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        農用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽影響的研究進展

        2013-11-04 06:58:32何晶晶鄭許松徐紅星楊亞軍呂仲賢
        環(huán)境昆蟲學報 2013年5期
        關鍵詞:水稻影響

        何晶晶,鄭許松,徐紅星,楊亞軍,呂仲賢

        (1.浙江省農業(yè)科學院植物保護與微生物研究所,杭州 310021;2.杭州師范大學生命與環(huán)境科學學院,杭州 310021)

        黑肩綠盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)屬半翅目、盲蝽科、嗜卵盲蝽屬,是亞洲水稻產區(qū)稻飛虱和葉蟬的最重要捕食性天敵之一。它作為典型的雜食性天敵,不僅能捕食飛虱和葉蟬等害蟲的卵及低齡若蟲,還能兼性取食水稻汁液(Shepard et al.,1987)。農用投入品是農業(yè)生產過程中的生產資料,主要包括種子、化肥和農藥等。上世紀六十年代的“綠色革命”浪潮以后,它們在世界糧食安全和解決人類溫飽方面發(fā)揮了關鍵作用(Conway and Barbier,1990)。但是農用投入品改變了整個農業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結構和特性,如殺蟲劑不僅可直接殺傷害蟲,也可能直接或間接地傷害天敵,有的還可通過改善水稻植株的質量、影響節(jié)肢動物的數(shù)量和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的群落結構而對天敵產生間接影響(呂仲賢等,2005)。本文綜合國內外最新研究結果,論述了農用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽在生物學和生態(tài)功能等方面的直接或間接影響,以期為提高稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中充分發(fā)揮天敵的自然控制作用和水稻害蟲治理過程中更合理有效地使用農用投入品提供科學依據(jù)。

        1 水稻品種對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

        在實驗室條件下,黑肩綠盲蝽能在水稻以及禾本科雜草稗草Ecchinochloa glabrescens、千金子Leptochloa chinensis、馬唐Digitaris ciliaris、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 上生長繁殖,但在熱帶地區(qū)(菲律賓)的大田連續(xù)采樣中證實它在稻田周圍雜草地只能做短暫停留,水稻是黑肩綠盲蝽主要的產卵和棲息藏所(俞曉平等,1996)。

        在自然情況下,植物的化學特征能直接或間接地通過改變植食性昆蟲的空間分布、行為和質量等影響到昆蟲天敵對植食性昆蟲的控制能力(婁永根等,2001)。黑肩綠盲蝽在搜尋不同水稻品種上的褐飛虱卵時,對丙96-42、丙97-34、IR64和IR26 四個品種上的褐飛虱卵偏好性顯著高于對照TN1,且其對幾種水稻品種揮發(fā)物的反應與卵苗選擇性結果相同;但是丙97-59 與TN1 對比時,黑肩綠盲蝽對兩者卵苗無顯著偏好,但更趨向TN1 的揮發(fā)物(Lou et al.,2001)。以不同抗性水平的5個水稻品種(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34和丙97-59)為材料,婁永根等(2002)研究了以這5個品種上的褐飛虱為食料的黑肩綠盲蝽的生長、發(fā)育和繁殖,結果表明,黑肩綠盲蝽在丙97-59 上的生長發(fā)育繁殖各指標均比其他品種(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34)上的低,且品種間存在顯著差異,證明水稻品種影響獵物而影響到黑肩綠盲蝽的質與量。而在不同水稻品種上育出的黑肩綠盲蝽對褐飛虱卵的功能反應呈現(xiàn)顯著的差異,丙97-59 上的黑肩綠盲蝽功能反應顯著弱于其他品種,這表明不同的品種導致黑肩綠盲蝽捕食效率的差異(婁永根等,2001)。Myint 等(1986)也發(fā)現(xiàn)黑肩綠盲蝽在捕食抗性水稻品種上的葉蟬卵時,捕食量下降。因此,不同水稻品種能影響黑肩綠盲蝽的生長發(fā)育、繁殖及捕食能力,從而進一步影響其對害蟲種群的控制能力。但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水稻品種對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食褐飛虱若蟲卻幾乎沒有影響(Salim and Heinrichs,1986)。

        隨著生物技術的發(fā)展,轉基因水稻的培育工作迅速發(fā)展,其對靶標害蟲的控制優(yōu)勢隨之體現(xiàn),但對非靶標生物特別是對害蟲天敵的潛在生態(tài)風險研究也成了人們關注的熱點(Marvier,2007;Wolfenbarger et al.,2008;Naranjo,2009;Chen et al.,2011;Sanvido et al.,2011;Yu et al.,2011)。目前對黑肩綠盲蝽在轉基因水稻的研究主要集中在對其安全性的評價上。結果顯示,轉Bar基因抗除草劑水稻Bar68-1 對黑肩綠盲蝽種群基本無影響(蔣顯斌和肖國櫻,2010),轉CrylAb、cry1Ab/cry1Ac、cry2A、cry1C 基因Bt 水稻對黑肩綠盲蝽也無不利或顯著影響(劉志誠等,2003;Chen et al.,2007;Han et al.,2011)。雖然迄今沒有關于轉基因水稻對黑肩綠盲蝽不利的報道,但已有的研究均為短期研究的結果,而轉基因水稻對人類和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響可能是長期的、持續(xù)的,有待進行長期的安全性評價。因黑肩綠盲蝽有兼性取食水稻的特性,轉基因水稻對其直接取食的風險評價已引起了關注(高明清,2012),轉基因水稻與黑肩綠盲蝽之間相互作用的研究有待進一步深入。

        2 氮肥對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

        上世紀六十年代初掀起“綠色革命”的浪潮,為了提高水稻產量,農民大面積連續(xù)施用以氮肥為主的化學肥料。施用氮肥后不僅提高了水稻的生物量、改善了稻田植食性昆蟲的營養(yǎng)條件,而且改變了天敵的生境及其對獵物或寄主的可獲得性,最終影響水稻生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中節(jié)肢動物的食物網(wǎng)和食物鏈。稻田施用氮肥后飛虱的密度增加,黑肩綠盲蝽的數(shù)量也隨之增加(Meerzainudeen and Kaeeem,1999;Preap et al.,2001;Lu et al.,2006a),但黑肩綠盲蝽的捕食功能也可能因此而受到影響(Walde,1995;Cortesero et al.,2000)。因此,稻株形態(tài)和生理的變化影響了水稻-害蟲-天敵三者之間的關系(胡建章等,1986;Simpson et al.,1994;Schoenly et al.,1996;De Kraker et al.,2000;Preap,2001;Lu et al.,2004a,2004b,2006c),從而影響了天敵對害蟲的自然控制功能。特別是黑肩綠盲蝽可以直接取食稻株汁液,肥料對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響更為明顯。

        施用氮肥后,IR64 稻株的形態(tài)學和組織學結構、生理學特性以及化學成份的變化,如葉冠增大、葉鞘變厚變軟、稻株汁液及其氮含量增加等(Lu et al.,2004b),改變了揮發(fā)性物質和其它生物信息,從而增強了稻株對黑肩綠盲蝽的吸引力,提高了它在高氮稻株上取食和產卵的數(shù)量比率和對高氮稻株上褐飛虱卵的捕食偏好性(Lu et al.,2004a;2005b)。這可能與黑肩綠盲蝽既是植食者又是捕食者的特性有關,因為它在接近潛在的寄主植物時可以利用兩種信息渠道,從而提高了對信息的利用率,即使寄主植物上沒有獵物存在時它也能以稻株的汁液為食并完成生活史。但是,黑肩綠盲蝽對高氮稻株的選擇特性不利于其對目標獵物的搜索和自然控制作用,田間稻株巨大的葉冠層和眾多的信息源可能誤導黑肩綠盲蝽對獵物的定向、搜索、接近和定位,從而降低了對目標獵物的捕食效率。黑肩綠盲蝽喜歡攻擊產在稻株上部的褐飛虱卵(Song et al.,1995;Lu et al.,2004a),說明它對獵物的搜索是非隨機的,在不同水稻品種上由于卵垂直分布型的不同而引起功能反應的差異更證明了這一結果(婁永根和程家安,2001)。褐飛虱在高氮稻株上主要將卵產在葉鞘底部,而在低氮稻株上則將卵產在葉鞘上部和葉片中脈內(呂仲賢等,2005a)。因此,在低氮稻株上黑肩綠盲蝽容易在稻株上部發(fā)現(xiàn)獵物,而在高氮稻株上則由于上部獵物密度的減低而導致搜索效率迅速下降,從而削弱了黑肩綠盲蝽對褐飛虱卵的功能反應(呂仲賢等,2005b)。黑肩綠盲蝽在高氮稻株上對獵物搜索速率的下降還可能與稻株的營養(yǎng)成分和其它化學物質的干擾有關,如傷流液和褐飛虱蜜露等均會影響黑肩綠盲蝽的搜索和捕食能力,從而影響了黑肩綠盲蝽對目標獵物的搜索效率(呂仲賢等,2005b)。顯然,稻田過量施用氮肥對黑肩綠盲蝽捕食功能的影響是多方面的,植株的形態(tài)學變化直接干擾了黑肩綠盲蝽對獵物的搜索效率,植株的生理學變化不僅間接影響其搜索效率而且還可以通過植食性昆蟲生態(tài)適應性的增加而降低其捕食能力。

        3 農藥對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響

        3.1 殺蟲劑

        涉及黑肩綠盲蝽研究的殺蟲劑可分為兩大類,分別是生物殺蟲劑和化學殺蟲劑,生物殺蟲劑包括昆蟲生長調節(jié)劑、抗生素、植物源殺蟲劑三大類,化學殺蟲劑包括氨基甲酸酯類、有機磷類、酰胺類、新煙堿類、擬除蟲菊酯類等(見表1)。生物殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽較安全,如噻嗪酮(劉浩官等,1992;葉正襄等,1993;邱光等,1997;孫定煒等,2008)、甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽(張恒,2011)、薇甘菊乙醇提取物(鐘平生等,2011)、印楝(Lakshmi et al.,1998)。而在化學殺蟲劑中,只有氯蟲苯甲酰胺對黑肩綠盲蝽為安全級別(劉芳等,2009;李清,2010;曹炳宏等,2011);一些殺蟲劑有降低捕食能力和種群增長率的負作用(王召等,2012;楊洪等,2012)。殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽安全性評價大都以成蟲為對象,然而不同蟲態(tài)的黑肩綠盲蝽對殺蟲劑的敏感性有差異。如氟硅菊酯和醚菊酯對若蟲有強殺傷力,但對成蟲及卵安全,敵敵畏對卵安全而對其余蟲態(tài)則有強殺傷力(孫定煒等,2008)。在已經評價的所有殺蟲劑中,只有噻嗪酮對黑肩綠盲蝽各蟲態(tài)均安全。黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲在吡蟲啉亞致死劑量下對白背飛虱卵的捕食率降低(Widiarta 等,2001)。

        殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的影響除了直接的毒殺外,還有間接的影響。由于殺蟲劑的使用導致稻田靶標害蟲的大量死亡,減少了天敵昆蟲的獵物,而食物是影響昆蟲生長發(fā)育、種群繁殖的重要因子,若在一段較長的時間內得不到替代獵物的補充,天敵種群數(shù)量將因食物缺乏而隨之下降,因此,在必要時人為補充替代獵物對維持天敵種群非常重要(黃林茂等,2010)。

        3.2 殺菌劑和除草劑

        有研究表明除草劑掃弗特(Pretilachlor)、丁草胺(Butachlor)對黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲有較大的殺傷作用,而快殺稗(Quinclorac)、乙草胺(Acetochlor)、芐嘧磺隆(Bensulfuron methyl)、稻福星(Anilofos+Bensulfuron methyl)、金秋(Nicosulfuron+Atrazine)對黑肩綠盲蝽的殺傷作用不顯著;殺菌劑異稻瘟凈(Iprobenfos)對黑肩綠盲蝽成蟲有強殺傷力,甲基立枯磷(Tolclofos-methyl)、百菌清(Chlorothalonil)、葉枯靈(Saikuzuo)、多菌靈(Carbendazim)、井岡霉素(Validamycin)、三環(huán)唑(Tricyclazole)、葉青雙(Bismerthlazol)對黑肩綠盲蝽殺傷作用不強(陳建明等,1999;Chen et al.,1999)。從已有的研究結果來看,除草劑及殺菌劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的直接影響普遍較小,這與黑肩綠盲蝽并非除草劑與殺菌劑的靶標生物有關。然而,除草劑與殺菌劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的間接影響卻是不容忽視的。

        表1 殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽的安全性Table 1 Safety of insecticides on Cyrtorhinus lividipennis

        (續(xù)上表)

        有研究結果顯示,水稻在經過丁草胺(Butachlor)和二氯喹啉酸(Quinclorac)處理后,其葉鞘內的游離氨基酸含量表現(xiàn)出明顯的增加,蔗糖和總酚的含量均下降(袁樹忠等,2001;程遐年等,2003),黑肩綠盲蝽作為雜食性昆蟲,或會因取食生理狀況變化了的水稻而在生理及行為受間接影響。雜草是稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的重要組成生境組成部分,與稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)間有密切的能量和物質交流。長期進行化學除草會改變稻田及周邊的植物群落結構,直接影響到其中的植食性昆蟲的種類和數(shù)量,進而影響到以這些植食性昆蟲為食的天敵種類和數(shù)量(黃頂成等,2005)。大量研究結果證明,在化學除草后,群落中雜草種類和數(shù)量降低的同時也造成了天敵昆蟲種類和數(shù)量的降低(Leius,1967;Hald et al.,1990;Haughton et al.,1999;巫厚長等,2001)。

        4 問題與展望

        基于黑肩綠盲蝽的生物學特性、農用投入品對黑肩綠盲蝽影響的國內外研究進展,可以將黑肩綠盲蝽、害蟲及農用投入品之間存在相互作用關系總結成如圖1 所示,某一因素的變化都會引起連鎖反應而對黑肩綠盲蝽產生直接或間接的影響。由于黑肩綠盲蝽為雜食性捕食者,抗性水稻品種可以直接或間接影響其生長發(fā)育以及捕食能力。因此,抗性品種的選擇上,在評價其對害蟲抗性的同時也適當兼顧對天敵的可能影響,對于害蟲防治是一個有益的參考。轉基因水稻是農藥概念的延伸,目前已有的安全性評價都是短期的,僅限于某個蟲態(tài)或一個世代,尚未報道其對黑肩綠盲蝽的不利影響。但是否在轉基因水稻上生活幾代之后仍無不利影響,或是否轉基因水稻會與其他環(huán)境因素,如高溫、干旱等共同作用而產生不利影響的研究仍需進一步深入。

        氮肥是現(xiàn)代農業(yè)作物產量的保證,但是氮肥的過量使用是普遍現(xiàn)象,稻田過量氮肥對主要害蟲的種群有明顯的促進作用(Preap et al.,2001;呂仲賢等,2006ab;Lu et al.,2006)。下一步的研究工作,需要對氮肥使用量和天敵的種群和控害能力之間作進一步細致的研究,以期找到作物產量和自然天敵效率之間的平衡值,找到氮肥使用的閾值。

        圖1 黑肩綠盲蝽與害蟲及各農用投入品之間的關系Fig.1 The relationship between Cytorhinus lividipennis and pest and other agricultural inputs

        研究已表明,殺蟲劑對黑肩綠盲蝽有不同程度的影響,其對黑肩綠盲蝽的安全性因殺蟲劑的種類和黑肩綠盲蝽所處的蟲態(tài)不同而有明顯差異,除草劑雖然對黑肩綠盲蝽的直接影響很小,但因為使用后破壞了植食性昆蟲及一些天敵的天然庇護場所,從而不利于天敵種群的維持。因此,為了充分發(fā)揮天敵對害蟲的控制作用,做到科學合理地用藥,應當減少使用對天敵殺傷力強的殺蟲劑,盡量避免在天敵的敏感階段使用殺蟲劑。

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