李忠哲 郭陽(yáng) 田光磊
手部掌指骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的診斷和治療
李忠哲 郭陽(yáng) 田光磊
目的分析手部掌指骨的動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的臨床表現(xiàn),影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),鑒別診斷和治療方法與復(fù)發(fā)率的關(guān)系。方法回顧 2002 年至 2012 年,我院手外科明確診斷的 12 例手部掌指骨的動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊病例的臨床癥狀、體征,X 線和 MRI 的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),術(shù)中大體特征及腫瘤性狀表現(xiàn),手術(shù)方法和植骨特點(diǎn),手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率等。結(jié)果12 例中發(fā)生部位掌骨 8 例,指骨 4 例。年齡和性別無(wú)明確特點(diǎn)。臨床癥狀以局部膨脹性改變 ( 10 例 ) 和疼痛 ( 6 例 ) 為主要特點(diǎn)。X 線表現(xiàn)為膨脹性溶骨性病變,晚期可表現(xiàn)為皂泡樣和吹氣球樣骨質(zhì)破壞。MRI 可顯示內(nèi)部大小不一、信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱不等的囊腔和病灶內(nèi)液平面。手術(shù)中可見骨皮質(zhì)呈暗紫色,皮質(zhì)膨脹變薄。手術(shù)采取高速磨鉆刮除植骨 ( 4 例 ),段截植骨 ( 8 例 ) 等方式。術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā) 1 例。所有病例均經(jīng)病理檢查最后明確診斷。病理檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)合并巨細(xì)胞瘤 1 例。結(jié)論手部掌指骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫臨床罕見,臨床表現(xiàn)特異性不強(qiáng),易與其它腫瘤混淆,早期診斷常面臨困難,根據(jù)病史特點(diǎn)和 X 線與 MRI 結(jié)合檢查可明顯提高診斷準(zhǔn)確率,使用高速磨鉆徹底刮除和瘤段切除植骨是防止復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)鍵。
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫;掌骨;指骨;骨腫瘤
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫 ( aneurysmal bone cyst,ABC )是病因未明的侵襲性良性骨腫瘤,占良性骨腫瘤的 5%~6%[1],可為原發(fā)性或繼發(fā)性。其中發(fā)生于手部的不足 5%[2-3],臨床診斷和治療選擇常存在分歧。本病復(fù)發(fā)率高,預(yù)后相對(duì)較差,臨床上對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)不足。為提高對(duì)本病的認(rèn)識(shí),現(xiàn)將 2002 年至2012 年,我科收治 12 例手部發(fā)生于掌指骨的動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫病例。回顧報(bào)告如下。
一、一般資料
本組手部動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫病例資料共 12 例,男5 例,女 7 例。年齡 14~40 歲,平均 22 歲。腫瘤發(fā)生于掌骨 8 例,指骨 4 例。其中掌骨遠(yuǎn)端 8 例,近節(jié)指骨 3 例,末節(jié)指骨 1 例?;颊甙l(fā)現(xiàn)腫物至就診時(shí)間 1~10 個(gè)月,平均 6 個(gè)月。所有病例均無(wú)明確外傷史,其中 2 例為術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)病例。
二、臨床表現(xiàn)
12 例中以緩慢增大的局部腫塊為主要表現(xiàn)10 例,其中 4 例合并局部疼痛;2 例以局部疼痛為首發(fā)癥狀,局部腫塊不明顯。其中 3 例合并病理性骨折。6 例合并軟組織腫脹和局部皮溫升高。5 例存在相鄰關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限。
所有病例均行 X 線檢查,其中 5 例行 MRI 檢查。10 例 X 線表現(xiàn)為膨脹性溶骨性病變,皮質(zhì)變薄。晚期可表現(xiàn)為皂泡樣和吹氣球樣骨質(zhì)破壞。其中 7 例可見骨性間隔,3 例存在骨硬化緣。2 例膨脹性改變不明顯,但可見皮質(zhì)變薄,骨性間隔明顯。5 例 MRI 可顯示內(nèi)部大小不一、信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱不等的囊腔和低信號(hào)間隔,其中 4 例顯示病灶內(nèi)液平面。2 例可見骨皮質(zhì)斷裂和軟組織侵襲。
三、治療方法
所有病例術(shù)前均行組織學(xué)活檢和 X 線評(píng)估,經(jīng)病理學(xué)明確診斷后行手術(shù)治療。根據(jù) X 線和 MRI影像學(xué)結(jié)果和術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)評(píng)估關(guān)節(jié)面和骨骺的受累程度決定手術(shù)方法。4 例骨皮質(zhì)完整,膨脹性改變較輕,病變不涉及關(guān)節(jié)面和骨骺,行高速微型電鉆刮除,自體或人工骨植入手術(shù)。8 例骨皮質(zhì)變薄或喪失完整性,膨脹性改變明顯或軟組織受累,其中5 例不涉及關(guān)節(jié)面和骨骺,予以瘤段截除,自體髂骨結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨。3 例涉及關(guān)節(jié)面和骨骺,予以瘤段截除,自體髂骨結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨,關(guān)節(jié)融合或成形術(shù)。
本組 12 例均獲 6 個(gè)月至 5 年的隨訪,平均2.5 年。1 例局部復(fù)發(fā)者為 25 歲女性,行瘤段截除關(guān)節(jié)保留手術(shù)。復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間在初始手術(shù)后 1 年,行再次手術(shù)瘤段截除,關(guān)節(jié)融合手術(shù)。所有病例未發(fā)生傷口感染和植骨排異反應(yīng)。應(yīng)用碳酸化羥基磷灰石修復(fù)骨缺損者,隨訪中 X 線可見碳酸化羥基磷灰石植入?yún)^(qū)密度均勻,受區(qū)宿主骨組織與碳酸化羥基磷灰石無(wú)明顯融合,碳酸化羥基磷灰石吸收緩慢。
自體骨和結(jié)構(gòu)性髂骨移植者均獲得骨性愈合。本組病例術(shù)后均未發(fā)生繼發(fā)性病理骨折。3 例行關(guān)節(jié)融合和關(guān)節(jié)成形手術(shù)的病例術(shù)后出現(xiàn)明顯活動(dòng)受限,5 例關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)輕度受限,4 例關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)正常。所有病例未發(fā)現(xiàn)有遠(yuǎn)隔部位轉(zhuǎn)移的征象。術(shù)后所有病例均行大體標(biāo)本病理學(xué)檢查明確診斷。其中 1 例病理診斷骨巨細(xì)胞瘤合并動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫。
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫首次由 Jaffe 及 Lichtenstein 于1942 年描述[4],約占原發(fā)性骨腫瘤的 5%~6%。發(fā)生于手部掌指骨的發(fā)病率更低,僅占動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的 5% 左右。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中多為個(gè)案和小宗病例報(bào)道,國(guó)內(nèi)尚未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。
圖1 第五掌骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,X 線顯示膨脹性溶骨性病變,皮質(zhì)變薄Fig.1 Aneurysmal bone cysts in the 5th metacarpal. The X-ray showed expansive lytic lesion and the thin cortex
圖2 MRI 可顯示內(nèi)部大小不一、信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱不等的囊腔和低信號(hào)間隔Fig.2 The MRI demonstrated cyst cavities of various sizes and different signal intensities and the low-signal interval
圖3 行瘤段截除,髂骨取骨結(jié)構(gòu)植骨術(shù)Fig.3 En bloc resection and iliac strut graft reconstruction
圖4 骨愈合良好,塑形接近正常,術(shù)后未見復(fù)發(fā)Fig.4 Good bone union and excellent metacarpal remodeling. No recurrence was found after the operation
圖5 示指動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,X 線顯示膨脹性溶骨性病變,皮質(zhì)變薄,可見明顯骨性分隔Fig.5 Aneurysmal bone cysts in the index fnger. The X-ray showed expansive lytic lesion, the thin cortex and obvious osseous septum
圖6 術(shù)中所見,骨皮質(zhì)呈青紫色,皮質(zhì)變薄,有軟組織浸潤(rùn)Fig.6 During the operation, the bone cortex became purple and thin and soft tissues infltration was noticed
圖7 行瘤段截除,髂骨取骨植骨,關(guān)節(jié)成型術(shù)Fig.7 En bloc resection, iliac strut graft reconstruction and arthroplasty
圖8 第四掌骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,MRI 顯示瘤體內(nèi)液平面Fig.8 Aneurysmal bone cysts in the 4th metacarpal. The MRI showed fuid-fuid level was detected in the lesion
圖9 中指近節(jié)動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,X 線顯示膨脹性改變不明顯,皮質(zhì)完整,關(guān)節(jié)面完好Fig.9 Aneurysmal bone cysts in the proximal phalanx of the middle fnger. The X-ray showed mild expansive and intact cortex and good joint surface
圖10 MRI 顯示內(nèi)部大小不一、信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱不等的囊腔和低信號(hào)間隔Fig.10 The MRI demonstrated cyst cavities of various sizes and different signal intensities and the low-signal interval
圖11 行高速微型磨鉆刮除,人工骨植入術(shù)。人工骨吸收緩慢,新生骨質(zhì)充填好,無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)Fig.11 Curettage by a high-speed micro drill and artifcial bone grafting. The artifcial bone was slowly absorbed, and the regenerative bone was well flled, with no recurrence
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫雖然是良性腫瘤,但其生物學(xué)行為表現(xiàn)活躍,侵襲及破壞性特征明顯,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率高[2-3]。其臨床特征和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)相對(duì)缺乏特異性,可為原發(fā)性,也可繼發(fā)于其它腫瘤,如骨巨細(xì)胞瘤和軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤等。臨床診斷常面臨困難,我科的初步診斷率僅不足 20%。治療方法多樣常存在爭(zhēng)議,因此臨床上應(yīng)予以重視。
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的發(fā)病年齡文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道好發(fā)于10~20 歲,超過(guò) 40 歲的病例不常見。男女比例相等,但也有報(bào)道女性多于男性。好發(fā)部位掌骨多于指骨。病程進(jìn)展較快,一般在半年內(nèi)[5]。本組病例平均年齡 22 歲,成年人比例略高,兒童僅有 1 例。女 7 例,男 5 例,女性略高于男性。發(fā)病部位掌骨( 8 例 ) 高于指骨 ( 4 例 )。指別分布無(wú)明顯特點(diǎn),但病變集中于掌指關(guān)節(jié)附近 ( 掌骨遠(yuǎn)端和近節(jié)指骨 )。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道本病與創(chuàng)傷有關(guān),但本組全部病例均無(wú)明確外傷史。本組病例發(fā)現(xiàn)腫物至就診時(shí)間 1~10 個(gè)月,平均 6 個(gè)月,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致。
本組 12 例的基本臨床表現(xiàn)是緩慢增大的局部腫塊 ( 10 例 ),可伴有局部疼痛 ( 4 例 )。另有 2 例以局部疼痛為首發(fā)癥狀,局部腫塊不明顯??珊喜⒉±硇怨钦?( 3 例 ) 及局部相鄰關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限 ( 5 例 ),上述臨床表現(xiàn)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致[6]。掌指骨的局部腫塊合并局部疼痛,對(duì)診斷有提示作用,但仍缺乏特異性。
動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫在不同的時(shí)期,不同部位有不同的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),早期表現(xiàn)為邊緣較清晰的溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,膨脹性改變不明顯,當(dāng)骨質(zhì)破壞進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大時(shí),并出現(xiàn)骨膜下囊狀膨脹,并出現(xiàn)骨膜反應(yīng),病灶中可見粗細(xì)不等的骨嵴影,MRI 示病灶邊為薄的低信號(hào)邊界,可多發(fā)囊腫并發(fā)液平面形成[5-6]。本組病例 X 線表現(xiàn)為膨脹性溶骨性病變,皮質(zhì)變薄。晚期可表現(xiàn)為皂泡樣和吹氣球樣骨質(zhì)破壞 ( 10 例 )。病變內(nèi)可見到骨性間隔 ( 7 例 ),可存在骨硬化緣( 3 例 )。MRI 可顯示內(nèi)部大小不一、信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱不等的囊腔和低信號(hào)間隔 ( 5 例 ),可顯示病灶內(nèi)液平面( 4 例 ),可見骨皮質(zhì)斷裂和軟組織侵襲 ( 2 例 ),上述影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致。X 線平片顯示病灶內(nèi)骨性間隔和 MRI 顯示低信號(hào)間隔和液平面是動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),但仍然缺乏特異性,與巨細(xì)胞瘤和軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)極易混淆,有時(shí)在病變?cè)缙谂c內(nèi)生軟骨瘤的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)也有相似,因此極難鑒別。
盡管動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫局部侵襲性強(qiáng),局部破壞嚴(yán)重,但病變相對(duì)局限,到目前為止未發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)隔部位轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道。因此現(xiàn)有治療方法的焦點(diǎn)在于局部腫瘤控制。單純局部刮除植骨的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)60%[7],目前已基本摒棄這種術(shù)式。為更好地控制局部復(fù)發(fā),一些附加的輔助手術(shù)方式得到應(yīng)用并取得了一定的效果。Marcove 應(yīng)用瘤體刮除液氮冷凍加植骨的手術(shù)方式使術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率降至 18%[7]。Gibbs應(yīng)用瘤體刮除加高速磨鉆后植骨使術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率降至12%[8]。但這些手術(shù)的應(yīng)用效果并不是在手部的病例取得的,針對(duì)手部掌指骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的特點(diǎn)采用有針對(duì)性的治療仍然是挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。由于掌指骨的動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫的病例報(bào)道較少,但通過(guò)這些零星的報(bào)道仍然可以找到治療方法選擇的線索。Frassica 報(bào)道 10 例掌指骨 ABC 的手術(shù)結(jié)果,7 例單純刮除植骨的病例中有 4 例復(fù)發(fā),而采取瘤段截除植骨的 3 例沒(méi)有復(fù)發(fā)[9]。Gundes 報(bào)道的 1 個(gè)病例采用瘤段截除植骨,沒(méi)有復(fù)發(fā)[10]。Basarir 報(bào)道的 4 例中,3 例采用單純刮除植骨的病例有 2 例復(fù)發(fā),1 例采取瘤段截除植骨沒(méi)有復(fù)發(fā)[11]。Jafari 報(bào)道12 例動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫完全采用瘤段截除結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨,僅有 1 例復(fù)發(fā)[12]。我們認(rèn)為:對(duì)于病變較小、骨皮質(zhì)完整、膨脹性改變較輕、病變不涉及關(guān)節(jié)面和骨骺的病例,病灶內(nèi)刮除附加輔助手段徹底清除瘤體并植入自體或人工骨是合理的手術(shù)方式。采取瘤段截除手術(shù)治療動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,局部腫瘤控制率可達(dá) 90%,但對(duì)術(shù)后功能影響較大。對(duì)于合并病理性骨折、腫瘤進(jìn)行性發(fā)展,或關(guān)節(jié)面受累較大者,是首選的手術(shù)方式。因此本組病例,我們根據(jù)上述原則分別采用瘤內(nèi)刮除加高速微型電鉆刮除植骨手術(shù) ( 4 例 ) 和瘤段切除髂骨結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨手術(shù)( 8 例 ),術(shù)后平均 2.5 年的隨訪,僅 1 例復(fù)發(fā)。
對(duì)于其它輔助性手術(shù),如液氮冷凍和骨水泥填充等方法,由于考慮并發(fā)癥較多,未予采用。在手部掌指骨 ABC 的刮除中,微型高速磨鉆可通過(guò)開較大的骨窗后,完全可以做到瘤體的徹底刮除,因此是值得推薦的手術(shù)方式。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥主要包括 1 例出現(xiàn)骨骺早閉;3 例行關(guān)節(jié)融合和關(guān)節(jié)成形手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)明顯活動(dòng)受限。未發(fā)現(xiàn)傷口感染和激發(fā)病理性骨折。對(duì)于首次手術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)的病例,仍然可以通過(guò)上述手術(shù)方式施行,本組 2 例復(fù)發(fā)病例手術(shù)后沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)。鑒別診斷主要是骨巨細(xì)胞瘤;軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤和毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張性骨肉瘤等,臨床鑒別困難,主要依靠病理學(xué)檢查鑒別。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Diagnosis and treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts of the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand
LI Zhong-zhe, GUO Yang, TIAN Guang-lei. Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, PRC
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical features, imaging characteristics, differential diagnosis, clinical treatment methods and recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts of the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand.MethodsThe clinical data of 12 patients with aneurysmal bone cysts of the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand who were adopted from 2002 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed, including the clinical symptoms and signs, X-ray and Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) features, intraoperative general characteristics, tumor performance, operative methods, bone graft and postoperative recurrence rate.ResultsAmong the 12 cases, there were 8 cases in the metacarpal and 4 cases in the phalange. No defnite characteristics existed referring to the age or gender. Local infation in 8 cases and pain in 6 cases were the main clinical features. The X-ray showed expansive lytic lesion, and soap-bubble-like and balloon-like bone destruction was noticed in the advanced stage. The MRI showed cyst cavities of various sizes and different signal intensities and intralesional fuid-fuid level. During the operation, the bone cortex became purple and thin and swelled. Curettage and bone grafting by a high-speed drill were performed on 4 patients, and resection and reconstruction on 8 patients. Postoperative recurrence was found in 1 case. The defnitive diagnosis was made by the histopathological examination in all the patients. Combined giant cell tumors were noticed in 1 case.ConclusionsAneurysmal bone cysts of the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand is an infrequent disease, without specifc clinical manifestations. It is very diffcult to make an early diagnosis, and it should be differentiated from other hand bone tumors. Based on the history characteristics and the X-ray and MRI examinations, the correct diagnosis ratio can be distinctly improved. The recurrence rate can be greatly reduced under the treatment of thorough curettage by a high-speed drill and resection and reconstruction.
Bone cysts, aneurysmal; Metacarpal bones; Finger phalanges; Bone neoplasms
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.03.003
R738.1
100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院手外科
2014-01-16 )