【摘 要】外來(lái)詞是借用詞。多年來(lái)，外來(lái)詞已被引入到漢語(yǔ)詞匯系統(tǒng)，尤其是英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞，他們逐漸成為漢語(yǔ)詞匯系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。同時(shí)，出現(xiàn)了大量的英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞在中國(guó)產(chǎn)生了一些新的現(xiàn)象，這對(duì)中國(guó)的影響很大。本文從目的論角度對(duì)漢語(yǔ)中的英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞的翻譯進(jìn)行了研究。

【關(guān)鍵詞】英語(yǔ)外來(lái)語(yǔ)；目的論；連貫法則

1.INTRODUCTION

Language is a social phenomenon， which develops with the development of society. Different nations have various contacts in trade， cultural exchange， migration and war， and all these would inevitably lead to the contact of different languages， foreign words is the historical evidence of this kind of contact. The famous linguist Spair has said， languages， like culture， are rarely self-sufficient. For the needs of communication， people have direct or indirect contact by using language. The simplest influence from one language on another language is the borrowing of words.

In the process of development of the Chinese vocabulary system， the absorption of foreign words has never stopped. Since the reform and opening up， the borrowing speed and amount have an amazing increase. Nowadays， 80% of publications are in English. English is the most commonly used international language in many sorts of fields： politics， economy， culture， science and technology， education and so on. For English-speaking developed countries have rapid economic development， they are the leaders of science and technology， and in the process of development， there are many new things and new words appearing. In order to catch up with them， the introduction of these new things and new concepts is inevitable. So English loanword is continuously growing and has been a part of Chinese system that cannot be ignored.

1.1 Loanword

With the development of society including the changes of diplomatic policies and the development of economy and technology， language is also constantly updated. It appears a new word， called “l(fā)oanword”.

1.1.1 The definition of loanword

In the well-known work Language， Leonard Bloomfield discussed borrowing. He divides language contact into three categories： cultural borrowing， intimate borrowing， and dialect borrowing. For intimate borrowing， he said that in any case， it is the non-dominant language that borrows language from the dominant language. The dominant language remains unchanged with few borrowing， while the non-dominant language fights against the dominant language. And in Edward Sapir’s book Language： An introduction to the Study of Speech， he did a research on borrowing from the point of view of descriptive linguistics.

Word is the most sensitive element in the change and development of language system. Word will timely reflect some changes of society because new things are expressed by new words. With the development of world， there are great numbers of new ideas and new things coming into China which must be expressed by language， so new words come. Many of them are borrowed from foreign languages， especially English. Therefore， the thesis is a study on English loan words in Modern Chinese.

1.1.2 The studies on English loanword

Loan Words—Foreign Culture Emissary by Shi Youwei mainly focuses on various kinds of loan words from ancient times （3000 years ago） to now. He made a necessary arrangement for the complicated research outcomes of predecessors. He made a creative conclusion of new phenomena in loan words from an aspect of word-building， “Loan words have better and more specific condition in viewing than other words. For it is a word has both foreign form and native meaning. These two make up soul and appearance of a word which has a duality.”

1.2 Comments and Opinions

From the literature review above， a great many studies have been made on loanword from various aspects： some methods of the loan word translation and contact between loan word and culture or some other subjects. Except for the dictionaries， there are not many studies on the translation， especially the translation based on theories， only slightly touched on. There should be further studies on the translation of loanword.

Firstly， the study on loanword translation helps people get a more comprehensive understanding of the pronunciation， word， vocabulary and grammar of modern Chinese and the Skopos Theory provides a special point for better translations. Loanwords get into Chinese， influencing pronunciation， word， vocabulary， and grammar system， so by studying those words， people can understand Chinese in more aspects with a view of dynamic development.

Secondly， it has a great meaning both in theory and in practice. In theory， a good translation is important in studying lexicology， and it is also helpful in studying sociology， psychology， and cross-cultural communication and other fields. In practice， with the help of this study， people can find more principles of translation of loanword， and find proper translation skills when translating loanword.

2.CONCLUSION

Sapir said， “The simplest kind of influence that one language may exert on another is the ‘borrowing’ of words.” （Sapir 202） At very beginning， borrowing foreign words was only to introduce the new things and concepts. Gradually， loanword became an important part of Chinese lexical system. And among these loanwords， English loanwords are the most. These English loanwords can be classified into four categories： transliteration loanword， liberal translation loanword， transliteration plus liberal translation loanword and direct loan of English words.

The Skopos Theory was proposed in 1970s， the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. In the process of translating English loanword， the basic purpose is to introduce new things and concepts of foreign countries to China. For a translational action may have a variety of purposes， the translators should be able to make a choice， so translators can follow the rules of the Skopos Theory.

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