她似乎什么都要去做:記者、作家、電影編劇、劇作家、導(dǎo)演、美食家、妻子、母親……她是《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》、《電子情書》、《西雅圖夜未眠》的編劇,也是后兩部電影的導(dǎo)演,在以男性為主導(dǎo)的文學(xué)界和電影界,諾拉·艾芙隆因其才智而贏得廣泛的熱愛和尊重。她在作品中從未掩飾自己的煩惱、痛苦和焦慮,而是將其升華為一種幽默,看似輕松,實(shí)則機(jī)智。這位具有多重身份的杰出女性在2012年6月27日因病去世,她的作品,無論是電影、小說還是隨筆,都使我們對她無比懷念。
Dry skin. Email. Panels on “Women in Film1).” These are just some of the things the great and, unbelievably, now late Nora Ephron included in her list of “Things I won’t miss” in her last collection of essays, the mortality—tinged2) I Remember Nothing. Unfortunately for the rest of us, it’s a list that serves as a reminder of how much Ephron herself will be missed.
For a start, it sounds a little like a whistlestop tour3) of topics that have featured in Ephron’s five decades—long career as a journalist, screenwriter and essayist. Few people wrote about body insecurities as shrewdly4) and hilariously as Ephron, from the smallness of her breasts in her 1972 essay “A Few Words About Breasts,” included in the collection Crazy Salad to the amount of effort a woman needs to put into looking vaguely decent in “On Maintenance,” from her 2006 collection of essays I Feel Bad About My Neck.
Email, of course, was the plot motor in You’ve Got Mail, one of several comedies she wrote starring Meg Ryan, and the combination of these two women briefly resuscitated5) the kind of smart screwball comedies6) the US film industry hadn’t produced since the days of Rosalind Russell7) and Katharine Hepburn8).
Ephron made a huge contribution to film, but there was nothing po—faced9), nothing “panels on ‘Women in Film’” about it. She was, after all, a feminist who satirised the overly solemn and self—defeating aspects of feminism, such as Betty Friedan10)’s baffling determination to start fights with Gloria Steinem11). And there was her unforgettable description of a women’s consciousness group in her 1972 essay, “Vaginal Politics,” also from Crazy Salad: “We have lived through the era when happiness was a warm puppy, and the era when happiness was a dry martini, and now we have come to the era when happiness is ‘knowing what your uterus looks like.’”
Not all her movies were great but even if she’d just written When Harry Met Sally her reputation would have been assured, never mind Silkwood, Heartburn, Julie Julia and Sleepless in Seattle. While I have to confess that I disagree with the central tenet of When Harry Met Sally—despite what Harry says, men and women can be friends; the sex part does not always get in the way—it is next to impossible to think of five other movies made in the past 30 years with dialogue as crackingly smart and jokes as weepingly hilarious, and it is flat—out12) impossible to think of an 1980s movie that has dated so little. If When Harry Met Sally came out tomorrow it would be applauded as a breath of life to modern comedies.
Ephron described writing that screenplay in a 2010 essay in the New Yorker, “My Life as an Heiress”: “I was just doing it for the money and, face it, it was never going to be made, and, besides, it was really hard. I switched off the computer,” she writes at one point. However, at the end of the essay, realising that she is not, contrary to expectations, going to come into13) the inheritance14) that she thought would get her out of this “really hard” screenplay, “I went back upstairs and turned on my computer and went back to work.… I am quick to draw lessons from my own experiences and the lesson I drew from this one was that I was extremely lucky not to have inherited real money, because I might not have finished writing When Harry Met Sally, which changed my life.”
Good writing is, of course, very difficult to pull off15) and excellent writing is, I have heard, absolute agony but, naively, I was amazed when I read that article: When Harry Met Sally was difficult for Ephron to write? But it’s so effervescent16)! How could something that includes dialogue such as the following have been drudgery17) to produce when it sounds so light and effortless?
Harry: I’ve been doing a lot of thinking and the thing is, I love you.
Sally: What?
Harry: I love you.
Sally: How do you expect me to respond to this?
Harry: How about, you love me too.
Sally: How about, I’m leaving.
Or this:
Sally: Is he seeing anyone?
Marie: He was seeing this anthropologist.
Sally: What’s she look like?
Marie: Thin. Pretty. Big tits. Your basic nightmare.
But Ephron was always refreshingly honest about how goddamn hard she had to work to be so good and how hard women especially have to work. Yes, she was born into a decidedly privileged world, with screenwriter parents who regularly entertained the most extraordinary A—listers in their front room, but Ephron made it all on her own, through talent, certainly, but also fierce, uncowed work. In 1996, she gave the commencement18) address at her alma mater19), Wellesley College, that reads less like a simple speech than a call to arms: “Don’t let the New York Times article about the brilliant success of Wellesley graduates in the business world fool you—there’s still a glass ceiling. Don’t let the number of women in the workforce trick you—there are still lots of magazines devoted almost exclusively to making perfect casseroles20) and turning various things into tents.… The acquittal21) of OJ Simpson22) is an attack on you. Any move to limit abortion rights is an attack on you.”
Her essays about what it was like working as a “girl reporter” back in the 1960s and 70s are, of course, very funny but with a strong wire of fierceness running through them as she hacks23) her way up from the mailroom at Newsweek to writing a column about women for Esquire magazine.
Ephron’s honesty about her own worries, her own pains, her own anxieties was one of the defining characteristics of her work, particularly as a journalist and essayist. She never slumps into self—pity but rather elevates it all with humour that is tack24)—smart but accessible, sharp but warm, never self—deprecating25) (thank God) and always appealing. She wrote about her mother’s alcoholism (“She was a cut above the other mothers…. None of them had careers and children.… Also, she served delicious food.… What’s more, she dressed beautifully.… And then she ruined the narrative by becoming a crazy drunk”); her difficult relationship with Lillian Hellman26), and, of course, her flat—out hatred of ageing (in I Remember Nothing, she writes there is only one part of her body she likes now: “the little bare space” on the back of her head).
“My mother taught me many things when I was growing up, but the main thing I learned from her is that everything is copy. She said it again and again, and I have quoted her saying it again and again. As a result, I knew the moment my marriage ended that someday it might make a book—if I could just stop crying,” she wrote in 2004, in the updated introduction to Heartburn, the novel based on the end of her marriage to Washington Post reporter Carl Bernstein, and one of my favourite novels from the last century and certainly one of the funniest.
Ephron bristled27) whenever her book was described as a “thinly disguised novel” (“the words ‘thinly disguised’ are applied mostly to books by women”) and anyway, as she put it, triumphantly and rightly: “One of the things I’m proudest of is that I managed to convert an event that seemed to me hideously tragic at the time to a comedy—and if that’s not fiction, I don’t know what is.” It was, to use another great Ephron quote, the definition of instruction to Wellesley students: “Be the heroine of your life, not the victim.”
Yet while her marriage to Bernstein, and the breakdown of it, may have been the more high—profile, it was her next marriage, to Nicholas Pileggi, the screenwriter of Goodfellas and Casino, that gave her the kind of romantic happy ending for which her films became so known.
In her 1972 essay “Reunion,” she wrote furiously about how the dean of her college once advised her to “devote yourself to your husband and marriage.” As if in defiance of that ever since, Ephron seemed to do everything: journalist, author, screenwriter, playwright, director, food connoisseur28), wife, mother, the epitome29) of the well—heeled30) New Yorker, the woman every woman wished was her best friend, and all with such simple but smart good humour. A sample from her list of things she will miss captures this better than I ever could:
My kids.
Nick.
The view out the window.
Dinner at home just the two of us.
Dinner with friends.
Dinner with friends in cities where none of us live.
Coming over the bridge to Manhattan.
Pie.
干燥的皮膚。電子郵件。“電影中的女性”小組論壇。這僅僅是著名的諾拉·艾芙隆——她最近令人難以置信地離開了我們——在她最后一部帶有死亡色彩的作品集《我什么都無法記起》中所列舉的“我不會想念的事情”中的幾種。然而,不幸的是,對于我們來說,這個清單倒讓我們想起艾芙隆本人是多么令人懷念。
首先,這個清單有點(diǎn)像艾芙隆作為記者、編劇和作家50年職業(yè)生涯的一個走馬觀花式的概覽。在描寫人們對自己身體缺乏自信方面,很少有人能夠像艾芙隆那樣描寫得如此巧妙、令人捧腹:在收錄于作品集《瘋狂色拉》的隨筆《乳房漫談》(1972)中,她談到自己乳房太??;在收錄于散文集《我的脖子令我很不爽》(2006)的《論梳妝打扮》一文中,她又談到一個女人要投入多少時間和精力進(jìn)行打扮才能看起來端莊體面又不張揚(yáng)。
至于電子郵件,其毫無疑問在影片《電子情書》中起著推動情節(jié)發(fā)展的作用。這是她撰寫的一系列由梅格·瑞恩擔(dān)綱的喜劇中的一部,這兩位杰出女性的合作讓機(jī)智巧妙的瘋狂喜劇再度風(fēng)靡一時,而自從羅莎琳·羅素和凱瑟琳·赫本時期以來美國電影業(yè)就再也沒有出品過這種喜劇。
艾芙隆對電影有著極大的貢獻(xiàn),但她的電影中沒有什么板著面孔、故作嚴(yán)肅的東西,也沒有諸如“‘電影中的女性’小組論壇”之類一本正經(jīng)的東西。說到底,她雖是位女權(quán)主義者,但卻對女權(quán)主義中過分嚴(yán)肅、弄巧成拙的東西進(jìn)行諷刺。一個典型的例子是貝蒂·弗里丹的做法,她竟然莫名其妙地決定對同是女權(quán)主義者的格洛麗亞·斯泰納姆進(jìn)行攻擊。在同樣收錄于《瘋狂色拉》的《陰道政治》(1972)一文中,艾芙隆對女性意識群有過一段令人難忘的描述:“我們已經(jīng)走過幸福是只溫暖小狗的時代,也走過了幸福是杯干馬提尼酒的時代,現(xiàn)在我們到了幸福就是‘知道自己子宮什么模樣’的時代?!?/p>
她的影片并非部部都是經(jīng)典,但即使她只寫出了《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》這一部劇本,她的名望也可以確立,更別提《絲克伍事件》、《心火》、《朱莉與朱莉婭》、《西雅圖夜未眠》了。雖然必須承認(rèn)我不太贊同《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》表現(xiàn)出的主題思想(不管哈利怎么說,男人和女人的確是可以成為朋友的,而性并非總是其中的障礙),但在過去30年間所拍攝的電影中,能擁有如此精彩絕倫的對話、如此讓人笑中帶淚的笑話的,幾乎找不出另外五部。而且,簡直想不到20世紀(jì)80年代其他的影片中有哪一部男女約會的鏡頭會如此稀少。假如《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》明天首映的話,一定會大受歡迎,因?yàn)樗x予了現(xiàn)代喜劇不可或缺的生命氣息。
2010年,在《紐約客》雜志上,艾芙隆發(fā)表了《我作為繼承人的一生》一文,文中披露了她撰寫《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》劇本的經(jīng)過:“我寫這個劇本只是為了賺錢。說實(shí)在的,我從來都沒打算把它拍成電影,而且,寫起來確實(shí)很費(fèi)勁。后來,我干脆關(guān)上了電腦。”她在文中寫道。然而,在文章結(jié)尾,她卻意外發(fā)現(xiàn),自己要繼承的遺產(chǎn)并不能使她如愿地從那部“很費(fèi)勁”的劇本中解脫出來,于是“我回到樓上,打開電腦,又開始工作起來……我總是很快就能從自己的經(jīng)歷中吸取教訓(xùn),這件事給我的教訓(xùn)是,我沒有繼承那筆錢真是萬幸,因?yàn)槿绻^承了,我可能就完不成《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》的劇本了,而這可是一部改變了我人生的劇本?!?/p>
好的作品寫起來當(dāng)然很難,而優(yōu)秀作品的創(chuàng)作據(jù)我所知則是絕對的痛苦。但當(dāng)我讀到這篇文章時,我仍然很天真地感到不可思議:艾芙隆寫《當(dāng)哈利遇上莎莉》時竟然覺得很難?可這是一部多么妙趣橫生的作品?。∠旅孢@些對話聽起來是那么的輕松、自然,一部擁有如此對話的作品寫起來怎么會是苦差事呢?
哈利:我想了很多,結(jié)論是,我愛你。
莎莉:什么?
哈利:我愛你。
莎莉:你想讓我怎么回答你?
哈利:說你也愛我,怎樣?
莎莉:我說我要離開,怎樣?
或者這個:
莎莉:他在跟誰交往嗎?
瑪麗:在跟那個人類學(xué)家。
莎莉:她長得什么樣?
瑪麗:很瘦。漂亮。大奶子。簡直就是你的天敵。
但在談到她需要多么辛苦地工作才能做到如此優(yōu)秀,尤其是女人需要多么辛苦地工作時,艾芙隆總是十分坦誠。不錯,她是出生在一個特別優(yōu)越的家庭環(huán)境里,父母都是電影編劇,經(jīng)常在自家的客廳里接待最杰出的社會名流、一線明星,但艾芙隆的成功全是靠自己打拼出來的,當(dāng)然首先憑借自己的才華,但同時也需要拼命地、無所畏懼地工作。1996年,她在母校威爾斯利學(xué)院的畢業(yè)典禮上致辭,她的致辭與其說是一個簡單的演講,倒不如說是戰(zhàn)斗的召喚:“不要讓《紐約時報》上的那些文章愚弄了你,說什么威爾斯利學(xué)院的畢業(yè)生在商界都取得了輝煌的成功——玻璃天花板(譯注:“玻璃天花板”一詞常用來指女性或者少數(shù)族裔成員事業(yè)上無形的晉升障礙或者極限)依然存在!不要讓女性的就業(yè)數(shù)字欺騙了你——仍然有許多雜志幾乎專門介紹如何制作完美的燉菜,以及如何把不同的東西改裝成帳篷……辛普森的無罪釋放就是對你們的侵犯。任何關(guān)于限制墮胎權(quán)的提議都是對你們的侵犯?!?/p>
她曾寫過多篇文章,回顧20世紀(jì)六七十年代作為一個“女記者”的工作狀況,這些文章當(dāng)然都十分有趣,但也有一種強(qiáng)烈的火藥味貫穿始終,描寫了她一路披荊斬棘,從《新聞周刊》的郵件收發(fā)室起步,直到為《時尚先生》雜志撰寫女性專欄。
艾芙隆真實(shí)而坦率地描寫自身的煩惱、痛苦和焦慮,這已成為其作品的一個本質(zhì)特征,在她的新聞稿和隨筆中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。她從來也不自哀自憐,而是將其升華為一種幽默,這種幽默機(jī)敏睿智卻能令人心領(lǐng)神會,尖刻辛辣卻也不失溫馨,從不自我貶低(感謝上帝),始終充滿魅力。她描寫母親酗酒(“她比別的母親們要勝過一籌……別的母親都不能兼顧事業(yè)和子女……她還做得一手好菜……還有,她很會穿衣打扮……后來她成了一個醉鬼——故事就這樣被她毀了”),描寫她和莉蓮·海爾曼的緊張關(guān)系,當(dāng)然還有她對衰老不折不扣的憎惡(在《我什么都無法記起》中,她說現(xiàn)在她身上只有一個地方讓她喜歡:她腦袋后面“那一小塊光禿禿的地方”)。
“在我成長的過程中,母親教會了我許多東西,但我從她那里學(xué)到的最重要的經(jīng)驗(yàn)就是一切都是模仿。這話她說了一遍又一遍,我也引用了一遍又一遍。其結(jié)果就是,在我的婚姻結(jié)束的那一刻,我就知道某天我可能會用它寫本書——如果我能停止哭泣的話?!边@是她寫于2004年《心火》新的序言中的一段話,這部小說就是基于她和《華盛頓郵報》記者卡爾·伯恩斯坦的離婚創(chuàng)作的。這是20世紀(jì)我最喜歡的一部小說,當(dāng)然也是最有趣的小說之一。
每當(dāng)有人將她的作品描述成“虛構(gòu)太少的小說”時(“‘虛構(gòu)太少’這種話多用來指女性的作品”),她都會怒不可遏。畢竟,用她得意卻不失公允的話來說:“我最為驕傲的一件事就是我將一個當(dāng)時在我看來無比駭人的悲劇變成了喜劇——如果說這不是小說,我不知道什么是?!币昧硪痪浒铰〉拿詠碚f:“做你生活的女主角,而不是犧牲品。”這就是她對威爾斯利學(xué)院學(xué)生進(jìn)行的教育。
雖然她和伯恩斯坦的婚姻以及后來這段婚姻的破裂或許更為人所知,但她的下一段婚姻,即與《好家伙》以及《賭城風(fēng)云》的編劇尼古拉斯·派勒吉的結(jié)合才真正給了她一個浪漫幸福的結(jié)局,她的影片也正是以這種結(jié)局而聞名。
在寫于1972年的《團(tuán)圓》一文中,她憤怒地描寫了她所在學(xué)院的主任如何告誡她要“全身心地奉獻(xiàn)給你的丈夫和婚姻”。從那以后,艾芙隆仿佛在有意表現(xiàn)自己的反抗似的,她似乎什么都要去做:記者、作家、電影編劇、劇作家、導(dǎo)演、美食家、妻子、母親、富裕的紐約人的象征、每個女性都愿意成為其最好朋友的女性等等,而且無論做什么都能保持一種單純而又美好的愉快心態(tài)。還是節(jié)選一部分她會想念的人和事的清單吧,這要比我的文字更能說明問題:
我的子女。
尼克(編注:艾芙隆第三任丈夫尼古拉斯的昵稱)。
窗外的景色。
在家的二人晚餐。
與朋友們共進(jìn)晚餐。
與朋友在我們都陌生的城市里共進(jìn)晚餐。
走過大橋去曼哈頓。
餡餅。
1.Women in Film:一個非營利組織,成立于1973年,致力于幫助女性在全球娛樂及傳媒產(chǎn)業(yè)取得最大成就,并保護(hù)這些產(chǎn)業(yè)中的女性遺產(chǎn)。
2.tinged [t?nd?d] adj. 帶有……氣息的
3.whistlestop tour:走馬觀花的游歷
4.shrewdly [?ru?dli] adv. 精明地;機(jī)靈地
5.resuscitate [r??s?s?te?t] vt. 使復(fù)蘇;使復(fù)興
6.screwball comedy:瘋狂喜劇,是經(jīng)典好萊塢時期的主流喜劇電影類型,曾在1934~1940年間興盛一時。主角大都是浪漫情侶,他們性格乖僻,行為古怪夸張,行為方式往往有悖于常理,由此引發(fā)出滑稽幽默的趣事。
7.Rosalind Russell:羅莎琳·羅素(1907~1976),美國女演員,先后四次獲奧斯卡最佳女主角金像獎提名,代表作品有《艾蓮妹妹》(My Sister Eileen)、《修女肯尼》(Sister Kenny)、《埃里特拉戴孝》(Mourning Becomes Electra)等。
8.Katharine Hepburn:凱瑟琳·赫本(1907~2003),美國電影、舞臺劇及電視女演員。她被認(rèn)為是美國電影與戲劇界的標(biāo)志性人物、好萊塢的傳奇,共獲得過四次奧斯卡最佳女主角獎。她的代表作品有《猜猜誰來吃晚餐》(Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner)、《冬獅》(The Lion in Winter)、《金色池塘》(On Golden Pond)等。
9.po—faced [?p??fe?st] adj. 〈英口〉一本正經(jīng)的,假正經(jīng)的
10.Betty Friedan:貝蒂·弗里丹(1921~2006),美國女作家、編輯。她在1963年出版的《女性的奧秘》(The Feminine Mystique)被視為20世紀(jì)最具影響力的書籍之一。從《女性的奧秘》起,弗里丹正式踏上女權(quán)運(yùn)動的跑道,曾協(xié)力建立美國全國婦女組織。
11.Gloria Steinem:格洛麗亞·斯泰納姆(1934~),美國女權(quán)主義者、記者、社會政治活動家,20世紀(jì)六七十年代美國婦女解放運(yùn)動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者之一
12.flat—out:完全地,不折不扣地
13.come into:繼承,得到(財產(chǎn))
14.inheritance:艾芙隆在《我作為繼承人的一生》(My Life as an Heiress)一文中寫道,她的舅舅膝下無子,于是在遺囑中將自己的財產(chǎn)分給管家及艾芙隆四姐妹。由于舅舅生前相當(dāng)富有,有多處房產(chǎn),艾芙隆以為分到錢便可以不用再寫劇本。沒想到的是,舅舅的財產(chǎn)在生意中損失很多,她最后分到手的遺產(chǎn)只有四萬美金。
15.pull off:做成(某件難事)
16.effervescent [?ef?(r)?ves(?)nt] adj. 歡騰的,活躍的
17.drudgery [?dr?d??ri] n. 苦工,單調(diào)乏味的工作
18.commencement [k??mensm?nt] n. 畢業(yè)典禮
19.alma mater:母校
20.casserole [?k?s?r??l] n. (由肉和蔬菜做成的)燉菜
21.acquittal [??kw?t(?)l] n. 赦免;無罪開釋
22.OJ Simpson:奧倫薩爾·詹姆斯·辛普森(1947~),美式橄欖球運(yùn)動員,1994年辛普森殺妻一案成為美國當(dāng)時最為轟動的事件。此案當(dāng)時的審理一波三折,由于警方的幾個重大失誤導(dǎo)致有力證據(jù)失效,辛普森逃脫了法律制裁,當(dāng)庭無罪釋放。
23.hack [h?k] vt. 劈,砍,辟出(道路)
24.tack [t?k] n. 圖釘。短語“smart/sharp as a tack”可用來形容機(jī)敏、精明。
25.self—deprecating [self?depr?ke?t??]
adj. 自我貶低的;過分謙虛的
26.Lillian Hellman:莉蓮·海爾曼(1905~1984),現(xiàn)代美國劇壇具有反抗精神和批判鋒芒的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義劇作家,20世紀(jì)百老匯最有影響力的才女之一
27.bristle [?br?s(?)l] vi. 發(fā)怒;毛發(fā)豎起
28.connoisseur [?k?n??s??(r)] n. 鑒賞家;內(nèi)行
29.epitome [??p?t?mi] n. 縮影;摘要;象征
30.well—heeled [?wel?hi?ld] adj. 富有的;穿著考究的