
表1 A,B,C 3 組患者術(shù)前情況的比較 ( % )Tab.1 Comparison of the general conditions of the patients before the bilateral TKA among group A, group B and group C ( % )
二、A,B,C 3 組患者圍術(shù)期情況的比較
結(jié)果表明:A,B,C 3 組住院時(shí)間差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ),其中 A 組住院時(shí)間最短,但總輸血量 A 組明顯高于 B、C 兩組 ( P<0.05 ),后兩者比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;3 組總手術(shù)時(shí)間、總出血量比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 ) ( 表 2 )。
表2 A,B,C 3 組患者圍術(shù)期情況的比較 ( x-±s )Tab.2 Comparison of the perioperative conditions of the patients among group A, group B and group C ( x-±s )
三、A,B,C 3 組患者療效的比較
結(jié)果表明:在術(shù)后 2 年 HSS 評(píng)分與術(shù)前 HSS 評(píng)分的差值及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和病死率方面,3 組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P>0.05 ) ( 表 3 )。
表3 A,B,C 3 組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和病死率比較 ( x-±s )Tab.3 Comparison of the postoperative complications and mortality rate of the patients among group A, group B and group C ( x-±s )
對(duì)于雙膝關(guān)節(jié)均有置換指征的患者選擇行一期行膝關(guān)節(jié)置換還是分期置換仍然是困擾臨床醫(yī)生及患者的一個(gè)重要問題。
一、術(shù)前年齡、合并癥、總住院費(fèi)用、總住院時(shí)間與手術(shù)方式的關(guān)系
本研究結(jié)果表明,一期手術(shù)組患者年齡較另外兩組小,術(shù)前合并癥相對(duì)較少,這可能與多數(shù)臨床醫(yī)生更愿意選擇基礎(chǔ)條件相對(duì)較好的患者行同期手術(shù),而將年齡較大,術(shù)前合并癥較多等身體基礎(chǔ)條件較差的患者行分期手術(shù)有關(guān);同時(shí)得出一期手術(shù)組總住院費(fèi)用及總住院時(shí)間比分期手術(shù)或分次住院組低。其原因可能與同期手術(shù)患者只需一次麻醉、術(shù)后患者可同時(shí)進(jìn)行雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉住院時(shí)間相對(duì)較短等因素有關(guān)。
二、不同手術(shù)方式的并發(fā)癥及遠(yuǎn)期療效
手術(shù)安全性及術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期療效一直是患者及臨床醫(yī)生最為關(guān)注的問題,該方面的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果也存在很多爭議:Memtsoudis 等[7]報(bào)道,盡管同期雙膝TKA 患者的平均年齡更低、術(shù)前合并癥程度更輕,但這些患者的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和住院病死率比分期手術(shù)患者高。而 Worland 等[8-10]比較總結(jié)了同期雙膝置換術(shù)與分期雙膝置換隨訪結(jié)果,認(rèn)為在HSS 評(píng)分和 ROM 方面,同期與分期行雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的臨床療效、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,也未證實(shí)哪種手術(shù)方式安全。
本研究通過對(duì)比 3 組術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,術(shù)前和術(shù)后 2 年 HSS 評(píng)分差值來評(píng)估患者術(shù)后疼痛和功能的改善情況。C 組手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間為 15 天至 1 年。因根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[11]記載,手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間超過 1 年行 2 次手術(shù),其前后 2 次手術(shù)的相關(guān)性減少,等同于 2 次單側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換。結(jié)果表明,3 組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率及術(shù)后 2 年時(shí) HSS 評(píng)分差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。雖然同期雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換存在麻醉及手術(shù)時(shí)間較長、術(shù)中失血量較多、麻醉的同時(shí)松止血帶可能引起血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定等客觀因素,但筆者認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的原因與手術(shù)室基礎(chǔ)條件、手術(shù)醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)及熟練程度、規(guī)范化操作、麻醉技術(shù)及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛等因素有關(guān)。
三、總手術(shù)時(shí)間、圍術(shù)期出血量比較
本研究中,3 組間比較總的手術(shù)時(shí)間沒有顯著差異,但同期手術(shù)組總輸血量明顯高于分期手術(shù)及分次手術(shù)組,這與 Thavarajah 等[12-14]的研究結(jié)果一致。說明盡管手術(shù)時(shí)間相同,同期手術(shù)對(duì)患者造成的創(chuàng)傷更大,需要的血液支持治療也更多。其原因可能與很多臨床醫(yī)生在無明確的客觀輸血指征情況下,主觀認(rèn)為同期手術(shù)患者需要更多的血液儲(chǔ)備來更好地渡過圍手術(shù)期,所以通常在術(shù)中給予較多的預(yù)防性輸血有關(guān),當(dāng)然要明確其原因還有待于有良好設(shè)計(jì)的多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
總之,目前雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)方案選擇仍存在很多爭議,而在手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及術(shù)后功能等方面以上方案尚缺乏論證性更強(qiáng)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,無法明確其差異。本研究結(jié)果表明,同期手術(shù)組患者術(shù)前的基礎(chǔ)條件比另外兩組相對(duì)較好,對(duì)手術(shù)具有更高的耐受性,可以縮短住院時(shí)間,同時(shí)適當(dāng)?shù)臏p輕了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),但有可能增加圍術(shù)期的出血量。術(shù)后雙膝功能恢復(fù)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥 3 組間比較也無明顯差異。因此,對(duì)于年齡較大,術(shù)前合并癥多的患者我們主張行分期手術(shù) ( 同一住院周期內(nèi)分期雙膝關(guān)節(jié)置換或不同住院周期均可 ),對(duì)于年齡較小、術(shù)前合并癥少或無合并癥的患者,我們主張一期手術(shù)。當(dāng)然,術(shù)前各方面的充分準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)中嫻熟的手術(shù)技巧,術(shù)后合理的功能鍛煉以及有效的并發(fā)癥防范都是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵因素。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
A comparison of effects of different surgical methods in bilateral total knee arthroplasty
LI Zu-tao, XU Jiang-bo, XU Wan-long, MIAO Xiao-gang, YUAN Hong. Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinkiang, 830000, PRC
ObjectiveTo analyze the influence factors and compare the curative effects of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty ( TKA ) in 1 hospitalization period, staggered bilateral TKA in 1 hospitalization period or staggered bilateral TKA in 2 hospitalization periods.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2011, 378 patients undergoing simultaneous and staged bilateral TKA were enrolled in the study, among whom 352 patients were followed up for at least 2 years. All the patients were divided into 3 groups based on the surgical intervals, including group A of simultaneous bilateral TKA in 1 hospitalization period ( n=128 ), group B of staggered bilateral TKA in 1 hospitalization period ( n=118 ) and group C of staggered bilateral TKA in 2 hospitalization periods ( n=106 ). A retrospective review of each group was conducted to compare the preoperative factors, postoperative complications and differences of curative effects.ResultsThe average age in group A was ( 65.0±6.8 ) years old, who were older than ( 70.8±7.6 ) years old in group B and ( 70.2±7.7 ) years old in group C, and the differences were statistically signifcant ( P<0.05 ). The differences in the average age between group B and group C were not statistically signifcant ( P>0.05 ). The preoperative complications of group A were less than that in group B and group C, and the differences were statistically signifcant ( P<0.05 ). The total duration of hospitalization was ( 13.6±3.2 ) d in group A, which was shorter than ( 22.5±6.2 ) d in group B and ( 27.4±7.3 ) d in group C, and the differences were statistically signifcant ( P<0.05 ). The differences in the total duration of hospitalization between group B and group C were not statistically significant ( P>0.05 ). The perioperative blood transfusion volume in group A was ( 732.4±375.1 ) ml, which was larger than ( 501.7±207.2 ) ml in group B and ( 510.9±208.8 ) ml in group C, and the differences were statisticallysignifcant ( P<0.05 ). The differences in the perioperative blood transfusion volume between group B and group C were not statistically signifcant ( P>0.05 ). The difference value between the preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery ( HSS ) score and the postoperative score was ( 32.9±12.3 ), ( 33.2±12.8 ) and ( 33.4±11.9 ) respectively in 3 groups. The total perioperative blood loss was ( 1071.6±112.3 ) ml, ( 986.4±121.7 ) ml and ( 1036.1±98.7 ) ml, and the total operation time was ( 171.9±30.1 ) min, ( 183.7±32.2 ) min and ( 182.7±32.4 ) min respectively. The differences in the postoperative complication and mortality rate were not statistically significant among the 3 groups ( P>0.05 ).ConclusionsWith well preoperative preparation and reasonable patient selection, the same long-term curative results can be achieved in simultaneous bilateral TKA in 1 hospitalization period as in staggered bilateral TKA in 1 hospitalization period or in staggered bilateral TKA in 2 hospitalization periods.
Knee joint; Knee prosthesis; Arthroplasty, replacement, knee; Surgical procedures, operative; Treatment protocols
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.11.014
R687.4
830000 烏魯木齊,新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院 ( 李祖濤 );830001 烏魯木齊,新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院骨一科 ( 徐江波、徐萬龍、繆曉剛、袁宏 )
袁宏,Email: 710999438@qq.com
2013-12-08 )