呂寶乾,嚴 珍,金啟安,溫海波,符悅冠,李偉東,彭正強*中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學院環(huán)境與植物保護研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部熱帶農(nóng)林有害生物入侵監(jiān)測與控制重點開放實驗室/農(nóng)業(yè)部儋州農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學觀測實驗站,海南儋州5777;海南大學環(huán)境與植物保護學院,海南???708;海南出入境檢驗檢疫局,海南海口570
隨著對外開放和國際貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展,我國外來生物入侵形勢十分嚴峻。在世界自然保護聯(lián)盟(IUCN)公布的全球100種最具威脅的外來物種中,我國就有50種,是全球受外來生物入侵影響最大的國家之一(萬方浩等,2005)。入侵物種主要分布在我國東南部省份,如廣東、海南、云南、福建(萬方浩等,2009)。1998~2008年,海南和廣東首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的入侵有害生物最多,各5種(萬方浩等,2009)。例如,2002年入侵我國海南省的椰心葉甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro),給我國棕櫚植物相關產(chǎn)業(yè)造成了巨大損失(呂寶乾等,2005)。因此,有必要關注有可能入侵我國的其他有害生物。
椰子織蛾Opisina arenosellaWalker是棕櫚植物上的重要害蟲。在印度、斯里蘭卡和緬甸,椰子織蛾嚴重危害椰子樹(Jayaratnam,1941;Rao,1924)。據(jù)了解,近幾年該害蟲已擴散蔓延到東盟國家的泰國和馬來西亞,尤其在泰國,該蟲危害嚴重,引起了相關部門的高度重視。為了提高對椰子織蛾的認識,防范該有害生物入侵我國,本文對該蟲進行介紹,并進行風險分析。
Walker在1864年從不知名的寄主上發(fā)現(xiàn)了O.arenosella(Becher,1981)。椰子織蛾英文名為coconut blackheaded caterpillar,直譯為椰子黑頭履帶蟲。我國曾將其譯為食葉履帶蟲、黑頭履帶蟲(陳慧,2004)、椰蛀蛾(黃德聰,1987)。該害蟲屬鱗翅目Lepidoptera織蛾科Oecophoridae,也曾被歸為木蛾科 Xylorycitdae(Becher,1981;Pereraet al.,1988)。
卵(圖1A):半透明乳黃色,長橢圓形,具有縱橫網(wǎng)格,成堆產(chǎn)于葉片上。
幼蟲(圖1B):5~8個齡期。雌、雄幼蟲大小相似,雄性6~8齡幼蟲蟲體第9節(jié)前緣腹中腺表面有一圓形凹陷,雌蟲無此凹陷,這一特征可用于辨別幼蟲的性別。
蛹(圖1C):紅褐色,雌、雄蟲蛹質(zhì)量分別為(22.18±0.99)、(17.73 ±0.09)mg(Santhosh & Prabhu,1987)。
成蟲(圖1D):觸角長5~7 mm,38~42節(jié)。中間各節(jié)呈圓柱形,最后一節(jié)呈錐形(Jayaprakash&Prabhu,1986)。
圖1 椰子織蛾(由泰國農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心提供)Fig.1 O.arenosella(provided by Biological Center,Department of Agriculture,Thailand)
椰子織蛾分布于印度、斯里蘭卡、孟加拉國、緬甸(Venkatesanet al.,2009)、印尼、與印度古吉拉特邦毗鄰的巴基斯坦、泰國和馬來西亞等地。
椰子樹Cocos nuciferaL.,扇葉樹頭櫚Borrassus flabelliferL.(Raoet al.,1948),棗椰樹Phoenix dactyliferaL.(Butani,1975),貝葉棕Corypha umbraculiferaL.(Talati& Kapadia,1984),野生棗椰樹P.theophrastiGreuter,銀海棗P.sylvestrisRoxb,西谷椰子Metroxylon saguRottboell,董棕Caryota urensL.(Raoet al.,1948),非洲棕Hyphaene thebaicaL.(Lever,1969),甘藍椰子Oredoxa oleraceaKurth,蒲葵Livistona chinensisRob(Talati& Kapadia,1984),香蕉Musaspp.(Manjunath,1985;Talati & Butani,1988)。
從產(chǎn)卵和取食習性來看,椰子織蛾最喜歡扇葉樹頭櫚,椰子次之,最不喜歡香蕉(Srinivasaet al.,1995)。
椰子樹整個生長階段均易受到椰子織蛾的為害。椰子織蛾以幼蟲為害葉片,留下排泄物,導致葉片光合作用效率下降。受害嚴重的植株葉子干枯,出現(xiàn)落葉。與椰子樹上的另一種重要害蟲椰心葉甲不同,椰子織蛾幼蟲危害椰樹老葉和新葉,而椰心葉甲只危害椰樹新葉(圖2)。椰子織蛾幼蟲不僅食葉,而且取食苞芽,造成椰樹花穗減少、生長遲緩、過早落果的現(xiàn)象,進而嚴重影響椰子產(chǎn)量(Lever,1969;Manjunath,1985)。幼蟲和蛹能夠通過椰子傳播。椰子織蛾嚴重侵染椰子后,可造成45%椰子減產(chǎn),13%葉片受損(Chandrikaet al.,2010)。
圖2 椰子織蛾(A,由泰國農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心提供)和椰心葉甲(B)危害后的椰樹Fig.2 Coconut harmed by O.arenosella(A,provided by Biological Center,Department of Agriculture,Thailand)and B.longissima(B)
據(jù)報道,雌蛾在葉片背面產(chǎn)卵。卵一般產(chǎn)在老葉上,卵量達59~252粒,平均137粒。在印度,椰子織蛾卵期大約5 d,幼蟲期42 d,蛹期12 d,成蟲壽命5~7 d,全世代需2~2.5個月,1年發(fā)生5代(Nirula,1955)。
椰子織蛾成蟲可以飛行,大多在晚間活動,這為其傳播擴散提供了可能。此外,貿(mào)易往來是外來生物入侵的一個渠道。2008年中國檢驗檢疫部門截獲外來生物最多的10個國家中,東盟國家有4個,分別為泰國(13868批次)、馬來西亞(13492批次)、越南(4623批次)和緬甸(4041批次)(萬方浩等,2009)。我國與東盟國家貿(mào)易頻繁,每年需從東盟國家進口20多億個椰子,給椰子織蛾的遠距離傳播(主要靠苗木運輸)打開了方便之門。
根據(jù)海南省林業(yè)局統(tǒng)計,海南椰子每年直接產(chǎn)值約5億元,檳榔每年直接產(chǎn)值約10億元。棕櫚植物是熱帶亞熱帶特有的樹種,若該害蟲入侵我國,將可能帶來與椰心葉甲一樣嚴重的生態(tài)災害。
椰子織蛾幼蟲取食葉片,并構筑絲網(wǎng)狀蟲道,嚴重時整個樹冠被侵染,樹葉干枯,樹勢衰弱,產(chǎn)量減少。該害蟲也危害香蕉,在香蕉上的習性和造成的危害與在椰子嫩葉上相似。雖然該害蟲在香蕉上偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn),但可能演變成香蕉的重要害蟲。香蕉作為椰子害蟲的轉(zhuǎn)寄主曾有先例,如椰子二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinocerosL.(黃德聰,1987)。我國公布的檢疫性有害生物名錄雖未將椰子織蛾列入其中,但也應警惕該害蟲入侵我國。
1998~2008年,具有危險性與暴發(fā)性的農(nóng)林入侵種多達19種,其中9種為我國進境檢疫對象(萬方浩等,2009)。為防止椰子織蛾傳播蔓延,必須實施嚴格的植物檢疫措施,并建議相關部門將該害蟲列入我國進境檢疫對象;對疫區(qū)進入的可攜帶椰子織蛾的材料尤其是棕櫚科植物進行必要的處理;檢驗過程中主要查看葉片上是否有危害狀,如果有,應進一步從葉片上采集幼蟲或蛹進行準確的鑒定。
椰子織蛾受一些土著寄生性和捕食性天敵(表1)控制。
表1 椰子織蛾的天敵Table 1 Recorded natural enemies of O.arenosella
Sujatha&Singh(2004)于1996~1997年在印度的卡納塔克邦對椰子織蛾的寄生蜂監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn),瓜野螟絨繭蜂Apanteles taragamaeViereck在沿海夏季和內(nèi)陸雨季活躍,棉卷葉螟鱗繭蜂Meteoridea hutsoniNixon和大腿小蜂屬Brachymeriaspp.分別在冬季和夏季占主導地位。Goniozus nephantidis(Muesebeck)在印度不同地區(qū)對椰子織蛾的寄生率不同:如在喀拉拉邦奎隆地區(qū)的寄生率為3.7% ~47.6%(Sathiammaet al.,1996);在馬哈拉施特拉邦塔那地區(qū)為 57.6%(Desaiet al.,2003);在古吉拉特邦默胡瓦地區(qū)為31.0%;在安得拉邦貢土爾地區(qū)為 28.0%(Manjunath,1985);在班加羅爾地區(qū)為48.0%(Nadarajan & Channa,1980)。在斯里蘭卡的寄生率為19.0%(Dharmaraju,1963)。Venkatesanet al.(2003)發(fā)現(xiàn),G.nephantidis擴散依靠爬行而不是飛行。在田間離地面1.2 m的椰子樹干釋放G.nephantidis,90% ~100%的寄生蜂可達到樹冠。每棵樹釋放10頭G.nephantidis,連續(xù)釋放4次效果最佳。在2種寄生蜂G.nephantidis和Bracon brevicomisWesm.競爭互作過程中,G.nephantidis能占有寄主保證后代繁衍,但卻影響B(tài).brevicomis對椰子織蛾的寄生控害效能(Venkatesanet al.,2009)。Jalaliet al.(2002)從11種赤眼蜂中篩選出椰子織蛾卵期寄生蜂食胚赤眼蜂Trichogramma embryophagumHartig,大田釋放寄生率達82.1%。在印度每棵樹釋放50~100頭花蝽Cardiustethus exiguousPoppius,能夠顯著降低野外椰子織蛾的種群數(shù)量(Lylaet al.,2006)。
在印度西海岸,0.1%或0.2%DDT對棕櫚樹椰子織蛾具有很好的防治效果(Nirulaet al.,1951)。Sathiamma&Kurian(1972)報道,幾種農(nóng)藥對椰子織蛾的防效依次為敵敵畏>敵百蟲>殘殺威>亞砜吸磷 >西維因。椰子織蛾暴發(fā)時,用0.02% 敵敵畏、0.05% 馬拉硫磷、0.05% 硫丹和久效磷,有時用3%印楝種核提取物,噴施于葉片背面能夠馬上緩解疫情(Anjariaet al.,1975;Ponnamma,1984)。Kanagaratnam&Pinto(1985)和Nadarajan&Channa(1981)研究表明,通過樹干注射殺蟲劑對椰子織蛾有一定的防治效果。如通過樹干注射印楝素水劑,24 h藥劑可從樹基部傳導到樹冠,對幼蟲的控制效果顯著(Shivashankaret al.,2000)。
農(nóng)業(yè)防治是預防椰子織蛾暴發(fā)的輔助措施。通過削減和燒毀這些被害葉片或枯葉等(Rohitha,1982),可以減少蟲源。
致謝:感謝泰國農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心Amporn Winotai博士和泰國農(nóng)業(yè)大學Namphueng Chomphukhiao博士提供相關信息。
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