郭瑞娟,王 云,吳安石,岳 云
(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100020)
內(nèi)臟痛是急慢性胃腸道、盆腔、泌尿道和其它實體器官疾病的最常見癥狀之一。許多疾病伴發(fā)的內(nèi)臟性疼痛十分頑固,如腸道激惹綜合征、間質(zhì)性膀胱炎、胰腺炎、子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥和癌性內(nèi)臟痛等,給臨床醫(yī)師帶來了極大的挑戰(zhàn)。內(nèi)臟疼痛機制十分復(fù)雜。近年來,一系列的臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)起源于脊髓突觸后背柱(postsynaptic dorsal column,PSDC)神經(jīng)元、位于脊髓中央?yún)^(qū)域的PSDC通路是一條重要的傳導內(nèi)臟性疼痛的重要通路[1-3]?,F(xiàn)就這方面的研究進展作一綜述。
傳統(tǒng)觀念認為,脊髓側(cè)索是一條傳遞傷害性信號的通路,而脊髓背柱-內(nèi)側(cè)丘系系統(tǒng)主要傳遞軀體精細觸覺等非傷害性信息,不參與疼痛的感知過程。然而,越來越多的臨床研究對這一觀點提出質(zhì)疑,因為在許多臨床情況下,切斷脊髓側(cè)索并不能緩解內(nèi)臟痛,而切斷脊髓背柱卻能獲得明顯的內(nèi)臟痛止痛效果[1-2]。電生理實驗已證實,切斷下胸段脊髓背柱或損毀延髓背柱核能顯著降低大鼠、猴丘腦腹后外側(cè)核神經(jīng)元對內(nèi)臟傷害性刺激的反應(yīng)。行為學研究表明,對高位頸髓行點狀中線脊髓背柱離斷術(shù),可明顯減輕腹腔注射醋酸后小鼠的軀體扭曲反應(yīng)[4]。切斷同側(cè)背根神經(jīng)或?qū)?cè)脊髓側(cè)索能防止皮下注射辣椒素(軀體痛)所引起的動物探索行為的減少,而切斷脊髓背柱則無影響;與之相反,在給予內(nèi)臟傷害性刺激(如炎癥)前切斷雙側(cè)脊髓背柱,可對抗內(nèi)臟傷害性刺激引起的動物探索行為的減少,并且該效應(yīng)可持續(xù)180 d之久。因此脊髓背柱參與內(nèi)臟痛信息的上行傳遞,是內(nèi)臟痛重要整合部位[5]。
脊髓背柱是由初級傳入纖維的分支即部分直接投射到薄束核的初級傳入纖維與PSDC神經(jīng)元的軸突兩部分組成的[3]。近期的研究表明,傷害性內(nèi)臟刺激能夠激活PSDC神經(jīng)元,提示PSDC神經(jīng)元可能參與內(nèi)臟痛覺的傳遞[6]。如有研究表明胸段PSDC神經(jīng)元在心臟傷害性感受中起重要作用,可傳遞心臟機械性的傷害信息[7-8]。PSDC神經(jīng)元軸突投射到薄束核,由直腸擴張或腔內(nèi)炎癥所引起的薄束核神經(jīng)元的放電主要依賴于PSDC神經(jīng)元的激活[9]。形態(tài)學研究證實,PSDC神經(jīng)元的胞體主要位于脊髓III、IV板層及脊髓灰質(zhì)中央導水管周圍[10]。脊髓內(nèi)注射谷氨酸受體阻斷劑6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3-二酮(6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione,CNQX)以減弱脊髓水平的突觸傳遞后,由傷害性結(jié)腸擴張所引起的薄束核神經(jīng)元放電減少,提示在傳遞內(nèi)臟傷害性信息的過程中,PSDC神經(jīng)元比脊髓背柱中的初級傳入纖維發(fā)揮更重要的作用。Palecek等[6]應(yīng)用免疫組織化學法檢測傷害性刺激后,原癌基因蛋白c-Fos表達在脊髓丘腦束神經(jīng)元和PSDC神經(jīng)元的變化情況。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),傷害性輸尿管擴張刺激后,出現(xiàn)c-Fos表達的PSDC神經(jīng)元的比例明顯高于脊髓丘腦束神經(jīng)元,提示在內(nèi)臟痛傳導中PSDC神經(jīng)元比脊髓丘腦束神經(jīng)元有更重要的作用。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)PSDC神經(jīng)元與薄束核、腦干腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核(rostral ventromedial medulla,RVM)形成一個閉合“擴增環(huán)”(amplication loop),來自RVM的下行纖維直接易化PSDC神經(jīng)元對內(nèi)臟傷害性刺激的傳遞,導致PSDC神經(jīng)元的敏化[11]。這些研究證實了PSDC神經(jīng)元在內(nèi)臟信息處理過程中的關(guān)鍵作用,見圖1。
Figure 1.Dorsal column(DC)pathway of visceral pain transmission.The dorsal column pathway is composed of branches of primary afferent fibers,some of which project directly to the dorsal column nuclei(DCN),and of the axons of postsynaptic dorsal column(PSDC)neurons.Pelvic viscera nociceptive input activates the postsynaptic dorsal column neurons of the spinal cord and is relayed to higher centers.PSDC neurons receiving pelvic visceral input send their axons in the midline of the dorsal column to synapse in the nucleus gracilis.Then,the pathway crosses the midline in the lower brainstem to ascend to the ventral posterolateral(VPL)nucleus of the thalamus.DRG:dorsal root ganglion.圖1 內(nèi)臟痛的背柱傳導通路
傷害性內(nèi)臟刺激如結(jié)腸內(nèi)給予芥末油、辣椒素等可提高脊髓傷害性神經(jīng)元活動,激活細胞表面?zhèn)Ω惺苄允荏w。Palecek等[12]觀察到,PSDC神經(jīng)元在內(nèi)臟炎性痛時,出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)激肽-1(neurokinin-1,NK-1)受體表達。另有研究證實,膀胱刺激可使PSDC神經(jīng)元NK-1受體表達上調(diào),鞘內(nèi)注射NK-1受體阻斷劑能顯著降低擴張炎癥結(jié)腸所誘發(fā)的腹肌收縮[13]。研究表明,內(nèi)臟初級傳入纖維富含P物質(zhì)等肽類物質(zhì),P物質(zhì)受體(NK-1受體)基因敲除小鼠出現(xiàn)內(nèi)臟痛感覺缺失[9]。這些研究證明NK-1受體在PSDC神經(jīng)元對內(nèi)臟傷害性信號傳遞中扮演重要角色。據(jù)此,Wang 等[14]、Nichols等[15]和 Allen等[16]提出采用鞘內(nèi)注入靶向毒素P物質(zhì)-皂草素(substance P-saporin,SP-Sap)可選擇性損毀表達NK-1受體的脊髓PSDC神經(jīng)元,從而有效治療頑固性內(nèi)臟疼痛。脊髓內(nèi)注射α-氨基-3-羥基-5-甲基-4-異唑丙酸(α-amino-3-h(huán)ydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid,AMPA)受體阻斷劑CNQX可阻斷PSDC神經(jīng)元對傷害性結(jié)腸擴張的反應(yīng),提示AMPA受體也參與內(nèi)臟傷害性信息在PSDC神經(jīng)元傳遞。
在動物疼痛模型中,第二信使系統(tǒng)將細胞外傷害性信號從胞膜轉(zhuǎn)導至核內(nèi)。傷害性受體的激活可引發(fā)細胞外鈣內(nèi)流進入傷害感受性神經(jīng)元,后者進而激活細胞內(nèi)多重蛋白激酶級聯(lián)反應(yīng),如鈣/鈣調(diào)素依賴性激酶II(calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases II,CaMKII)、蛋白激酶 A(protein kinase A,PKA)和蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC),這些第二信使在中樞敏化的發(fā)展和維持中具有重要作用。Wu等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)在大鼠結(jié)腸內(nèi)注射芥末油誘導內(nèi)臟痛后,PSDC神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)PKA和磷酸化cAMP反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(phosphorylated cAMP respone element-binding protein,p-CREB)的顯著表達,而鞘內(nèi)給予PKA抑制劑H89能抑制p-CREB的表達,提示PKA中介的信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路參與PSDC神經(jīng)元對內(nèi)臟痛的處理。研究表明,PKA可通過磷酸化谷氨酸受體的絲氨酸/組氨酸殘基,提高谷氨酸受體活性,參與中樞敏化的形成[18-19]。N-甲基 -D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D -aspartic acid,NMDA)受體 NR1亞單位和AMPA受體的GluR1亞單位可被PKA磷酸化,兩者都參與內(nèi)臟痛維持和發(fā)展。在內(nèi)臟痛動物模型,性激素如雌激素可通過PKA中介的NMDA受體NR1亞單位的磷酸化增加NMDA受體的活性[20]。PKA可中介AMPA受體的GluR1亞單位絲氨酸845位點的磷酸化,從而促進GluR1亞單位從胞漿向突觸胞膜的運輸,增強內(nèi)臟痛時谷氨酸突觸的傳遞效能[19]。這些研究提示,內(nèi)臟痛時 PSDC神經(jīng)元內(nèi)PKA的激活也可通過磷酸化NMDA受體NR1亞單位和AMPA受體的GluR1亞單位,增強受體的功能,導致PSDC的敏化。PKA還可中介疼痛刺激誘發(fā)的傷害性神經(jīng)元基因表達,參與脊髓轉(zhuǎn)錄依賴性中樞敏化。如PKA的激活可磷酸化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB和c-Fos等,p-CREB進入核內(nèi)可啟動基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進NK-1受體的表達,而NK-1受體的表達在內(nèi)臟疼痛的脊髓傳導中具有重要作用[21]。內(nèi)臟痛時PSDC神經(jīng)元內(nèi)PKA的激活可增加CREB誘導的NK-1受體的表達,NK-1受體進一步參于PSDC神經(jīng)元的敏化。上述內(nèi)臟痛時PSDC神經(jīng)元信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑見圖2。
Figure 2.Neurochemical signal transduction pathways in PSDC neurons in response to visceral stimuli.The activation of nociceptive receptors causes a large influx of calcium into the nociceptive neurons and the increased calcium influx activates multiple intracellular protein kinases in turn.PKA regulates the phosphorylation of glutamate receptors.Another important role for the activation of PKA in PSDC neurons is its effect on painful stimulation-elicited gene expression through mediation of transcription factors,such as c-Fos and CREB.PKA in PSDC neurons might increase the expression of NK -1 receptors through mediation of CREB and contribute to the sensitization of PSDC neurons.圖2 內(nèi)臟痛時PSDC神經(jīng)元的信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑
另一個重要的第二信使PKC在脊髓傷害感受性神經(jīng)元的長時程增強中具有重要作用。PKCγ的磷酸化參與內(nèi)臟痛在PSDC神經(jīng)元的信號轉(zhuǎn)導。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PKCγ在脊髓和薄束核都有表達,且薄束核90%的PKCγ陽性神經(jīng)元和脊髓60%的PKCγ陽性神經(jīng)元和AMPA受體GluR2/3亞單位存在共表達[22]。提示PKC可能參與內(nèi)臟痛時PSDC神經(jīng)元AMPA受體的調(diào)節(jié)。
絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)系統(tǒng)在調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元發(fā)育、分化和細胞外應(yīng)激、炎癥中扮演重要角色。許多研究證實,p38 MAPK可參與炎性疼痛和神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的維持和發(fā)展[23-24]。脊髓細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)的激活參與維持牽涉性內(nèi)臟痛痛覺過敏[25]。外周注射促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放因子2受體激動劑可抑制結(jié)直腸擴張誘導的內(nèi)臟痛,且這一抑制效應(yīng)依賴于脊髓ERK1/2活性[26]。ERK是否參與PSDC神經(jīng)元對內(nèi)臟痛的轉(zhuǎn)導,還不清楚。最近,有研究表明傷害性刺激可導致位于脊髓III-IV板層的NK-1表達神經(jīng)元內(nèi)ERK的磷酸化,而PSDC神經(jīng)元在內(nèi)臟痛時表達NK-1受體且也位于脊髓III-IV板層[27]。另有研究證實,脊髓背角NK-1受體、NMDA受體、非NMDA受體和腦源性神經(jīng)生長因子(brain-derived neurophic factor,BDNF)受體的激活與ERK的磷酸化相偶聯(lián)[28-29]。結(jié)合這些研究推測 MAPK系統(tǒng)可能參與PSDC神經(jīng)元的內(nèi)臟信號轉(zhuǎn)導,且主要與NK-1受體、谷氨酸受體活性的調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)[30]。
臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究證實脊髓背柱通路是傳導內(nèi)臟疼痛的重要通路。脊髓PSDC神經(jīng)元是該通路的重要中轉(zhuǎn)點,內(nèi)臟痛時多種信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路參與PSDC神經(jīng)元的敏化。研究內(nèi)臟痛時PSDC神經(jīng)元敏化的分子機制,有助于發(fā)展針對性藥物治療措施,從而替代目前的神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)損毀治療,為內(nèi)臟痛特別是頑固性內(nèi)臟痛的治療提供新途徑。
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