by Simon Kuper 譯/涂凌晨
It may be the defining London sight: people walking up escalators at Tube1) stations. In this city only tourists stand goggling2) blankly into space. Thats because London—like Manhattan, Hong Kong and other great cities—has fallen into the hands of strivers. They are driving everyone else out of town.
Philosophers and pop psychologists spent centuries trying to explain humankind, but only in 1996 did the South African novelist Jo-Anne Richards3) and I finally identify the three basic human types: strivers, slackers4) and fantasists.
Strivers are restless overachievers who walk up escalators. Their habitats include the City of London5) and Davos. Almost all political leaders are strivers, except ones who inherited their position, such as George W. Bush. As Richards explains in a now-dead book proposal: “Strivers start companies, build skyscrapers and finish marathons. But not all strivers rule the world. They also make the trains run on time and organise charities.” A working-class female striver might become a head nurse. If the job market sidelines6) women altogether, she will strive vicariously7), through her children. “Strivers,” writes Richards, “have the energy and discipline to make other peoples dreams come true.” Strivers make every minute count, and devote their leisure-time to self-improvement. Their drugs of choice are accelerators: coffee and cocaine.
By contrast, slackers do nothing. “They prefer to avoid effort rather than pursue pleasure,” writes Richards. “This in itself can be exhausting.” Its hard to name any well-known slackers, because by definition slackers rarely become famous, except by accident. Sometimes a slacker will get an idea for a novel or for creating world peace, but then she sinks back into the sofa and the moment passes. Whereas business newspapers celebrate strivers, slacker newspapers celebrate lottery winners. Andrew Lamprecht8), in his seminal9) article on slackers, writes that although they have “no idea what they want from life” they often compensate with “a catholic knowledge of television.”
If slackers devote their leisure time to anything, its extended adolescent hobbies such as surfing or collecting comics. Their drugs of choice are anaesthetics10): vodka or cigarettes.
The third human type, the fantasist, lives inside his imagination. Fantasists have little desire to impose themselves on11) the world. A fantasist might spend years writing a short story, then discard it. Fantasists are never efficient and always miss deadlines. They are suckers for12) new age fads such as crystals. They do create a lot of art, which strivers buy. Fantasists drugs of choice stimulate fantasy: marijuana13) or ecstasy. When people are presented with the three human archetypes, most claim to be fantasists.
In truth, real people are usually a mix of the three archetypes. For instance, successful artists such as Steven Spielberg or Damien Hirst14) are generally striver-fantasists. However, most people tend towards one particular type: for instance, someone might be slacker-dominant, with fantasist streaks15).
Naturally the three types irritate each other. A fantasist friend once told me an idea he had for a book. Being a striver, I began to strategize about finding a publisher. The more I talked, the less enthusiastic my friend became. Eventually, he changed the subject. He never intended to write the book. He just liked imagining it.
We strivers are even more at odds with16) slackers. Our force fields17) clash with theirs: our very presence makes them stressed, as if we were human deadlines. You see this clash in politics, where striver rulers are always exhorting slacker populations to pull their socks up18): in Nicolas Sarkozy19)s formulation: “Work harder to earn more.” Rulers hate the notion that someone somewhere might be slacking. Soviet leaders were forever promoting brick-laying contests or rationing vodka, unaware that they were fighting human nature. But slackers rarely revolt against striver rule. Instead, they dream up conspiracy20) theories.
No wonder the three archetypes have tended to segregate themselves. In big cities, strivers gravitate to financial districts, whereas fantasists establish enclaves such as Greenwich Village21) in 1950s New York or Belleville22) in todays Paris. When strivers discover these enclaves and drive up prices, fantasists create more distant enclaves. Slackers generally avoid big cities, often preferring the parental home, writes Richards.
In the US, with its great geographic mobility, the separation of the three types was always marked. Strivers headed for Manhattan and Washington, whereas slackers preferred places such as Miami. You sense each citys dominant mode the minute you arrive: at JFK airport23) in New York, the lady running the cab rank24) bellows25), “Move it along, people! You, sir, take this cab.” Shes on her way up. At Miami airport, you cant even find cabs.
However, segregation of the three human types is now proceeding faster than ever before. Rising house prices and growing inequality are driving non-strivers out of big cities, and even out of previously fantasist coastal towns such as Cape Town and San Francisco. Slackers and fantasists must be upset, but unless you read blogs their voices go unheard, and they certainly wont do anything about it.
不論世事如何變化,這個世界似乎一直都有三類人:不知疲倦的拼搏者、逃避勞動的偷懶者和喜歡活在自己想象中的幻想者。這三類人秉性不同,氣場也不合。拼搏者看不慣偷懶者、受不了幻想者;而偷懶者和幻想者也對拼搏者避之唯恐不及,仿佛他們是人類終結(jié)者一樣。不過,真實的人通常是這三類人的結(jié)合體,兼具了不同的特征。不信,就隨本文來了解一下這三類人,看看自己屬于哪一類。
這也許是倫敦的標(biāo)志性景象:地鐵站里的人們沿著自動扶梯向上走。在這個城市,只有游客才會站在扶梯上茫然發(fā)呆。這是因為倫敦和曼哈頓、香港以及其他大城市一樣,已經(jīng)成為拼搏者的天下。他們正把所有其他人趕出城市。
哲學(xué)家和大眾心理學(xué)家花費了數(shù)百年的時間試圖來解釋人類,但直到1996年,南非小說家約-安妮·理查茲和我才最終確定人類的三種基本類型:拼搏者、偷懶者和幻想者。
拼搏者就是那些沿著自動扶梯向上走的人,他們永不停歇,成績超凡。他們的聚集地包括倫敦金融城和達(dá)沃斯。幾乎所有的政治領(lǐng)袖都是拼搏者,除了那些通過繼承得到職位的人,比如喬治·W·布什。正如理查茲在一份已被否決的圖書策劃中所寫的:“拼搏者創(chuàng)立公司,建造摩天大樓,跑完馬拉松。但并不是所有的拼搏者都在統(tǒng)治世界。他們也保證列車準(zhǔn)點運行,組織慈善活動。”一名勞工階層出身的女性拼搏者可能會成為護(hù)士長。但如果就業(yè)市場將女性一股腦地排除在外,這位女性拼搏者會通過她的孩子們間接地拼搏?!捌床?,”理查茲寫道,“擁有讓其他人夢想成真的能量和自制力?!逼床呤姑恳环昼姸歼^得有價值,把他們的閑暇時間用來完善自己。他們選擇的藥物是加速劑:咖啡和可卡因。
與拼搏者相反,偷懶者什么也不做?!八麄兏敢馓颖軇趧樱皇亲非髽啡?,”理查茲寫道,“這本身就可能令人精疲力竭。”人們很難說出任意一個眾所周知的偷懶者的名字,因為以偷懶者的本性來說,除非是意外情況,否則他們很少出名。有時,偷懶者也會萌生出寫本小說或創(chuàng)造世界和平的想法,但隨即她又會重新窩進(jìn)沙發(fā),這一刻就這樣過去了。商業(yè)報紙對拼搏者贊頌有加,而休閑報紙卻為中彩票者吶喊慶祝。安德魯·蘭普雷克特在他那篇影響深遠(yuǎn)的關(guān)于偷懶者的文章中寫道,盡管他們“不知道自己想從生活中得到什么”,但他們經(jīng)常以“從電視中獲得的廣博知識”作為彌補。
如果偷懶者利用閑暇時光來做些什么的話,那還是對他們青少年時期愛好的延續(xù),比如網(wǎng)上沖浪或者收集漫畫等。他們選擇的藥物是麻醉劑:伏特加或香煙。
第三類人是幻想者,他們活在自己的想象里?;孟胝邘缀鯖]有什么改變世界的欲望。他們可能會花費數(shù)年時間寫一部短篇小說,然后將它丟置一邊?;孟胝咦鍪孪騺硇屎艿停偸清e過最后期限。他們?nèi)菀讓π聲r代的潮流事物著迷,比如冰毒(結(jié)晶甲安)。他們確實創(chuàng)造了不少藝術(shù)品,而買家都是拼搏者?;孟胝哌x擇的是能刺激幻想的藥物:大麻或者迷幻藥。面對這三類典型,大部分人都自稱是幻想者。
實際上,真實的人通常是這三種類型的結(jié)合體。比如,像史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格或達(dá)米恩·赫斯特這樣的成功藝術(shù)家通常都是拼搏型幻想家。不過,大多數(shù)人都偏向某一種特定的類型:例如一個人可能主要屬于偷懶者類型,同時帶有一些幻想者的特征。
自然,這三類人會使彼此感到不快。一位幻想者朋友曾告訴我他想寫一本書。作為拼搏者,我開始籌劃找一家出版商。但我談得越多,我這位朋友就變得越?jīng)]有熱情。最后他干脆轉(zhuǎn)變了話題。他壓根就沒打算寫這本書。他只是喜歡對它展開幻想而已。
我們這些拼搏者與偷懶者更是格格不入。我們與他們氣場不合:我們的存在使他們倍感壓力,就好像我們是人類終結(jié)者一樣。你可以在政治中看到這樣的沖突,拼搏型的統(tǒng)治者經(jīng)常勸說偷懶型的民眾鼓足干勁,用尼古拉·薩科齊的說法就是“更努力地工作,賺更多的錢”。一想到某人可能在某處偷懶,統(tǒng)治者就咬牙切齒。前蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人過去一直都在推進(jìn)砌磚比賽或伏特加的定量供給,他們沒意識到自己的行為是在與人性作斗爭。不過,偷懶者很少會反抗拼搏者的統(tǒng)治。相反,他們會幻想陰謀反叛。
難怪這三類人往往會互相隔離對方。在大城市,拼搏者被吸引到金融區(qū),而幻想者則建立起自己的領(lǐng)地,比如20世紀(jì)50年代紐約的格林威治村或是當(dāng)今巴黎的美麗城。當(dāng)拼搏者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些領(lǐng)地并抬高它們的價格后,幻想者就會在更偏遠(yuǎn)的地方創(chuàng)建新領(lǐng)地。偷懶者則一般會避開大城市生活,他們更青睞于父母所在的家鄉(xiāng),理查茲這樣寫道。
在美國,由于地理上的巨大流動性,這三類人的分隔一直很明顯。拼搏者向曼哈頓和華盛頓聚集,偷懶者則偏愛像邁阿密這樣的地方。剛抵達(dá)一座城市,你就會感受到它的主導(dǎo)類型。在紐約的肯尼迪機場,管理計程車站的女士大聲喝道:“大家往前走!你,先生,上這輛車?!彼诔蔀槠床叩穆飞稀6谶~阿密機場,你甚至都找不到計程車。
然而,現(xiàn)在這三類人的分離速度比以往任何時候都快。日益上漲的房價和日益滋生的不平等現(xiàn)象正在把非拼搏者趕出大城市,甚至把他們趕出像開普敦和舊金山這樣曾經(jīng)屬于幻想者的海濱城市。偷懶者和幻想者對此一定很郁悶,但除非你閱讀他們的博客,否則你不會聽到他們的聲音。當(dāng)然了,他們也不會對此采取任何行動。
1. Tube [tju?b] n. 〈英口〉(倫敦等地的)地下鐵道
2. goggle [?ɡ?ɡl] vi. (常指吃驚地)瞪大眼睛看
3. Jo-Anne Richards:約-安妮·理查茲,南非記者、作家,代表作為《無辜的烤雞》(The Innocence of Roast Chicken)。
4. slacker [?sl?k?] n.〈口〉逃避工作的人,偷懶的人
5. City of London:倫敦金融城,英國英格蘭大倫敦地區(qū)正中央的城市,是整個倫敦的商業(yè)與金融中心,在全球金融業(yè)中具有相當(dāng)重要的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。
6. sideline [?sa?d?la?n] vt. 把……排除在外,使靠邊
7. vicariously [va??ke?ri??sli] adv. 從他人經(jīng)驗中獲得地;間接感受到地
8. Andrew Lamprecht:安德魯·蘭普雷克特(1958~),評論家,藝術(shù)理論家
9. seminal [?sem?n?l] adj. (書、作品等在某一領(lǐng)域)有重大影響的,影響深遠(yuǎn)的
10. anaesthetic [??n?s?θet?k] n. 麻醉藥,麻醉劑
11. impose on:施加影響
12. be a sucker for:對……入迷,無法抗拒……的誘惑
13. marijuana [?m?r??wɑ?n?] n. 大麻(一種毒品)
14. Damien Hirst:達(dá)米恩·赫斯特(1965~),是新一代英國藝術(shù)家的主要代表人物之一。他主導(dǎo)了20世紀(jì)90年代的英國藝術(shù)發(fā)展并享有很高的國際聲譽,于1995年獲得英國當(dāng)代藝術(shù)大獎特納獎。
15. streak [stri?k] n. (性格上不太顯著的)特色,氣質(zhì)
16. at odds with:與……不一致,與……爭吵
17. force field:力場,氣場
18. pull ones socks up:振作起來,鼓足干勁
19. Nicolas Sarkozy:尼古拉·薩科齊(1955~),法蘭西共和國前任總統(tǒng),在2012年法國總統(tǒng)選舉中敗給弗朗索瓦·奧朗德(Francois Hollande)。
20. conspiracy [k?n?sp?r?si] n. 陰謀,反叛
21. Greenwich Village:格林威治村,美國紐約市西區(qū)的一個地名,住在這里的多半是作家、藝術(shù)家、激進(jìn)分子等。格林威治村代表著另外一種生活方式,是美國反主流文化的大本營。
22. Belleville:美麗城(又譯作“貝爾維爾”),法國首都巴黎的一個片區(qū),城內(nèi)包括法國歸正會教堂、貝爾維爾公園和巴黎的兩個唐人街之一。
23. JFK airport:約翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪國際機場(John Fitzgerald Kennedy International Airport),簡稱肯尼迪機場,是紐約市的主要國際機場。
24. cab rank:計程車招呼站(亦作cabstand)
25. bellow [?bel?u] vt. 大聲喝道,大叫