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        形容詞和副詞精講

        2013-04-12 00:00:00唐曉霞
        初中生世界·九年級(jí) 2013年4期

        一、形容詞的構(gòu)成

        1. 名詞+ful,如:help→helpful;use-useful; thank-thankful

        2. 名詞+y,如:cloud →cloudy;wind-windy; cloud-cloudy

        3.動(dòng)詞+ing, 如:interest →interesting;excite-exciting

        4.動(dòng)詞+ed, 如:interest →interested;worry-worried

        5.名詞+ly,如:friend →friendly; love—lovely; live-lively

        漏掉-less, un-等。

        二、副詞的構(gòu)成

        1. 副詞大多由形容詞加-ly構(gòu)成。(輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y為i加-ly)例如:

        quick- quickly, happy-happily, easy—easily, busy--busily

        terrible-terribly, wonderful- wonderfully

        2. 少數(shù)單詞是形容詞、副詞同形。例如:

        fast, slow, early, hard

        形容詞和副詞在句中的位置:

        形容詞在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。其作定語(yǔ)時(shí),往往位于被修飾的名詞前;作表語(yǔ)時(shí),常位于be, become, smell, seem, look, get, feel, turn, grow等系動(dòng)詞之后。 但是,形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)要后置。

        副詞在句中可作狀語(yǔ)。主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞等,通常位于被修飾的詞前。但是,當(dāng)enough用作副詞來(lái)修飾形容詞時(shí),要后置。

        [典型試題1]—Have you bought for Linda’s birthday?

        —Not exactly. Just some flowers. (2012年 連云港)

        A. something unusual B. anything unusual

        C. unusual something D. unusual anything

        [簡(jiǎn)析]形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí),應(yīng)該放在其后面, 故排除C、D兩項(xiàng), 再根據(jù)一般疑問(wèn)句要使用anything。所以B項(xiàng)正確。

        [典型試題2] —What do you think of the lecture of Li Yang’s Crazy English?

        —I think it’s ____, but someone thinks it’s much too ______.(2010年 眉山)

        A. wonderful enough; boredB. enough wonderful; boring

        C. wonderful enough; boringD. enough wonderful; bored

        [簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)enough修飾形容詞時(shí)應(yīng)該后置,可以排除B、D兩項(xiàng);再分析第二個(gè)空格可以知道應(yīng)該填boring(令人厭煩的)才符合題意,從而又排除A項(xiàng)。

        三、比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成及用法。

        【知識(shí)百寶箱】

        1. 和比較等級(jí)相關(guān)的一些經(jīng)典句型。

        (1)…the +比較級(jí)+of the two… 意為“……倆者中較……”。例如:

        Simon is the fatter of the two brothers. 西蒙是他們兄弟倆中較胖的一個(gè)。

        (2)The +比較級(jí)…,the+比較級(jí)… 的含義是“越……就越……”。例如:

        The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.

        你越是小心,錯(cuò)誤就會(huì)犯得越少。

        (3)“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”或“more and more + (部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié))形容詞的原形”表示“越來(lái)越……”。 例如:

        When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and warmer.

        當(dāng)春天來(lái)臨時(shí),天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和。

        Nanjing City is becoming more and more beautiful.

        南京市正變得越來(lái)越漂亮。

        (4) “one of the + 形容詞最高級(jí)+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式”意為“最……中之一”。 例如:

        Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.

        上海是中國(guó)最大的城市之一。

        2. 形容詞三個(gè)比較等級(jí)都可以被某些詞語(yǔ)所修飾。這也是各類(lèi)測(cè)試命題的焦點(diǎn)。

        (1)形容詞原級(jí)可以被very, quite, too, so, as, much too等修飾。例如:

        The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.

        那只盒子對(duì)于那小男孩而言太重了,他拎不動(dòng)。

        The coat is very beautiful, but it’s much too dear.

        那件上衣很漂亮,但太貴了點(diǎn)。

        (2)形容詞的比較級(jí)前可用much, far, a lot等修飾,表示“……得多”;用a little, a lit等修飾,表示“……一點(diǎn)兒”,用even, still等修飾,表示“更……”。例如:

        I need much more money than he does.

        我比他需要更多的錢(qián)。

        This motorbike is a little cheaper than that one.

        這輛摩托車(chē)比那輛要便宜點(diǎn)。

        Your pencil—box is very beautiful, but mine is still more beautiful.

        你鉛筆盒很漂亮,但我的更漂亮。

        (3)形容詞的最高級(jí)可以被序數(shù)詞及nearly, almost等修飾。例如:

        That is nearly the cheapest shirt in our shop.

        那幾乎是本店最便宜的襯衫了。

        [典型試題3] _____exercise you take, _____you’ll be. (2012年 黑龍江雞西)

        A. The fewer, the fatterB. The less, the fatterC. The less, the more fatter

        【簡(jiǎn)析】此題考查比較等級(jí)的特殊用法。英語(yǔ)中用“the+比較級(jí)……,the+比較級(jí)……”表示“越……就越……”,所以題意為“你鍛煉越少,你將越胖?!?,即答案為B項(xiàng)。

        [典型試題4] When winter comes, days get______.(2012年 畢節(jié))

        A. long and longB. short and short C. longer and longerD. shorter and shorter

        【簡(jiǎn)析】此題考查比較等級(jí)的特殊用法。“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”或“more and more+原形”表示“越來(lái)越…… ,所以本題應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。

        [典型試題5] Traffic is heavy and the price of oil i s much _______ so that many people go to work by bus instead. (2012年 昆明)

        A. higher B. high C. expensive D. more expensive

        【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)much后跟形容詞的比較級(jí),可以排除B、C兩項(xiàng);英語(yǔ)中表示價(jià)格(price)高低用high和low,不能以中文思維而誤用expensive 和cheap。再結(jié)合下文“人們改乘公交車(chē)”可以推斷價(jià)錢(qián)是更高的。故選A。

        四、形容詞、副詞在具體語(yǔ)境中的應(yīng)用

        【知識(shí)百寶箱】

        中考中常見(jiàn)的形容詞或副詞的辨析有:

        1.such和 so “如此”不同

        such和 so都有“如此”之意。such用作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),須放在名詞前;so用作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),須放在形容詞或副詞前;當(dāng)名詞被“多(many)多(much)少(few)少(little)”修飾時(shí),其前仍用so。

        2.already, still與yet表示“已經(jīng)”

        already表示某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生,still表示某事仍在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句,yet用于疑問(wèn)句表示“已經(jīng)”,用于否定句表示“還沒(méi)有”、“尚未”等。

        3. alone與lonely

        alone 作形容詞和副詞用,意為“單獨(dú)的/地、獨(dú)自的/地”,重在表示單獨(dú)無(wú)伴。而lonely作形容詞用,意為“孤獨(dú)的、寂寞的”,表示缺少朋友同情和友誼的一種悲傷、憂(yōu)郁的感情,其作表語(yǔ)時(shí)指人所處的孤獨(dú)狀態(tài),作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示荒涼。

        [典型試題6] Martha is a_____ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others. (2012年 河北)

        A. shy B. friendly C. crazy D. healthy

        【簡(jiǎn)析】考查形容詞的詞義辨析。shy意為“害羞的”,friendly意為“友好的”,crazy意為“瘋狂的”,healthy意為“健康的”。根據(jù)下文“她一直微笑并對(duì)其他人打招呼”,可推測(cè)她是友好的,故答案選B。

        五、考查程度副詞的用法。

        【知識(shí)百寶箱】

        1. 考查much too和too much的區(qū)別。much too意為“很,非?!保S糜谛稳菰~或副詞之前;too much意為“太,很”,常用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞或位于不及物動(dòng)詞之后來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞。試體會(huì):

        “Don't eat too much meat any more, you’re much too fat,” the mother said to her son.

        “不要再吃太多的肉了,你太胖了,”媽媽對(duì)她的兒子說(shuō)道。

        much可作形容詞,修飾不可數(shù)名詞;也可以作代詞或副詞。

        2. how用作程度副詞時(shí)意為“多么”,其后接形容詞或副詞,用來(lái)引導(dǎo)感嘆句,構(gòu)成“How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他!”句型。 例如:

        How beautifully she sings!她唱歌唱得多美啊!

        what也可引導(dǎo)感嘆句,其后接名詞,構(gòu)成“What + a/an + 形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+形式主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他!”或“What+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+形式主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他!”句型。 例如:

        What a kind girl Liu Mei is! 劉梅是位多么善良的女孩?。?/p>

        [典型試題7] I’m going to be late for work. There’re ___ buses on this route(線(xiàn)路). (2011年沈陽(yáng))

        A. too few B. too little C. too many D. too much

        [簡(jiǎn)析] 根據(jù)前句“我上班將會(huì)遲到的”可知,這條路線(xiàn)的公交車(chē)很少,據(jù)此可以排除C、D兩項(xiàng); bus是可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用too many來(lái)修飾;又可以排除B項(xiàng)。

        [典型試題8] — The advantages of the Chongqi Bridge have already been seen.

        — good news to us! (2012年 南通)

        A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

        [簡(jiǎn)析] 審題后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)空格處應(yīng)該選用what來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞news,故A項(xiàng)正確。

        六、疑問(wèn)副詞的用法

        【知識(shí)百寶箱】

        疑問(wèn)副詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句的,一般放在句首。疑問(wèn)詞的選擇,要根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)判斷。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, why, how以及由how與其它形容詞或副詞構(gòu)成的how old, how soon, how often, how far, how long, how tall, how many, how much等。

        [典型試題9] — do you write a letter to your father?

        — I seldom or never do that now. Instead, I call or email him almost every day. (2012年 南通)

        A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often

        【簡(jiǎn)析】解該題時(shí),根據(jù)題干中的答語(yǔ)(I seldom or never do that now.)可以快速得到正確答案D項(xiàng)(對(duì)頻率進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí),用how often)。

        [典型試題10] —______ will the manager come back.

        —Maybe in three days. (2012年 呼和浩特)

        A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. How far

        【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)答語(yǔ)Maybe in three days,可以得出該題的正確答案應(yīng)該是C項(xiàng)。

        強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

        I.單項(xiàng)選擇,選擇最佳答案。

        1. —Have you got my e-mail today?

        —Oh, there’s ______ with my computer. It doesn't work.

        A. something wrong B. wrong something C. anything wrong D. wrong anything

        2. Mr. Black, _____ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.

        A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring

        3. —I wonder_______ I should water this kind of flower.

        —Twice a week, I think.

        A.how often B.how long C.how soon D.how much

        4. “I was so tired that I could ______walk any farther,” the little girl said to her father.

        A.nearly B.hardly C.really D.studeenly

        5. —Can I help you, Sir?

        —Well, I’m afraid the box is _______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.

        A. so B. much C. very D. too

        6. ______ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

        A. Brave enough stdents B. Enough brave students

        C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave

        7. I ________ ride a bike to school. But this morning I took a taxi because I got up late.

        A. never B. sometimes C. seldom D. usually

        8. — Health is money.

        — But I think it is money.

        A. as important as B. more important than C. so important than D. the same as

        9. —Our teacher wants us to be_______when we talk with the foreigners.

        —Yes,we should believe in ourselves.

        A.comfortable B.confident C.unusual D.energetic

        10. —_____ kind girl Nancy is! —Yes, she is always ready to help others.

        A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

        II.用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給的單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

        1. Li Ming usually checks his test papers before handing them in. (careful)

        2. While we were watching the play, I _____ noticed a man with a funny look. (sudden)

        3. Our family has bought a car so we can travel ______ than before. (easy)

        4. The __________ you climb, the more beautiful view you will see. (high)

        5. I don’t like horror films. I usually feel ______ ill after I watch such a kind of film. (terrible)

        6. How _________ he is singing! Perhaps he is ________ student in our class now. (happy)

        7. It’s today. Let’s go to the park. (sun)

        8.-Which one of those two houses would you buy?

        -I would buy the _______ one because I have a big family. (large)

        9. We should use plastic bags to help the environment. Let’s say goodbye to them. (few)

        10. — What bad weather!

        —Yes. The radio says it will be even _______ later on. (bad)

        參考答案

        強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

        I.1—5 A A A B D 6—10 C D B B B

        II.1.carefully 2. suddenly 3. more easily 4. higher 5. terribly 6. happily; the happiesst 7. sunny 8. larger 9. fewer 10. worse

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