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        Wnt信號通路與創(chuàng)面愈合

        2012-12-31 00:00:00韓昌鵬等
        中國美容醫(yī)學 2012年13期

        各種原因?qū)е碌穆云つw潰瘍是臨床諸多疾病的常見并發(fā)癥之一,具有病程長,反復(fù)發(fā)作,花費巨大的特點,對患者生活、心理和工作質(zhì)量都具有極大影響。對創(chuàng)面愈合機制的研究一直以來都是國內(nèi)外學者研究的熱點與難點,研究顯示W(wǎng)nt信號通路與創(chuàng)面愈合密切相關(guān)。Wnt信號通路分為經(jīng)典與非經(jīng)典信號通路,近年來,兩種通路在創(chuàng)面愈合中的作用見諸多文獻報道,本文就Wnt信號通路與創(chuàng)面愈合的關(guān)系綜述如下。

        1 Wnt信號通路簡介

        1973年,Sharma等[1]在對果蠅胚胎發(fā)育的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了無翅基因(Wingless)。1982年,Nusser等[2]對小鼠乳腺腫瘤研究時發(fā)現(xiàn)一種可以在細胞間傳遞增殖分化信號的蛋白質(zhì),當時稱其為Intl。后經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)果蠅的無翅基因(Wingless)即為Wnt樣基因,所以統(tǒng)一命名為Wnt1基因。迄今為止,包括Wnt1基因在內(nèi),在人和脊椎動物中共發(fā)現(xiàn)了19種Wnt基因[3]。這些基因編碼Wnt蛋白家族,是一組富含半胱氨酸的分泌性糖蛋白。Wnt蛋白在多種組織細胞中均有表達,它們通過自分泌或旁分泌的方式激活膜受體而發(fā)揮作用。Wnt信號通路多種分泌型Wnt蛋白已被證明存在于從線蟲到人類的多種生物中[4]。Wnt基因編碼的Wnt蛋白及其受體、調(diào)節(jié)蛋白等一起組成了復(fù)雜的信號通路;稱為Wnt信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路。它與胚胎正常發(fā)育、細胞的增殖與分化以及腫瘤形成密切相關(guān)[5]。目前,研究顯示W(wǎng)nt信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路有主要3條途徑:①經(jīng)典Wnt-β-catenin-LEF/TCF通路:這條通路激活后將募集細胞內(nèi)的β-catenin,將后者活化后轉(zhuǎn)移入細胞核,與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子LEF/TCF等共同作用激活特異基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄;②細胞極性通路:主要調(diào)控細胞骨架的重排;③Wnt/Ca2+通路:通過鈣依賴性激酶、鈣調(diào)蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-AT(nuclear factor of activated T cell)起作用[6]。已有研究證實Wnt/β-catenin信號通路能促進創(chuàng)面愈合,Wnt信號通路相關(guān)糖蛋白也與創(chuàng)面愈合有密切關(guān)系[7]。

        2 經(jīng)典Wnt/β-catenin信號通路與創(chuàng)面愈合

        既往研究顯示W(wǎng)nt信號通路主要與毛囊發(fā)育相關(guān),是控制動物胚胎發(fā)育和組織器官形態(tài)發(fā)生的重要信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑之一[8]。隨著研究的深入,越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,Wnt信號通路具有多種不同的生理功能,包括影響干細胞增殖與自我更新[9],與創(chuàng)面愈合也密切相關(guān)[10]。Carre等[11]采用Wnt3a腺病毒模擬激活經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路,研究Wnt信號通路、TGF-β與透明質(zhì)酸在創(chuàng)面愈合與瘢痕形成的關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路在新生小鼠皮膚創(chuàng)面表達明顯增高,而在胚胎小鼠創(chuàng)面模型中未發(fā)現(xiàn)增高。重組Wnt3a模擬激活Wnt信號通路后能促進出生后小鼠成纖維細胞增殖,而對胚胎小鼠成纖維細胞卻此無效。Wnt信號通路激活可使出生后小鼠成纖維細胞中HAS1和Hyal2基因表達增強,從而顯著提高I型膠原表達。Barcelos[12-13]研究顯示,CD133+祖細胞能激活Wnt信號通路,并通過旁分泌刺激內(nèi)皮細胞增殖、遷移,促進血管增生而促進糖尿病缺血性潰瘍愈合,同時,這一效應(yīng)能被Wnt信號拮抗分子sFRP-1所阻斷。在經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路中,β-catenin是Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的重要組成部分,是控制動物胚胎發(fā)育和組織器官形態(tài)發(fā)生的重要信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑元件之一[8]。正常情況下,成年機體Wnt基因則多處于相對靜止狀態(tài)。皮膚損傷后,TGF-β能暫時提高創(chuàng)面β-catenin表達。TGF-β通過Smad3和p38 MAPK 通路激活β-catenin介導的人上皮成纖維細胞轉(zhuǎn)錄,并且TGF-β在肥大瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩中也誘導Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的上調(diào)[14]。β-catenin在真皮成纖維細胞核內(nèi)持續(xù)增高,有利于成纖維細胞增殖與遷移,同時又反饋激活TGF-β信號通路。但在慢性皮膚潰瘍中,這一過程因TGF-β信號通路持續(xù)激活而得到增強[15]。增強的Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在TGF-β1誘導的正常皮膚從成纖維細胞到肌成纖維細胞的轉(zhuǎn)化中發(fā)揮了負反饋作用,而這種轉(zhuǎn)化是創(chuàng)面愈合的關(guān)鍵[16]。近年來還報道m(xù)ircoRNA通過直接影響β-catenin的編碼蛋白對Wnt/β-catenin信號通路抑制的作用[17]。Wnt分子通過旁分泌和自分泌的方式作用于細胞膜(目前已知Wnt蛋白家族成員中,能激活經(jīng)典Wnt-β-catenin-LEF/TCF通路的有Wnt1[18-19]、Wnt3a[20]和Wnt8[3]),其中Wnt3a以β-catenin依賴的方式通過Smad2上調(diào)TGF-β,誘導肌成纖維細胞的分化[21]。Wnt分子與跨膜受體frizzelds及其共同受體低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白結(jié)合,進而降低β-catenin磷酸化的降解,使得β-catenin在細胞內(nèi)聚集,最后進入細胞核與T細胞因子(T-cell factor ,Tcf)結(jié)合,激活下游靶基因,例如cyclin D1, c-Jun, c-myc, E-cadherin, and EGFR等[6,22-23]。Nguyen[24]研究顯示Tcf3與Tcf4敲除小鼠表皮變薄,毛囊發(fā)育受阻,創(chuàng)面上皮化功能亦受到顯著影響。因此,在正常皮膚中β-catenin表現(xiàn)為膜表達,而在進入細胞核后則表現(xiàn)為核表達。研究表明,β-catenin蛋白在創(chuàng)面愈合增殖期間質(zhì)細胞中表達增高[25],并影響真皮成纖維細胞的增殖與遷移[26]。有另外的相反研究卻顯示,正常組織創(chuàng)面后β-catenin蛋白水平在4周后到達高峰,12周恢復(fù)到正常水平。增生性難愈性創(chuàng)面的β-catenin蛋白水平持續(xù)偏高并延長達2年。老鼠創(chuàng)面愈合模型研究表明,潰瘍創(chuàng)面大小與β-catenin蛋白表達水平密切相關(guān),β-catenin通過間接影響TGF-β效應(yīng)影響創(chuàng)面愈合[27]。Stojadinovic[28]通過對難愈性潰瘍與正常人皮膚相比較發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性皮膚潰瘍患者創(chuàng)面β-catenin核表達、c-myc蛋白表達明顯增強。將潰瘍創(chuàng)緣β-catenin核表達的角質(zhì)形成細胞進行體外培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)其遷移能力與正常對照組相比顯著降低。Carrie Fathke等[29]的研究進一步證實,異常激活的Wnt/β-catenin通路使毛囊間表皮細胞再生模式被誘導改變,上皮過度分化,形成表皮囊腫與不成熟的毛囊結(jié)構(gòu)。其研究提示恰當?shù)腤nt信號通路激活又誘使皮膚及其附屬器再生的潛能。

        β-catenin激活后的下游靶基因c-myc能夠促進細胞從Go期進入S期,因而目前認為它可能與細胞的增殖及分化密切相關(guān)。在正常人表皮中,c-myc的表達僅局限在基底細胞層,提示c-myc可能與表皮干細胞分化存在某種內(nèi)在關(guān)系。然而,有研究提示,在慢性皮膚潰瘍中,c-myc則在表皮全層表達增強,失衡的c-myc可能使干細胞耗竭,而抑制細胞生長并刺激其終末分化[30]。還可導致細胞外骨架物質(zhì)K6/K16蛋白降低,影響細胞遷移,不遷移的終末分化細胞堆積在創(chuàng)周阻礙上皮化形成。Saha 等[31]應(yīng)用基因表達系列分析(serial analysis of gene expression,SAGE)篩選了多種靶基因后,發(fā)現(xiàn)c-myc基因可能是核內(nèi)受異常Wnt信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑調(diào)控的最重要的靶基因之一。而Wnt信號通路中最主要的成員即是β-catenin和靶基因c-myc[32]。

        3 非經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路與創(chuàng)面愈合

        非經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路,也即細胞極性通路和Ca2+-蛋白激酶A通路。該通路無需激活靶基因即可引起細胞效應(yīng),即直接作用于胞質(zhì)效應(yīng)蛋白。激活非經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路的主要蛋白為Wnt5a與Wnt11。且Wnt5a能夠以不依賴GSK-3β的方式,通過Siah2和APC降解β-catenin,從而和經(jīng)典Wnt/β-catenin信號途徑相互作用。

        內(nèi)皮細胞之間相互作用是影響創(chuàng)面血管增生與血管功能的重要因素。研究顯示[33]VEGF與胎盤生長因子通過受體VEGFR-1促進血管增生,且兩者具有協(xié)同效應(yīng)。Cheng等[34]運用siRNA或Wnt5a拮抗劑阻斷Wnt/Ca2+信號通路可抑制內(nèi)皮細胞增殖與遷移,添加VEGF可糾正這一阻斷現(xiàn)象。表明Wnt5a介導的非經(jīng)典Wnt通路(Wnt/Ca2+)在內(nèi)皮細胞增殖與遷移中發(fā)揮正面作用。此外,細胞因子刺激體外培養(yǎng)內(nèi)皮細胞則可發(fā)現(xiàn)Wnt5a mRNA表達上調(diào)。Wnt5a介導下的Wnt/Ca2+信號通路可能通過調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細胞生長而有助于炎性血管新生,并可成為治療該類疾病的潛在靶點[34-35]。另一研究顯示,黑素細胞遷移與侵襲能力增強與Wnt/Ca2+信號通路Wnt5a高表達有關(guān),通過阻斷Wnt5a受體Frizzled-5可以降低黑素細胞侵襲能力[36]。盡管有文獻顯示W(wǎng)nt5a介導的Wnt/Ca2+通路對于不同的細胞起不同的作用,或促進或抑制。但大多數(shù)研究顯示W(wǎng)nt/Ca2+信號通路與經(jīng)典Wnt/β-catenin信號通路存在拮抗效應(yīng),而前者能提高細胞遷移與增殖[37-39]。另外,Lyu [40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Wnt7a在角膜創(chuàng)面處快速升高,有利于角膜上皮增殖,促進創(chuàng)面愈合。Wnt7a使細胞膜內(nèi)β-catenin聚集,激活Rac,后者協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)錄MMP-12。在增殖區(qū)域上皮中檢測到MMP-12,而在細胞遷移中心MMP-12則減少。阻斷MMP-12功能表達,將使Wnt7a誘導的創(chuàng)面愈合顯著延遲。

        綜上所述,Wnt信號通路與創(chuàng)面修復(fù)關(guān)系密切,涉及成纖維細胞[26]、角質(zhì)形成細胞的增殖與遷移功能[41]、細胞外基質(zhì)及膠原收縮[42]、血管新生[12]等諸多方面。近來的研究更加關(guān)注創(chuàng)面愈合過程中多種信號通路之間的相互作用,如Wnt信號通路與TGF-β信號通路[11,42],Wnt信號通路與整合素等之間的相互作用[43]。創(chuàng)面修復(fù)機制復(fù)雜,涉及諸多因素,深入了解創(chuàng)面修復(fù)不同時期、不同信號通路的相互作用,對于提高創(chuàng)面治愈率具有重要意義。

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        [收稿日期]2012-04-09 [修回日期]2012-05-25

        編輯/李陽利

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