切開法重瞼術(shù)是最常見的整形美容手術(shù),因行切開法重瞼術(shù)導(dǎo)致上瞼陣發(fā)性水腫者國內(nèi)未見報告,我科曾遇一例,現(xiàn)簡要報道如下。
1 病例介紹
患者女性,27歲,2年前行切開法重瞼術(shù),術(shù)后上瞼皮膚反復(fù)發(fā)作性腫脹。發(fā)作前可出現(xiàn)前驅(qū)癥狀(通常有上瞼刺痛感),隨后出現(xiàn)邊緣性紅斑,非凹陷性表皮水腫,無瘙癢。發(fā)作期前24h內(nèi),上瞼皮膚腫脹逐漸加劇,隨后48~72h內(nèi)腫脹又逐漸消退。有時可先從一側(cè)上瞼發(fā)作,在腫脹消退前蔓延至對側(cè)眼瞼。體格檢查示:雙肺呼吸音清,四肢、軀干、小腸、外生殖器、舌及呼吸道無水腫,皮膚劃痕試驗陽性。實驗室檢查示:白細(xì)胞6,600 cells/μl,血紅蛋白10.6g/dl,補體因子3(C3)122mg/dl (參考值 50-110),補體因子4(C4) 6mg/dl (參考值 17~43 mg/dl)。
由于上瞼皮膚水腫繼發(fā)于眼瞼手術(shù),抗組胺藥治療效果不佳,由此考慮該患者發(fā)作性上瞼水腫可能是由C1膽堿酯酶抑制物(C1-INH)缺乏引起的血管性水腫。 C1-INH缺乏可導(dǎo)致身體非變應(yīng)性偶發(fā)水腫。這種血管性水腫可由手術(shù)或侵入性治療引發(fā)[1]。經(jīng)檢測患者C1-INH含量極低,為0.08g/L (參考值 0.21~0.39g/L)。
2 討論
血管性水腫最先由Osler于1888年提出,是以C1-INH缺乏為病因的常染色體顯性遺傳病[2]。C1-INH 是血漿中一種廣譜絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑,是血漿中補體、纖溶、凝血和激肽形成幾大系統(tǒng)的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子。因此C1-INH缺乏可導(dǎo)致血管舒張、血管通透性增加、遺傳性血管性水腫,從而導(dǎo)致非指凹陷性水腫。誘發(fā)因素包括壓力、感染、ACE抑制物、微小創(chuàng)傷、月經(jīng)期、懷孕、口服避孕藥、外科手術(shù)(例如面部、頜面口腔手術(shù))[3-6]。含雌激素的避孕藥、雌激素替代治療和青春期發(fā)病會使病情加重[3,5-12]。
血管性水腫的發(fā)病率約為1:50000[13],極低的發(fā)病率使我們在對此例患者的診斷和治療過程中費盡周折?;颊叻裾J(rèn)血管性水腫遺傳疾病家族史,此例患病病例極有可能是基因自發(fā)突變引起[14]。重瞼術(shù)后引發(fā)的上瞼水腫讓我們首先考慮過敏,而過敏性水腫又常使人聯(lián)想到蕁麻疹性疾病,此疾病與組胺釋放有關(guān),皮質(zhì)激素和抗組胺藥物治療通常有效[3]。就此例患者而言,結(jié)合其病史及抗組胺治療無效的治療結(jié)果使我們考慮其診斷應(yīng)為C1-INH缺乏所致的血管性水腫。
血管性水腫的治療應(yīng)包括急性期發(fā)作治療、短時期內(nèi)防復(fù)發(fā)治療、長時期內(nèi)減少復(fù)發(fā)頻率治療和急性重癥發(fā)作治療。就短期治療而言,純化的C1-INH替代治療無副作用且療效好[15-16]。此外,C1-INH替代療法還可以用于血管性水腫的急性發(fā)作治療 [17-19]。治療時可通過輸注新鮮冰凍血漿來補充C1-INH。對于那些經(jīng)常性發(fā)作或危及生命大發(fā)作的血管性水腫患者,應(yīng)考慮給予長期預(yù)防措施。隨機試驗顯示17α烷基化雄激素和抗纖維蛋白溶解藥可以顯著減少發(fā)作頻率[20-23]。此外,一些治療血管性水腫的新藥也陸續(xù)上市,如緩激肽抑制劑DX-88,緩激肽受體拮抗劑Icatibant,轉(zhuǎn)基因兔中提取的重組C1膽堿酯酶抑制物Rhucin,從人血漿中提取的C1膽堿酯酶抑制物Cinryze等[24]。
重瞼術(shù)是最常見的美容手術(shù)。這篇病例報道旨在提示整形外科醫(yī)師:面部手術(shù)后眼瞼反復(fù)發(fā)作性水腫的患者有可能是C1-INH缺乏引起的血管性水腫,此類患者不適宜行面部手術(shù)或有創(chuàng)操作,應(yīng)特別注意篩查。
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[收稿日期]2012-03-21 [修回日期]2012-05-06
編輯/張惠娟