追尋本真的生活空間

In Pursuit of a More Natural Living Space

規(guī)矩準(zhǔn)繩Physical standard for engineering construction建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Buildingstandardization中華建筑文明圈Chinese architectureculture circle

——《考工記》

When craftsmen built a capital city,the capital should cover 81 square li(one li equals 0.5 kilometers),with three gates in each of the city walls.Within the capital,there should run nine north tosouth roads and nine east to west roads,each with a width capable of holding nine carts.”

——《禮記》

“When people painted columns in ancient China,red is reserved for emperors,black for dukes, cyan for senior officials,and yellow for other officials.”

——《營(yíng)造法式》

“All principles of housing construction are based on materials.Materials fall into eight grades and different grades of materials are used for houses of different sizes.

漢長(zhǎng)安南郊禮制建筑中心建筑復(fù)原圖

中國(guó)建筑木架構(gòu)示意圖

自神話中伏羲、女?huà)z創(chuàng)世以來(lái)，中國(guó)古代能工巧匠手握規(guī)、矩、準(zhǔn)繩，用榫卯、夯土、穿斗架等技術(shù)，帶領(lǐng)著中華先民一步步走出巢穴之居，登上了亭臺(tái)樓閣。而手握權(quán)柄的帝王將相則憑借中央集權(quán)的法律和組織體系，主導(dǎo)了中國(guó)古代數(shù)千年建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)踐，興建起無(wú)數(shù)宮闕、陵寢，造就了長(zhǎng)城、運(yùn)河等偉大工程。

Since Fu Xi and Goddess of Nuwa had created the world in the Age of Mythology,skilled craftsmen in ancient China used compasses,set squares and plumb lines as well as the techniques of tenoning,earth ramming,Chuandou Frame and others in housing construction,so that people could leave caves and live in elegant buildings.Due to the centralized legal and organizational system,architecture standardization was dominated by kings and emperors for thousands of years.They built numerous palaces and mau-soleums,as well as huge projects such as the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.

周代設(shè)立司空“興事任力”，東漢以“民曹尚書(shū)”掌繕修功作，兩晉南北朝“起部尚書(shū)”主天下興造之政，唐代設(shè)立的工部沿襲至明清，負(fù)責(zé)管理全國(guó)工程、水利與器用。中國(guó)歷代工官與千萬(wàn)聰慧匠人一道，夙興夜寐，窮盡造型之巧，成就土木之功，為后世樹(shù)起了三座古代建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化史上的里程碑。

Official positions were set for management of engineering and construction in different dynasties, such as the“Si kong”in the Zhou Dynasty,“Mincao Shangshu”in the Eastern Han Dynasty,“Qibu Shangshu”in the Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties.In the Tang Dynasty,the Ministry of Works was established and was inherited by the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The construction ministerial officials and master craftsmen of various dynasties dedicated themselves to sophisticated construction and created three milestone works in history of architecture standardization in ancient China.

《考工記》作為中國(guó)最早的一部工程技術(shù)專(zhuān)著，記載了春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)之際城市規(guī)劃思想、建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺度以及工程測(cè)量技術(shù)；《營(yíng)造法式》是中國(guó)官方頒布最早的營(yíng)造法典，它集合了制度、功限、材例等營(yíng)造之大成，“材分八等”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化思想標(biāo)志著以木結(jié)構(gòu)為主的房屋建筑技術(shù)在宋代達(dá)到高度成熟階段；清朝工部頒發(fā)的《工程做法》形成了一整套備料、建造工藝程序，確定了用工、用料固定算法，在高效控制建筑成本的同時(shí)，可用于準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)控工程營(yíng)造各階段。

As the earliest work of engineering in China,the Book of Diverse Crafts recorded the concepts of city planning,construction specifications and engineering surveying technologies in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period.As the earliestofficialbookofconstructioncode,“Yingzao Fashi”(a Chinese treatise on architecture)included systems,functions and material properties.The standardization concept of“eight grades of materials”symbolized that the techniques for wooden architecture had become highly sophisticatedinSongDynasty.The“Gongcheng Zuofa”(Engineering Practices),issued by the Ministry of Works in Qing Dynasty, defined a complete set of procedures for material preparation and building processes;and formulated calculation methods for labor and material use, which could be used to accurately supervise all stages of construction and ensure an efficient control of construction costs.

在技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的支撐下，中華先賢循著“華夷秩序”，以特有的風(fēng)水、禮制和空間美等建筑智慧，引領(lǐng)東亞在歷史上形成了“中華建筑文明圈”……

Withthetechnicalsupportofstandard,followingthe“Huayi Order”,the forefathers of the Chinese nationledEastAsiatoestablishuniqueChineseArchitectural Culture Circle based on geomantic omen, socialinstitutions,andaestheticideals.

略過(guò)近世的民族坎坷，究竟過(guò)往的輝煌成就，在技術(shù)理性思想大行其道的今天，我們有理由堅(jiān)信，復(fù)興和發(fā)展中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑文化，借助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)手段追求建筑與自然、生態(tài)的和諧統(tǒng)一，終將促使地球的居民們回歸于本真的生活空間。

Today,technical rational thought has become popular.Reviewing the history,we believe that harmony among architecture,nature and ecology can be achieved with the support of technical standard,which is the way to rejuvenate the traditional Chinese architectural culture and achieve a global natural living space.

（支持單位：上海市標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院 整理：楊超 葉笑欣）