詞匯及短語(yǔ)精析

1. across prep. 橫過(guò)；穿過(guò)；在……對(duì)面

I walked across the field. 我走過(guò)田地。

I drew a line across the page.

我在這一頁(yè)上畫(huà)了一條橫線。

There’s a bank right across the street.

街對(duì)面就有一家銀行。

拓展：adv. 從一邊到另一邊；橫過(guò)；寬

Can you swim across？ 你能游過(guò)去嗎？

The yard measures about 50 feet across.

庭院寬約50英尺。

come （run） across 意為“偶然遇見(jiàn)；意外發(fā)現(xiàn)”（不用于被動(dòng)式）。

Where did you come （run） across her？

你在哪兒碰到她的？

I’ve just come across a beautiful poem in this book.

我在這本書(shū)里偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一首優(yōu)美的詩(shī)。

注意：不要將across誤用作動(dòng)詞。

The river is too deep and we can’t across.（錯(cuò)）

The river is too deep and we can’t cross.（對(duì)）

2. face vt. 面對(duì)；面向；面臨；承認(rèn)；正視現(xiàn)實(shí)

She turned and faced him.

她轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)面對(duì)著他。

Most of the rooms face the sea.

多數(shù)房間朝海。

The company is facing a financial crisis.

公司正面臨財(cái)政危機(jī)。

Let’s face it. We’re not going to win.

我們得承認(rèn)，我們贏不了啦。

短語(yǔ)：be faced with... 面對(duì)……

She’s faced with a difficult decision.

她眼前有一個(gè)難作的決定。

3. situated adj. 位于；坐落在

My bedroom is situated on the top floor of the house.

我的臥室在房子的頂層。

All the best theatres are situated within a few minutes’ walk.

所有最好的劇院只有幾分鐘的路程。

4. located adj. 位于

The information office is located in the city centre.

咨詢處設(shè)在市中心。

Geographically， this country is located in the southern hemisphere.

在地理上，這個(gè)國(guó)家位于南半球。

拓展：locate vt. 確定；找出……的位置；設(shè)立

We located the island on the map.

我們?cè)诘貓D上找出了那個(gè)島的位置。

Where is the new factory to be located？

新工廠將設(shè)于何處？

5. opposite prep. 在……對(duì)面

The post office is opposite to the station.

郵局在車站的對(duì)面。

His house is opposite to mine.

他家就在我家對(duì)面。

拓展：adj 對(duì)面的；相反的；對(duì)立的

I think the picture would look better on the opposite wall.

我認(rèn)為這張畫(huà)掛在對(duì)面的墻上會(huì)好看些。

We hold the opposite opinions.

我們持相反的意見(jiàn)。

n. 對(duì)立面；對(duì)立物；相反的人（物）

The chief of the group has given in to the opposite.

那個(gè)組織的頭頭歸降了對(duì)方。

adv. 在對(duì)面地

They don’t live on this side of the road. They live opposite.

他們不住在馬路這邊，他們住在對(duì)面。

比較：其他表位置的介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)，如：on，in front of，beside，next to的用法

（1） on可以表示在（河、湖、海、地）畔

Chicago is on Lake Michigan.

芝加哥位于密歇根湖畔。

Shanghai lies on the west of the Pacific Ocean.

上海位于太平洋西岸。

（2） in front of 在……的前面

There is a park in front of the house.

在那座房子的前面有一個(gè)公園。

He stood in front of me. 他站在我的前面。

（3） beside 在……的旁邊

Come and sit beside me.

過(guò)來(lái)坐在我的旁邊。

The girl walked beside her mother.

那少女和她的母親并肩而行。

（4） next to 在……的旁邊；緊接著

a building next to the post office 郵局旁的建筑物

Who is standing next to you？ 誰(shuí)正站在你的旁邊？

6. look like 看起來(lái)像

He looks like an athlete when he puts on that coat.

他穿上那件外套就像個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

He didn’t look like the same person after his illness.

他病前病后判若兩人。

拓展：look，sound，feel，smell，taste都可以作連系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞。如：The dish smells good！ 那道菜聞起來(lái)好香！

7. work on 致力于；對(duì)……做工作；對(duì)……施加影響

I’ve been working on a new project in China.

我一直在中國(guó)搞一個(gè)新項(xiàng)目。

She’ll work on him to make him change his mind.

她將努力說(shuō)服他改變主意。

8. because of 因?yàn)椋挥捎?/p>

They are here because of us.

他們是因?yàn)槲覀儾艁?lái)這里的。

He walks slowly because of his bad leg.

他因?yàn)橥炔环奖愣凶呔徛?/p>

Because of his wife’s being there，I said nothing about it.

由于他的妻子在場(chǎng)，我便沒(méi)提這事。

比較：because of，because，as a result of，thanks to的區(qū)別

（1） because是從屬連詞，后面跟一個(gè)完整的句子。

because of是介詞短語(yǔ)，后面跟名詞、代詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)。

He came to work late because he got up late.

He came to work late because of getting up late.

他上班遲到了，因?yàn)樗鸫财鹜砹恕?/p>

（2） as a result of作為……的結(jié)果，一般用作狀語(yǔ)。

As a result of the war， the lives of many people were lost.

由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，許多人失去了生命。

（3） thanks to幸虧，多虧，由于，因?yàn)椋捎糜诒磉_(dá)正面意思，也可用于諷刺口語(yǔ)，多放在句首。

Thanks to your help， I passed the test.

幸虧有你的幫助，我測(cè)試及格了。

Thanks to your rotten idea， we went a long way.

多虧了你的餿主意，害得我們走了不少冤枉路。

9. be known as 作為……而出名 / 聞名

be known as后面一般跟表某種職業(yè)或身份的名詞。

Lu Xun is known as a writer.

魯迅是作為作家而出名的。

Jay Chou is known as a rapper.

周杰倫是作為一個(gè)說(shuō)唱歌手而出名的。

比較：be known for 因……而出名

Her mother is known for her cooking.

她的母親以烹飪聞名。

Her mother is known as a cook.

她的母親作為一名廚師而聞名。

10. ever since 自從……；一直……

ever since可作為副詞，表示“此后”就一直……

He fell ill at Christmas and has been ill ever since.

他在圣誕節(jié)生病了，此后就一直不適。

He left home last year and has been away ever since.

他去年離家走了，此后一直在外面。

He went to Turkey in 1950 and has lived there ever since. 他在1950年去了土耳其，此后就一直住在那里。

拓展：ever since作為連詞時(shí)相當(dāng)于since，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀詞從句，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I have known him ever since he was a child.

從小我就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。

We have lived in Shanghai ever since we came to China.自從我們來(lái)到中國(guó)后就一直住在上海。

11. in terms of 據(jù)……；依照……

It is difficult to express it in terms of science.

要用科學(xué)的字眼來(lái)表達(dá)它是很困難的。

It is a bad year for films in terms of both quantity and quality.

今年的電影無(wú)論從數(shù)量上還是質(zhì)量上都說(shuō)不上好。

拓展：in one’s term 在某人看來(lái)；根據(jù)某人觀點(diǎn)

in the long / short term 從長(zhǎng)期 / 短期來(lái)看

12. on the other hand 另一方面；反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)

On the one hand， she teaches English； on the other hand she learns Chinese.

她一方面教英語(yǔ)，一方面學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)。

It’s cheap， but on the other hand it isn’t good.

東西倒是便宜，就是不好。

13. What’s...like？ 就某人、某地或某事物的具體情況提問(wèn)

What’s the weather like today？ 今天的天氣如何？

What’s she like？ 她人怎么樣？（問(wèn)相貌、性格、愛(ài)好方面）

比較：What do / does...look like？ 就某人、某地或某事物的外觀、外表詢問(wèn)。

How do you like...？ 你認(rèn)為、感覺(jué)……如何、怎么樣？

語(yǔ)法精講

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：is/are + 及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞

I know this song is often sung by him.

The fIowers in my garden are watered every day.

Quite a few lessons are taught in our class.

Is Japanese learned by all of you here？

Where is this kind of car made？

Why is Wei Fang often praised by her teacher？

The computer is widely used in the world， isn’t it？

Flowers and grass are not grown in this field， are they？

一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：was/were + 及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞

This bridge was built in October last year.

These cakes were made by my mother last night.

The girl said she was often beaten by her brother.

I was taught by Miss Zhao last year.

Those letters were written by a famous writer.

注意：不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

主謂一致

一、作主語(yǔ)用的集體名詞作為一個(gè)不可分割的整體看待時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；若就其中的各個(gè)成員來(lái)考慮，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。這類集體名詞有：family，team，group，class，club等。

The team was made up of ten members.

The team were in the hall.

My family has moved into a new house.

My family enjoy sports.

二、each及由 some，any，no，every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Each of the children has a present.

Nobody knows the fact.

三、none of與復(fù)數(shù)名詞、代詞或單數(shù)集體名詞連用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但none of與不可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

None of the trains is / are going to London.

None of these pens works / work.

None of the work was done.

四、neither和either作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。neither of 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時(shí)，多用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞（用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞較非正式）。

Neither men was selected for the job.

Neither of my parents speaks / speak a foreign language.

拓展：

語(yǔ)法一致

1. 不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

To become a doctor is his dream.

Reading without comprehension is no good.

2. 主語(yǔ)后有with / as well as / together with等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由前面的主語(yǔ)決定。

My mother together with her friends is going to visit the museum.

The teacher as well as the students has seen the film.

3. 用and，both...and...連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式；若and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的前面分別有each， every， no等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Both he and I are right.

In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.

No teacher and no student was present at the party.

4. 倒裝句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后面的主語(yǔ)一致。

In the centre of Tian’anmen Square stands the Chairman Mao’s Memorial Hall.

Here comes the bus.

5. most of，plenty of，all，some，half of，no，the rest of及分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比加名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由of后面的名詞的數(shù)來(lái)決定。

Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

All the students are ready for the picnic.

All the food is ready for the picnic.

6. 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞如：clothes， scissors， trousers， shorts， glasses， shoes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。

My clothes are being washed.

Where are my glasses？

7. 由and連接的并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人或同一事物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

His teacher and friend is a beautiful woman.

The poet and writer has come.

意義一致

1. 表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、金錢(qián)、度量衡的詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparation.

One hundred miles was covered at a single night.

2. 下列名詞雖具有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但表示單數(shù)概念，他們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為單數(shù)。

（1） 學(xué)科名詞：mathematics，physics，politics，economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)），classics（古典文學(xué)），electronics（電子學(xué)）

（2） 國(guó)家、機(jī)構(gòu)名詞：the United States，the United Nations（聯(lián)合國(guó)），Philippines（菲律賓）

（3） 報(bào)刊名詞：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.

3. the + adj表示一類人的結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

The injured have been taken to the hospital.

The young are required to respect the old.

就近一致

由or，neither...nor...， either...or...， not...but...， not only...but also...等連接的并列主語(yǔ)及在there / here be句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致。

Either he or I am wrong.

Neither his soldiers nor he wants to take orders from the army.

Not only the students but also the teacher is active in sports and games.

Here is a pen， a few envelopes and some paper for you.