陳智坤,梁呈元,任冰如,于 盱,李維林
江蘇省中國科學(xué)院植物研究所,南京210014
目前,世界上已發(fā)現(xiàn)薄荷屬植物(Mentha L.)25種以上[1],其作為重要的芳香植物廣泛分布于北半球的溫帶地區(qū),少數(shù)種見于南半球,我國有薄荷屬植物12 種,主要分布于東北、華東、新疆等地區(qū)[2]。其中,薄荷屬植物中薄荷(M. canadensis L.)、辣薄荷(M. ×piperita L.)、留蘭香(M.spicata L.)等被廣泛地應(yīng)用于食品、醫(yī)藥、化妝品、香料、煙草等工業(yè)[3],當(dāng)前,對該屬植物的研究主要集中在揮發(fā)性成分,也就是俗稱的“薄荷油”。薄荷揮發(fā)性成分主要為多種單萜類化合物,現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗輻射、抗癌、降血壓等生物活性。本文對近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于該屬植物揮發(fā)性成分及活性研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述,以期為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)和利用該屬植物提供科學(xué)參考。
表1 薄荷屬植物主要揮發(fā)性成分Table 1 Main compounds of volatile components from Mentha L.
表1 為,近二十年來世界各地薄荷屬植物所含主要揮發(fā)性成分的總結(jié)。由表1 可見,薄荷屬植物揮發(fā)性相對比較規(guī)律,依據(jù)主成分大體可以分為四大類:一、薄荷醇(menthol)類保持不了主要植物有M.arvensis ,M. canadensis,M. × piperita,M. requienii;二、胡薄荷酮(pulegone)類,M. cervina,M. pulegium,M. ×dumetorum,M.requienii;三、胡椒酮(piperitone)類,M. aquatic,M. longifolia,M. rotundifolia,M. ×villosa;四、香芹酮類(carvone),M. spicata。然而,研究表明薄荷屬植物因生境及生長階段不同其揮發(fā)性成分也會存在顯著差異。
圖1 薄荷屬主揮發(fā)性成分生物合成途徑Fig.1 The biosynthesis pathway of volatile components from Mentha L.
如圖1 所示,目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于薄荷屬植物的主要揮發(fā)性成分的生物合成途徑已基本清晰。研究顯示,薄荷屬植物并非以MVA(mevalonic acid)為C5原料的傳統(tǒng)單萜生物合成途徑,而是以MEP 為主要C5 原料[40-44]。MEP 經(jīng)多步反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成IPP 和DAPP,其中IPP 在IPPi 的作用下生成DAPP;DAPP和IPP 在GPPS 的作用下則產(chǎn)生C10 基本結(jié)構(gòu)GPP;最后GPP 再在不同酶的作用下,經(jīng)多步反應(yīng)最終得到相應(yīng)的單萜類成分。目前已通過分子手段尋找并克隆出調(diào)控薄荷屬植物中萜類合成酶所對應(yīng)的基因,并采用細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)等方式,進(jìn)行相應(yīng)萜類代謝產(chǎn)物的生物合成。
在世界各地,薄荷屬植物有悠久的種植和使用史,在中國,該屬植物已有2000 多年藥食兩用史[45]。目前,多個發(fā)達(dá)及發(fā)展中國家已將“薄荷油”列入藥典范圍?,F(xiàn)代研究表明,薄荷屬揮發(fā)性成分具有豐富的生物活性,除傳統(tǒng)用于解熱鎮(zhèn)痛、胃腸道紊亂等疾病治療的藥理活性被驗(yàn)證,抗氧化、抗菌、抗輻射、抗癌、降血壓等活性及對應(yīng)作用機(jī)理也被逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)。
目前,對于薄荷屬植物的抗氧化活性研究比較熱門,其中薄荷屬的揮發(fā)性和非揮發(fā)性成分都顯示出良好的抗氧化活性。Hussain[32]通過DPPH 自由基、亞油酸系統(tǒng)以及含有β-胡蘿卜素的亞油酸系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行抗氧化活性評價顯示,M. spicata 精油對DPPH自由基和亞油酸體系有良好清除活性,其中DPPH對自由基IC50值為13.3 ±0.6 μg/mL,對亞油酸體系清除率可達(dá)61.5%,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其抗氧化活性與其主成分香芹酮有密切聯(lián)系;Schmidt[46]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油同樣對DPPH 自由基和OH 基自由基均有清除作用,其IC50值分別為860 μg/mL,0.26 μg/mL;Gulluce[47]研究表明M. longifolia 精油對DPPH自由基和亞油酸體系有一定抗氧化活性,其中對DPPH 自由基IC50值為10700 μg/mL,但對亞油酸體系在2 mg/mL 時僅達(dá)到36%的清除率。
現(xiàn)代研究表明,薄荷屬植物揮發(fā)性成分對多種病原微生物抑制作用。周露等[8]研究表明M.arvensis 精油對對大腸桿菌、金黃葡萄球菌、白念珠菌有明顯的抗菌活性,其最小抑菌濃度(MIC)分別為0.16,1.25,2.5 v/v,其最小殺菌濃度(MBC)分別為0.31,5,2.5 v/v;李慧等[48]研究表明M.canadensis,M. ×piperita,M. × gentilis 精油對綠膿桿菌有抑制作用,通過與抗生素聯(lián)用其抗菌范圍和強(qiáng)度均有所變化;王微等[49]研究表明M.canadensis 精油對所選的包括表皮葡萄球菌等8 種病原菌都有很好的抗菌活性,枯草芽孢桿菌及變形桿菌出現(xiàn)最大的抑菌環(huán),MIC 實(shí)驗(yàn)中,薄荷精油的濃度范圍為5. 00%~0.039%,變形桿菌的MIC 及MBC 值最低,分別為0.625%及1.25%;Rodrigues[50]研究表明M.cervina 精油對23 種細(xì)菌具有抑制效果,其中精油對細(xì)菌的抑制是由于多種成分的相互協(xié)同作用,并非單一成分發(fā)揮作用;Goncalves[12]的研究結(jié)果顯示M. cervina精油對三種真菌具有很好的抑制作用,其中對表皮寄生菌的MIC 值為0.63 mL/mL,可作為治療腳氣等真菌類疾病替代藥品。Hafedh 等[51]研究顯示M.longifolia 精油對四種革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽性菌均有抑制作用;Bassole[52,53]研究表明M. × piperita精油對多種病原微生物具有抑制作用,而對人類病原體只有適度抑制;Sokovic[17,54]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油對匍枝根霉、灰霉病、黑曲霉和紅色毛癬菌具有抑制效果;Mario[26]研究顯示M. requienii 精油對鐮刀菌等7 種微生物具有體外抑制活性;Sarer[31,32,55,56]等研究表明M. spicata 精油對多種病原微生物具有抑制作用,并以香芹酮為例驗(yàn)證單萜的對應(yīng)異構(gòu)體結(jié)構(gòu)與抗菌活性有關(guān),其中(R)(+)-limonene 抗菌活性大于(S)(-)-limonene;Rasooli[57]通過M.spicata 精油體內(nèi)外生物膜研究實(shí)驗(yàn)為薄荷牙膏抗菌保護(hù)口腔黏膜提供臨床依據(jù),并通過與桉樹精油聯(lián)用發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新型預(yù)防和治療齲齒的方法;Sutour[36,37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)M. suaveolens 精油對病原微生物具有抑制作用,其主成分piperitone 對測試的微生物抑制作用最強(qiáng),其次是piperitenone oxide 和piperitone oxide。除此而外,Walker[58-60]等研究表明M.longifolia,M. ×piperita,M.spicata 精油對玉米象、根結(jié)線蟲、螨蟲、蚊子等具有殺滅或趨避作用。因此,人們可利用薄荷屬植物揮發(fā)性成分對病原微生物的抑制作用,將薄荷精油廣泛用于喉嚨、口腔等炎癥治療,食品儲存,植物保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域。目前留蘭香精油已作為重要的添加劑在牙膏中廣泛使用,薄荷屬其它植物也將在人們?nèi)粘I钪邪l(fā)揮著巨大的作用。
Haksar[61]通過雄性大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)表明M. spicata 精油對輻射造成的條件性味覺厭惡有改善作用;Samarth[62-71]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油對輻射誘導(dǎo)的瑞士白化小鼠睪丸損傷、小鼠肝臟抗氧化狀態(tài)和脂質(zhì)過氧化、骨髓染色體、脾臟、腸道損傷均具有保護(hù)作用,對小鼠血清磷酸酶具有降低作用,其作用機(jī)制可能與增加NO 的釋放、自由基清除活性有關(guān)。由此可見,薄荷屬植物精油具有應(yīng)對電離輻射,可用于宇航員或核環(huán)境中的輻射的預(yù)防治療。
在伊朗M.Pulegium 被用于防腐、驅(qū)風(fēng)、抗痙攣、治療宮頸瘤等疾病。Shirazi[72]研究顯示M. Pulegium 精油對人卵巢腺癌SK-OV-3,人惡性子宮頸細(xì)胞株Hela 和人肺癌A549 細(xì)胞系均表現(xiàn)出一定的抑制作用,其IC50值分別為14.10,59.10 和18.76 μg/mL,可作為治療人類癌癥的候選藥物。
Sousa[38]通過對服用M. ×villosa 精油及其主成分胡椒烯酮對經(jīng)醋酸處理的疼痛小鼠模型,結(jié)果顯示兩者均具有鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且這種影響不涉及中樞系統(tǒng)。
Lahlou[73,74]研究表明靜脈注射M. × villosa 油對采用醋酸去氧皮質(zhì)酮作用的高血壓小鼠模型,結(jié)果顯示具有顯著地降壓和調(diào)節(jié)心律的作用,其主要作用機(jī)理是刺激釋放NO 誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌松弛。
林月彬[75]通過三種過敏模型研究顯示,薄荷醇高、中、低劑量組30 min 內(nèi)在搔抓次數(shù)與空白模型組相比顯著減少,高劑量組搔抓潛伏期與空白模型組相比顯著延長;薄荷醇高劑量組能明顯抑制組胺引起的回腸平滑肌張力收縮;薄荷醇高劑量組能抑制豚鼠腹腔細(xì)胞組胺釋放作用。研究表明,薄荷醇具明顯的止癢作用,其止癢作用與對抗組胺的作用和抑制組胺釋放有關(guān)。
薄荷屬植物的重要精油成分薄荷醇表現(xiàn)出良好的透皮吸收作用,其在藥品、化妝品、花露水等商品中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,但薄荷醇透皮吸收機(jī)理至今沒有闡明。王暉[76]研究表明薄荷醇對家兔皮膚無急性刺激性。在臨床常用濃度(1%)下,薄荷醇多次給藥對家兔皮膚沒有刺激性,但在2%濃度以上的薄荷醇在多次給藥后會引起家兔皮膚結(jié)構(gòu)不同程度的改變,但薄荷醇對豚鼠皮膚無致敏性。
盡管Mentha L.屬植物精油有很長久的藥食兩用史,且被多個國家的FDA 列入藥典范圍,但其毒副作用也不容忽視。劉紅杰[77]等研究表明過量使用M.canadensis 精油會造成肝臟損傷,其致病劑量為2.4 mL/kg。Odeyemi[78]研究同樣顯示過量使用M.longifolia 精油造成肝腎負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,無論是個體差異還是薄荷屬植物潛在的毒副作用,在使用劑量及未來研究中可能存在的毒副作用也都必須引起我們的高度重視。
目前有關(guān)薄荷屬植物揮發(fā)性成分的化學(xué)成分及藥理活性研究已有大量研究報道,無論是抗氧化、抗菌、抗癌以及傳統(tǒng)的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛等藥理活性研究都不夠深入,除個別研究系統(tǒng)闡述了藥理學(xué)作用機(jī)理,大部分研究缺乏作用機(jī)制的深入探討,未來可利用多種篩選模型,探究其生物作用,擴(kuò)大薄荷屬揮發(fā)性成分資源開發(fā)利用力度和前景。
筆者課題組已從事研究薄荷屬植物10 多年,對我國薄荷原料藥的質(zhì)量甚為擔(dān)憂,市場銷售的薄荷魚龍混雜,直接導(dǎo)致薄荷油成分參差不齊。雖然陳在敏等[77]通過GC-MS,HPLC 建立了薄荷素油及薄荷的指紋圖譜,但指標(biāo)性成分與活性有待商榷。因此加強(qiáng)原料藥的品種選育及GAP 的研究控制,制定更加科學(xué)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可在一定程度上保證藥材質(zhì)量。
薄荷屬植物雜交嚴(yán)重,形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)差異性低,鑒別難度大,許多研究存在植物基原混亂等顯現(xiàn),本文所總結(jié)的薄荷屬植物均以種國際種接受名為準(zhǔn),對種以下如變種或變種接受名依據(jù)the plant list 數(shù)據(jù)庫劃歸為種接受名。除此之外,薄荷屬植物目前接受的種名有38 種,然而國內(nèi)外研究薄荷屬揮發(fā)性成分卻始終集中在該屬某幾種,且沒有進(jìn)行同屬的精油成分及相關(guān)活性比較。未來可對冷門的薄荷屬植物揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)成分及藥理活性的研究,擴(kuò)大該屬植物的資源利用范圍。
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