那時(shí)我才12歲,還是一個(gè)不諳世事的懵懂小子,但頭腦中卻在構(gòu)建一座只屬于我的、庫(kù)藏不斷擴(kuò)充的電影圖書館,雖說比不上《哈利威爾電影指南》,但卻足以讓我在不眠之夜不再空虛,讓我的內(nèi)心世界變得更加豐富。
A number of years ago I bought Halliwell’s Film Guide2) to thousands of movies going back to the silent film era, which provides not just the names of actors, writers, directors, producers, but also plot summaries and quotes from contemporary reviews. I planned to use the Guide to inform myself about old movies shown on TV and available in video stores, and I did that from time to time. Occasionally, however, when I found it lying around, I’d open it at random and start reading in it, usually attracted by the name of the film, something irresistible like Calling Doctor Death, Isle of Forgotten Sins, Naked Alibi, or Prudence and the Pill, about a girl who “borrows her mother’s contraceptives3) pills and replaces them with aspirin, causing no end of complication.” One day it dawned on4) me that out of the twelve to fifteen movies listed on every page of the Guide, there was at least one I had seen and more often several.
Even when the title meant nothing to me at first, the synopsis of the plot and the name of some actor would stir ancient memories, and I would see myself hunched5) over in a dark movie theater, playing hooky6) from school or dying from boredom when I was older, watching a British flick7) called Shadow of the Cat. This came to me as a shock. If I saw all of these movies, I asked myself, how did I ever find the time to sleep, eat, read books, teach students, raise a family and write hundreds of poems? Like millions of others who grew up in 1940s, I had spent a good part of my life seeing hundreds and hundreds of movies, everything from genuine masterpieces of the cinema to worthless trash.
It was the fault of my parents. They both loved movies. One of my earliest memories in World War II Belgrade, where I grew up, was going to see a Buster Keaton8) film. Neither Nazi nor Russian tanks could stop my mother from going to the movies and taking me along, although I cannot imagine that there were regular showings with the Allies dropping bombs nearly on our heads and the German curfew in force after ten at night. My only complaint was that she took me mostly to see grownup pictures in which people talked forever, while I dozed on and off, waking abruptly in the middle of the film to some grainy9) black and white image—say, a man and a woman traveling in a car on an empty highway, the sea pounding the rocks under a sky full of racing clouds, or more interestingly, a dog chasing a rooster. Even today my head is filled with such visual fragments; whether ordinary or unusual, they are made permanently mysterious by being detached10) from their plot and thus existing outside of time. In the days before television, the movies had little competition for our dream life.
It has always seemed strange to me that writers and poets of my generation and slightly older say little about the influence of movies on their work, and yet our first knowledge of the world came from them. Thanks to the movies, we got acquainted with New York, Paris, London and scores of other cities and countries for the first time. We fought in hundreds of wars, clashed swords with Roman legions and Medieval knights, boxed in a ring11), faced off12) with knives in dark alleys, escaped from orphanages, prisons, and chain gangs13), met ghosts and visitors from outer space, had ourselves hung by the neck, executed by firing squads14), pardoned15) at the last minute from the guillotine16) and the electric chair. We danced with Fred Astaire17) and Ginger Rogers18), consorted19) in after hours20) gambling joints21) with gangsters and their molls, smoked opium in Hong Kong, worked as spies, private detectives, and cowboys, ran from Genghis Khan22), Napoleon, and Hitler, hunted for tigers and buffalos, explored jungles, deserts, and arctic wasteland. All this was between running errands23) for our mothers and grandmothers, doing our homework, and playing and fighting in the street with other kids from our neighborhood.
Back in the 1990s, I got an interesting call from a newspaper editor in Europe. He asked me if I could remember the first movie I saw as a child that I liked, not because of the plot, but because of something else in it, something I had no words for at the time. Without ever thinking about it before, I knew what he had in mind. I recalled instantly trying to convey to a couple of my pals24) back in Belgrade what I liked about Victorio De Sica25)’s Bicycle Thieves, and becoming incoherent, as far as they were concerned. Like me, they were strictly fans of Westerns and gangster movies, but these were in short supply in the postwar years in Belgrade, when we had a choice between upbeat Soviet films about fighting the Nazis and building socialism, or bleak Italian and French neo-realist26) films that were supposed to teach us a lesson by showing us the miserable lives of the working classes in the capitalist world.
The day I saw Bicycle Thieves I had become an aesthete without realizing it, more concerned with how a particular film was made, than with whatever twists its plot had. All of a sudden, the way the camera moved, a scene was cut and a certain image was framed, were all-important to me. I’d lie in bed at night replaying some scene from a movie again and again, making it more suspenseful, erotic and, of course poetic, and taking immense pleasure in that activity. No wonder my friends began to think of me as being a little weird when it comes to movies. I was twelve years old, clueless about most things in life, but already carrying in my head my very own exclusive and constantly expanding film library, not yet a match for Halliwell’s, but large enough to occupy me and enrich my inner life when I lay awake at night.
若干年前,我買了一本《哈利威爾電影指南》。這本指南涵蓋了數(shù)千部電影,可以一直追溯到默片時(shí)代,不僅提供了演員、編劇、導(dǎo)演和制片人的姓名,還有情節(jié)概要以及當(dāng)代影評(píng)片段。我計(jì)劃利用這本《指南》來(lái)了解電視上播放的以及音像店中出售的老電影,我有時(shí)也確實(shí)是這么做的。不過,有時(shí)候,我無(wú)意中看到這本書,也會(huì)隨意打開它,漫無(wú)目的地瀏覽,此時(shí)通常會(huì)被電影名字所吸引,有些名字聽起來(lái)就讓人著迷,像《連線死神醫(yī)生》、《被遺忘的罪惡》、《犯罪剖析》,還有《女孩與藥丸》——講述了一個(gè)女孩“偷用母親的避孕藥,并將其換成了阿司匹林,從而引起了一系列的麻煩”。有一天,我突然發(fā)現(xiàn),在《指南》每頁(yè)列舉的12到15部電影中,至少有一部是我看過的,更常見的情況是有好幾部都看過。
即使一開始電影的名字對(duì)我來(lái)說沒什么意義,但情節(jié)概要和某個(gè)演員的名字卻能勾起久遠(yuǎn)的記憶。我仿佛看到自己蜷縮在漆黑的電影院里——因?yàn)樘訉W(xué)或者年齡再大點(diǎn)時(shí)閑得無(wú)聊——看一部名叫《貓之影》的英國(guó)電影。這讓我大吃一驚。我自問,如果所有這些電影我都看過的話,我是怎么找到時(shí)間睡覺、吃飯、讀書、教學(xué)、養(yǎng)家糊口、創(chuàng)作數(shù)百首詩(shī)歌的呢?和其他數(shù)百萬(wàn)成長(zhǎng)于20世紀(jì)40年代的人一樣,我一生花費(fèi)了大量時(shí)間觀看了成百上千部電影,其中有真正的杰作,也有一文不值的垃圾。
這全是我父母的過錯(cuò)。他們都酷愛電影。我在二戰(zhàn)中的貝爾格萊德長(zhǎng)大,在那里,我最早的一個(gè)記憶之一就是去看巴斯特·基頓的一部電影。無(wú)論是納粹還是俄國(guó)人的坦克都無(wú)法阻止我母親去看電影,并且還帶著我一起去,雖然我無(wú)法想象在聯(lián)軍的炸彈幾乎扔到我們頭頂,而德軍夜晚十點(diǎn)后就實(shí)施宵禁的情況下,電影為什么還能正常放映。我唯一的不滿是她帶我看的幾乎都是大人看的電影,電影里的人總是在不停地對(duì)話,而我卻不停地打盹,中間偶爾突然醒來(lái),看到一些顆粒狀的黑白影像——比如一男一女駕車行駛在空蕩蕩的公路上,或者在云濤翻滾的天空下海浪拍打著巖石,或者更為有趣的是,一條狗在追趕一只公雞。直到如今,我的腦海里還充滿著這些影像的片段。這些片段,有些普普通通,有些奇特不凡,但因?yàn)槎济撾x了情節(jié),因而獨(dú)立于時(shí)光之外,蒙上了一層永恒的神秘色彩。在電視還沒有問世的那個(gè)時(shí)代,電影在我們的夢(mèng)幻生活中幾乎罕逢對(duì)手。
在我看來(lái),有一點(diǎn)似乎一直都很奇怪,那就是我那個(gè)時(shí)代——或者稍早于我那個(gè)時(shí)代——的作家和詩(shī)人幾乎很少談到電影對(duì)其創(chuàng)作的影響,然而我們對(duì)這個(gè)世界最早的認(rèn)識(shí)卻來(lái)自于電影。由于有了電影,我們第一次知道了紐約、巴黎、倫敦以及其他許許多多城市和國(guó)家。我們?cè)诔砂偕锨Т螒?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中沖鋒陷陣,和羅馬軍團(tuán)以及中世紀(jì)的騎士揮劍廝殺,在拳擊場(chǎng)上揮拳搏擊,在漆黑的巷子里直面持刀歹徒,從孤兒院、監(jiān)獄和被鎖鏈鎖在一起的囚徒隊(duì)伍中逃走,與鬼怪以及外星來(lái)客不期而遇,被套住脖子處以絞刑,被行刑隊(duì)處以死刑,在最后一刻被人從斷頭臺(tái)或者死刑電椅上解救下來(lái)。我們與弗雷德·阿斯泰爾和金吉·羅杰斯一起翩翩起舞,在地下賭場(chǎng)里和匪徒及其情婦們廝混在一起,在香港抽鴉片,做間諜、私家偵探和牛仔,從成吉思汗、拿破侖和希特勒手下逃走,獵殺老虎和野牛,探索叢林、沙漠和北極荒原。所有這一切發(fā)生的同時(shí),我們還在為母親和祖母跑腿做事,做家庭作業(yè),在大街上和鄰居的孩子們嬉戲打鬧。
20世紀(jì)90年代的一天,我接到歐洲一家報(bào)紙編輯的一個(gè)有趣的電話。他問我是否還記得我小時(shí)候喜歡看的第一部電影,并且喜歡的原因并非因?yàn)榍楣?jié),而是其他東西,其他我當(dāng)時(shí)無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)描述的東西。雖然我以前從未想過這個(gè)問題,但我知道他是什么意思。我立刻想到在貝爾格萊德時(shí)我曾試圖向我的幾個(gè)玩伴說過我喜歡維克多利奧·德西卡的《偷自行車的人》,但在他們看來(lái),我當(dāng)時(shí)說得語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次、不清不楚。和我一樣,他們也都是西部片和警匪片的鐵桿粉絲,但在戰(zhàn)后的那段時(shí)間里,這類電影在貝爾格萊德十分稀少。我們可以選擇觀看的,要么是積極向上的蘇聯(lián)影片,講述抗擊納粹和建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的故事;要么是凄涼的意大利和法國(guó)新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義影片,據(jù)說這些影片通過展示資本主義世界工人階級(jí)的悲慘生活,可以對(duì)我們起到教育作用。
在觀看《偷自行車的人》那天,我已不知不覺地成了一個(gè)唯美主義者,關(guān)心的不再是影片的情節(jié)如何曲折離奇,而是一部特定的電影是怎么制作出來(lái)的。突然之間,攝影機(jī)的移動(dòng)方式、場(chǎng)景的剪輯方法以及某一具體影像的拍攝手法都變得至關(guān)重要起來(lái)。夜晚,我躺在床上,腦海中一遍又一遍地回放著電影中的某一場(chǎng)景,設(shè)法使它變得更有懸念,更為激情,當(dāng)然也更富有詩(shī)意,這樣做時(shí)我感到其樂無(wú)窮。難怪一說到電影我的朋友們都覺得我有點(diǎn)古怪。那時(shí)我才12歲,還是一個(gè)不諳世事的懵懂小子,但頭腦中卻在構(gòu)建一座只屬于我的、庫(kù)藏不斷擴(kuò)充的電影圖書館,雖說比不上《哈利威爾電影指南》,但卻足以讓我在不眠之夜不再空虛,讓我的內(nèi)心世界變得更加豐富。
1.Charles Simic:查理斯·西米克(1938~),出生于南斯拉夫貝爾格萊德,1954年時(shí)移民美國(guó),1973年起執(zhí)教于新罕布什爾大學(xué)。迄今已在美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家出版了六十多本著作,其中散文詩(shī)《世界尚未終結(jié)》贏得1990年普利策詩(shī)歌獎(jiǎng),詩(shī)集《溜黑貓》1996年出版后入圍美國(guó)國(guó)家圖書獎(jiǎng)。此外他還翻譯了大量法國(guó)、塞爾維亞、克羅地亞和斯洛文尼亞詩(shī)歌。2007年,他榮獲華萊士·史蒂文斯詩(shī)歌獎(jiǎng),并當(dāng)選美國(guó)第15任桂冠詩(shī)人。
2.Halliwell’s Film Guide:《哈利威爾電影指南》,由英國(guó)電影編纂者、電視制作人哈利威爾(Leslie Halliwell, 1929 ~1989)于1977年完成的作品。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)問世前的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi),該書被認(rèn)為是獲取電影信息的首選資料。
3.contraceptive [#716;k#594;ntr#601;#712;sept#618;v] adj. 避孕的
4.dawn on:被理解,被領(lǐng)悟,被想到
5.hunch [h#652;nt#643;] vt. 弓身坐著(或站立)
6.play hooky:逃學(xué)
7.flick [fl#618;k] n. 電影
8.Buster Keaton:巴斯特·基頓(1895~1966),美國(guó)默片時(shí)代的演員和導(dǎo)演,以“冷面笑匠”著稱,主要作品有《福爾摩斯二世》(Sherlock Jr.)和《將軍》(The General)。他同時(shí)也是特技演員。
9.grainy [#712;ɡre#618;ni] adj. 顆粒狀的
10.detach [d#618;#712;taelig;t#643;] vt. 使分離,使分開
11.ring [r#618;#331;] n. 拳擊場(chǎng)
12.face off:和……對(duì)抗
13.gang [ɡaelig;#331;] n. 幫派(一群為了相互保護(hù)和共同利益而結(jié)合在一起的罪犯或強(qiáng)盜)
14.firing squad:行刑隊(duì),執(zhí)行死刑的射擊隊(duì)
15.pardon [#712;pɑ#720;(r)d(#601;)n] vt. 赦免,免受懲罰
16.guillotine [#712;ɡ#618;l#601;ti#720;n] n. 斷頭臺(tái)
17.Fred Astaire:弗雷德·阿斯泰爾(1899~1987),本名菲德利克·奧斯特利茲(Frederick Austerlitz),美國(guó)電影演員、舞者、舞臺(tái)劇演員、編舞家與歌手。
18.Ginger Rogers:金吉·羅杰斯(1911~1995),美國(guó)電影演員、舞臺(tái)劇演員、舞蹈家、歌手
19.consort [k#601;n#712;s#596;#720;(r)t] vi. 與……交往
20.after hours:辦公(營(yíng)業(yè))時(shí)間以后
21.gambling joint:賭窟,賭場(chǎng)。joint [d#658;#596;#618;nt] n. 公共場(chǎng)所(指夜總會(huì)、飯店、旅館等)
22.Genghis Khan:成吉思汗(1162~1227),蒙古帝國(guó)可汗,中國(guó)歷史上杰出的政治家、軍事家
23.run errands:供差遣
24.pal [paelig;l] n.〈口〉好朋友,伙伴
25.Victorio De Sica:維克多利奧·德西卡(1902~1974),意大利著名導(dǎo)演、演員。文中提到的《偷自行車的人》(Bicycle Thieves)是他于1948年拍攝的影片,該片被認(rèn)為是電影史上最偉大的影片之一,榮獲了第22屆美國(guó)奧斯卡金像獎(jiǎng)特別獎(jiǎng)。
26.neo-realist:新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義(20世紀(jì)歐美文藝特別是電影藝術(shù)的一個(gè)流派,與現(xiàn)代抽象派藝術(shù)相對(duì))