今年8月15日，舟山定海新城熱鬧非凡。

熱鬧的節(jié)慶活動(dòng)、嘹亮的漁歌號(hào)子、走馬燈似的民間藝術(shù)團(tuán)，營(yíng)造了喜慶的海島節(jié)慶的氛圍—這是為期兩個(gè)多月的“2012舟山群島·中國(guó)海洋文化節(jié)”閉幕式。旁人告訴我，多年來(lái)，這一國(guó)字號(hào)的文化節(jié)，憑借深厚的海洋文化底蘊(yùn)，演繹了舟山的歷史張力，并由此提升了舟山的軟實(shí)力。

今年的第八屆“舟山群島·中國(guó)海洋文化節(jié)”，歷時(shí)兩個(gè)多月，其間陸續(xù)舉辦了海洋生物增殖放流、國(guó)際游艇展、海鮮美食爭(zhēng)霸賽、海洋歌會(huì)等18項(xiàng)“海味”十足的活動(dòng)。正如相關(guān)媒體所評(píng)價(jià)的:這一平臺(tái)，已經(jīng)越來(lái)越成為海洋文化的民眾推廣者。

在初秋海風(fēng)剛剛吹散暑熱的季節(jié)，我們來(lái)到了舟山，零距離感受這里的海洋文化之美。

傳統(tǒng)民俗的新生

在舟山，我們看到的文化發(fā)展，大多是在當(dāng)?shù)卦揪拓S富的民俗民風(fēng)中產(chǎn)生。比如，浩瀚的東海孕育了別具特色精彩紛呈的民間音樂(lè)，舟山鑼鼓就是其中的杰出代表之一。

當(dāng)?shù)厝讼蛭覀兘榻B說(shuō)，舟山鑼鼓是大套復(fù)多段吹打樂(lè)，兩大主奏樂(lè)器—排鼓、排鑼別致新穎，演奏風(fēng)格獨(dú)特，表現(xiàn)的是東海漁民豪爽粗獷的性格和戰(zhàn)斗風(fēng)浪的場(chǎng)面以及開船、攏洋等歡騰熱烈的氣氛。

舊時(shí)的舟山鑼鼓比較簡(jiǎn)單，形式單一，后來(lái)逐漸得到豐富和發(fā)展，先后出現(xiàn)了太平鑼、船形鑼鼓、三番鑼鼓。新中國(guó)成立后，舟山鑼鼓被改編成大型吹打樂(lè)《海上鑼鼓》。1957年，在莫斯科舉行的第七屆青年聯(lián)歡節(jié)民間音樂(lè)比賽中，《海上鑼鼓》榮獲金質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)，走向了世界。

20世紀(jì)60年代起，舟山鑼鼓紅極一時(shí)，許多專業(yè)文藝團(tuán)體，包括中國(guó)藝術(shù)團(tuán)、中央民族樂(lè)團(tuán)等國(guó)家級(jí)院團(tuán)，紛紛到舟山學(xué)習(xí)，作為重點(diǎn)節(jié)目。1976年，中國(guó)藝術(shù)團(tuán)赴美國(guó)演出，舟山鑼鼓改編的《漁舟凱歌》等節(jié)目最受觀眾的歡迎。

21世紀(jì)以來(lái)，隨著海洋文化建設(shè)的深入，舟山文化部門用舟山鑼鼓形式創(chuàng)作的作品，多次在國(guó)家級(jí)及省級(jí)各類比賽中獲獎(jiǎng)。

純打擊樂(lè)齊奏《沸騰的漁都》是代表作之一，其熱烈、火爆的氣氛，豐富、多變的演奏，博得了人們的好評(píng)，是近年來(lái)舟山鑼鼓改編較為成功的作品，在浙江省首屆民間鑼鼓大賽中，獲得創(chuàng)作、演奏雙金獎(jiǎng)。

目前，舟山鑼鼓在民間發(fā)展十分迅速，不但本島市、區(qū)有訓(xùn)練有素、裝備精良的隊(duì)伍，而且在外島鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、漁村也活躍著數(shù)支頗有地方特色的隊(duì)伍。蝦峙島女子舟山鑼鼓隊(duì)常在各種節(jié)日慶典、文藝演出等活動(dòng)中表演，深受群眾的歡迎。

其實(shí)，在舟山海洋文化大發(fā)展的今天，獲得新生的傳統(tǒng)民俗遠(yuǎn)不止舟山鑼鼓。其他如觀音傳說(shuō)、漁民號(hào)子、傳統(tǒng)木船制造技藝、漁民謝洋節(jié)這些植根于民間的項(xiàng)目，都拿到了國(guó)字號(hào)的非遺證書。去年，舟山市文化局非遺處針對(duì)國(guó)家級(jí)非遺項(xiàng)目做出了一系列的計(jì)劃，其中，“八個(gè)一”計(jì)劃被工作人員們認(rèn)真實(shí)施著:一個(gè)項(xiàng)目、一個(gè)保護(hù)方案、一個(gè)傳承基地、一個(gè)展示平臺(tái)、一冊(cè)普及讀本、一項(xiàng)配套政策、一個(gè)專家指導(dǎo)組和一個(gè)工作班子。近年來(lái)，舟山各地還經(jīng)常舉行頗具規(guī)模的民間民俗大會(huì)，吸引了越來(lái)越多的各方群眾。

群眾文化的推力

如果說(shuō)舟山海洋文化的建設(shè)，讓一大批傳統(tǒng)民俗得到新生，那么，那些締造民俗的舟山人，則在這場(chǎng)文化創(chuàng)舉中更多地獲益。

在中國(guó)現(xiàn)代民間繪畫之鄉(xiāng)—舟山普陀區(qū)的漁民畫發(fā)展中心，我們見到了今年47歲的蔣德葉。這位舟山漁民畫的代表人物，正在自己畫室里專心創(chuàng)作一幅1米見方的畫作，穿著一身美工服，上面沾滿了顏料。

攀談中我們得知，蔣德葉原來(lái)住在舟山蝦峙島，他17歲下海，23歲當(dāng)漁船輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)，30歲擔(dān)當(dāng)船長(zhǎng)，是一位標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)的舟山漁老大。雖然他年輕時(shí)就喜歡篆刻畫畫，但走上繪畫道路純屬偶然。

2003年，蔣德葉在當(dāng)?shù)匚幕ぷ髡叩耐扑]下告別漁民生涯，開始創(chuàng)作漁民畫。憑借深厚的生活功底，幾年來(lái)，他的畫已多次在國(guó)家、省、市級(jí)各類農(nóng)民畫比賽中獲獎(jiǎng)。他說(shuō):“愛好是打開世界的大門的一把鑰匙，普陀漁民畫有大海的氣勢(shì)和胸懷，中國(guó)有很多地方出農(nóng)民畫，但用現(xiàn)代筆墨表現(xiàn)海洋文化的僅有舟山漁民畫。”

別出心裁的蔣德葉發(fā)明了用海沙加丙烯顏料和膠水創(chuàng)作漁民畫的新方法。這種畫不怕泡水、不怕剝裂、顏色鮮艷、圖案明朗，很受各地客戶歡迎?！艾F(xiàn)在的生活比打魚穩(wěn)定多了，我也很享受創(chuàng)作的過(guò)程。”蔣德葉說(shuō)。

普陀區(qū)文廣局產(chǎn)業(yè)科科長(zhǎng)黃玲告訴我們，平時(shí)在漁民畫發(fā)展中心從事專業(yè)創(chuàng)作的有十余人，其余的散落家中創(chuàng)作。這些土生土長(zhǎng)的漁民畫作者，通過(guò)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)、生活環(huán)境的描述來(lái)表現(xiàn)他們對(duì)美好生活的謳歌與向往，他們完全憑著想象展開翅膀。

現(xiàn)在，普陀漁民畫正從一種純粹的民間藝術(shù)，逐漸發(fā)揚(yáng)光大走向市場(chǎng)。漁民畫被制成掛件、鋁版畫、黑陶盤、沙雕畫、絲巾、立軸畫等多種形式呈現(xiàn)在大家的面前，成為家居裝飾、饋贈(zèng)親友、外事活動(dòng)的新寵。

除了那些深受文化創(chuàng)新益處的漁民畫作者之外，舟山打造海洋文化的過(guò)程中，還涌現(xiàn)出了一大批深入發(fā)展群眾文化的典型。比如，舟山的海洋歌曲大賽，涌現(xiàn)出不少“歌星”;這五年來(lái)，舟山共有400余件歌曲作品獲省級(jí)以上的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，有3個(gè)文藝節(jié)目獲全國(guó)“群星獎(jiǎng)”。

節(jié)慶活動(dòng)的創(chuàng)意

幾天的采訪中，我們對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)舟山人性格聽得最多的話就是“像海洋一樣富有創(chuàng)新和包容精神”。

在海洋文化打造過(guò)程中，這種創(chuàng)意創(chuàng)新尤為明顯。

秀山島并不大，夾在岱山島和舟山本島之間的獨(dú)特地理位置，讓她發(fā)展旅游得到了很大的便利。

與別處力推的沙灘、陽(yáng)光、海浪這些旅游元素不同，秀山人別出心裁地打出“我為泥狂”的廣告詞，這些年風(fēng)行長(zhǎng)三角。

秀山島上的西北部有大片灘涂，灘涂泥質(zhì)細(xì)膩松軟，專家鑒定富含對(duì)人體有益的礦物質(zhì)和微量元素。根據(jù)這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)，秀山鄉(xiāng)政府開發(fā)建成全國(guó)首家“海泥公園”，推出泥上保健運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目滑泥和海泥泥療館。這就是秀山與中國(guó)海洋文化節(jié)每年相伴舉辦的海泥狂歡節(jié)的由來(lái)。

今年第八屆秀山島海泥狂歡節(jié)的舉行，正值舟山群島海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)設(shè)立一周年之際，秀山鄉(xiāng)同時(shí)新推出多條民俗風(fēng)情旅游路線，并在官方微博“海泥王國(guó)秀山島”上推出了幾條路線的票選，目的就是想讓游人既能體驗(yàn)秀山島主打的滑泥公園激情派對(duì)，又能暢游濕地公園觀魚躍漣漪;既能流連海濱浴場(chǎng)玩沙戲水，又能享受靜釣于海岬的感覺;既能沉浸在蘭秀博物館古老厚重的文化氣息里，又能做客海上人家，網(wǎng)拖魚蝦，體會(huì)漁家生活的鮮活感。

除了秀山島的海泥狂歡節(jié)之外，舟山各島近年來(lái)還推出了十幾個(gè)富有影響力的創(chuàng)新節(jié)慶活動(dòng)，比較著名的包括每年7月至10月在沈家門漁港舉行的海鮮美食文化節(jié)，每年11月在普陀山舉辦的南海觀音文化節(jié)，每年7月至11月在朱家尖舉辦的舟山國(guó)際沙雕藝術(shù)節(jié)，如此等等，不一而足。此外，舟山近年來(lái)還在沈家門漁港南岸的魯家峙島上打造魯家峙文化創(chuàng)意園，利用魯家峙原有的碼頭、船塢、輸冰道等漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)遺跡和舊廠房，建成集文化創(chuàng)意、藝術(shù)展覽、海洋文化遺產(chǎn)展示、休閑娛樂(lè)于一體的多功能文化創(chuàng)意園區(qū)，有效保護(hù)沈家門漁港工業(yè)遺存，推動(dòng)會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)，為市民提供休閑娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所。

舟山歷史文化厚重，人文內(nèi)涵豐富，民俗風(fēng)情濃郁，可以說(shuō)是“滿城文化、滿地民俗、滿眼風(fēng)光”，舟山打造的海洋文化，正是進(jìn)一步保護(hù)弘揚(yáng)當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的基礎(chǔ)上，轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。讓來(lái)到舟山的人們?cè)谖幕鷳B(tài)、產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目的深度體驗(yàn)中，留下海洋文化名城的深刻記憶?！?/p>

(本文照片由徐戚提供)

Cultural Events Add Color to Life on Archipelago

By Qi Yongye， our special reporter

August 15， 2012 witnessed the launching of Zhoushan Archipelago-China Ocean Culture Festival， a two-month-long cultural event. The largest archipelago of China， Zhoushan used to boast fishing industry as its major economic pillar. The city of islands has experienced huge positive changes in major aspects and turned itself into an economic powerhouse thanks to the modernization drive initiated in the late 1970s. Nowadays， Zhoushan is implementing a new development strategy: developing an ocean-oriented economy and developing a culture featuring its regional characteristics and tradition.

This year， the festival is going to last 2 months to stage eighteen events such as an international yacht exhibition， a seafood competition， and a chorus singing festival. The festival has turned itself into a platform for local people to participate more actively in cultural undertakings.

The local culture is colorful and melodious. “Zhoushan Drums and Gongs” is a representative percussion folk art of Zhoushan. The percussion performance started as a folk art form in Zhoushan. It consists of drum percussionists and gong percussionists. After the founding of New China in 1949， the percussion performance became quite professional. In 1957， “Drums and Gongs on the Sea”， which was also known as Zhoushan Drums and Gongs， won a gold medal in Moscow at the 7th World Youth Festival.

In the 1960s， many professional troupes came to Zhoushan to study the form and the piece. In 1976， China Art Troupe visited the United States and a drum-and-gong performance adapted from Zhoushan Drums and Gongs was one of the most popular pieces the troupe staged during its tour in the U.S.

Nowadays， there are many drum-and-gong teams quite active across the archipelago. There is even a team of women percussionists. Moreover， the archipelago boasts other well-known folk arts and crafts， many of which are recognized as national intangible heritages.

Another big component of the folk culture of Zhoushan Archipelago is fishermen painting. Jiang Deye， 47， now works full time at the center for the development of fishermen painting at Putuo District. A folk artist， he is one of the artists who stand out representing fishermen painting of Zhoushan.

Jiang Deye began to work on a fishing ship at 17. He was put in charge of machinery of the ship at 23. At 30， he became a captain. Though he worked as a fisherman， he painted and engraved seals in his spare time. In 2003， he said goodbye to his fisherman career and began to work as a painter in full time. Since then， he has won quite a few awards at municipal， provincial and national level. Jiang has established himself as an artist specialized in creating artworks generally known as fisherman painting. The innovative Ye has developed a new coloring method and applied the new paint to his painting. Nowadays， he sells his paintings at the price of tens of thousands a piece. He enjoys the artist’s life more than the captain’s life and he enjoys the artistic creativity.

Nowadays， Putuo District has more than 10 fishermen painters working in full time and there are many more working in part time. None of them receives regular salary. Full-time or part-time， these artists have something in common: unbridled folksy imagination born of their sea-related life. Nowadays， fisherman painting is establishing itself on the market. Their paintings appear in various forms: wall hangings， black pottery， sand carving， silk scarves and art rolls.

While these folk artists usually work all around year， cultural festivals and events usually take place from summer to autumn across islands， each offering an exceptional feature. Nishan Island， for example， boasts China’s very first sea mud park where tourists can enjoy sea mud sports and recreational sea mud activities during a sea mud festival in summer. The sea mud festival in 2012 is the eighth since eight years ago. International Sand Sculpture Festival takes place at Zhujiajian from July through November every year. A seafood festival at Shenjiamen， the biggest fisherman’s wharf in Zhoushan， attracts hordes of gourmets from July to October every year. Lujiasi Island now hosts a cultural park where old factory workshops have been turned into space for exhibition， artist studios， and recreational activities.