陳燦玉,袁 通,張現(xiàn)俠,黃志堅(jiān)
(杭州師范大學(xué)生物醫(yī)藥與健康研究中心,浙江杭州 311121)
金屬卟啉標(biāo)記物在化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)中優(yōu)勢(shì)的理論分析
陳燦玉,袁 通,張現(xiàn)俠,黃志堅(jiān)
(杭州師范大學(xué)生物醫(yī)藥與健康研究中心,浙江杭州 311121)
為闡述金屬卟啉配合物替代辣根過氧化酶作為標(biāo)記物進(jìn)行化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)的優(yōu)勢(shì),文章構(gòu)建了簡(jiǎn)單的化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)模型,分析了化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫反應(yīng)中的平衡方程.結(jié)果表明:金屬卟啉配合物作為標(biāo)記物在理論上可以提高信噪比2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)以上;與酶標(biāo)法相比,高純度的金屬卟啉標(biāo)記抗體大大降低了非特異吸附本底信號(hào)和檢測(cè)體系的系統(tǒng)誤差,極大提高了化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確度.
金屬卟啉;標(biāo)記;化學(xué)發(fā)光;免疫分析
卟啉(porphyrins)是卟吩(porphine)外環(huán)帶有取代基的衍生物的總稱,是一類特殊的大環(huán)共軛芳香體系,當(dāng)其氮上的兩個(gè)質(zhì)子被金屬離子取代后即成金屬卟啉配合物.自然界中存在許多天然卟啉及其金屬配合物,它們廣泛存在于動(dòng)植物中,具有特殊生理活性,如血紅素、葉綠素、維生素B12、細(xì)胞色素P-450等.目前,金屬卟啉及其衍生物主要用于不對(duì)稱催化合成[1],烯烴環(huán)氧化[2-3],轉(zhuǎn)移、儲(chǔ)存、還原雙氧[4-9]和生物能量學(xué)(光合成[10-11]和電子轉(zhuǎn)移[12-13]),還可以用于疾病治療(光動(dòng)力治療[14]以及分解人類疾病所產(chǎn)生的O-2,H2O2,ONOO-和脂類過氧基團(tuán)[15-16])等.此外,卟啉及其金屬配合物也可以作為酶的模擬物替代酶在分析化學(xué)如光度分析、熒光分析以及化學(xué)發(fā)光中加以應(yīng)用[17].
1982年,Ikarlyama等[18]以氯化血紅素代替辣根過氧化酶(HRP),用碳二亞胺法將其標(biāo)記在人血清白蛋白(HSA)上,結(jié)合固體酶免疫分析技術(shù),對(duì)HSA的化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫測(cè)試進(jìn)行初步探討.他們這一開創(chuàng)性的研究,為金屬卟啉在酶免疫分析中的應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ).1984年,Hara等將鐵卟啉配合物標(biāo)記于HSA抗體上用于檢測(cè)HSA[19],并將這一體系應(yīng)用于分析化學(xué)中[20].1992年,Adam等對(duì)鐵卟啉和錳卟啉的催化機(jī)理進(jìn)行研究,并與HRP的催化發(fā)光效應(yīng)進(jìn)行了比較[21].1993年和1994年,Motsenbocker等用光敏劑和金屬卟啉標(biāo)記抗體進(jìn)行免疫檢測(cè)[22-24].國(guó)內(nèi),慈云祥等對(duì)金屬卟啉催化劑替代HRP催化化學(xué)發(fā)光反應(yīng)也進(jìn)行了一些探索[17].這些工作從實(shí)驗(yàn)上證實(shí)了金屬卟啉配合物可作為免疫檢測(cè)的標(biāo)記物,但是它們并沒有從理論上(根本上)討論采用金屬卟啉作為標(biāo)記物比酶標(biāo)記更優(yōu)越的地方.
酶免疫分析試劑具有靈敏度高、成本低、可大規(guī)模操作等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是目前免疫市場(chǎng)的主流,但其高分子量所帶來的非特異吸附本底會(huì)降低其特異檢測(cè)的靈敏度,同時(shí)還具有穩(wěn)定性差、與生物分子耦合方法復(fù)雜、純化困難等缺點(diǎn).而金屬卟啉配合物具有分子量小、穩(wěn)定、標(biāo)記簡(jiǎn)單和吸附低的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并能催化H2O2和luminol的氧化還原反應(yīng)而循環(huán)產(chǎn)生大量具有高檢測(cè)靈敏度(無激發(fā)本底)的光信號(hào)(金屬卟啉催化所產(chǎn)生的光信號(hào)與HRP的相當(dāng)[21]).在酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建金屬卟啉配合物標(biāo)記化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù),集合化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)及酶標(biāo)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),克服酶標(biāo)方法高非特異本底信號(hào)的缺陷.該技術(shù)的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:金屬卟啉催化劑和抗體耦合后很容易將游離的金屬卟啉分子與耦合物分離,得到高純度的標(biāo)記抗體,降低非特異吸附本底信號(hào),從而極大提高檢測(cè)靈敏度.該文將用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的理論模型加以說明.
簡(jiǎn)單的化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)模型如圖1所示.首先,將待測(cè)樣品(抗原)包被于固相載體上,洗滌,除去無關(guān)的物質(zhì).然后加入經(jīng)金屬卟啉配合物(或酶)標(biāo)記的抗體,與已經(jīng)結(jié)合在固相載體上的待測(cè)樣品反應(yīng),洗滌,除去未結(jié)合的金屬卟啉(或酶)標(biāo)記抗體.最后加入發(fā)光底物而發(fā)光,檢測(cè)發(fā)光強(qiáng)度.根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線對(duì)待測(cè)樣品的濃度進(jìn)行定量分析.
圖1 化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù)的簡(jiǎn)單模型Fig.1 Simple model of the chemiluminescence immunoassay
在整個(gè)檢測(cè)技術(shù)模型中,第二步即抗原抗體免疫反應(yīng)為最關(guān)鍵的一步.這一步反應(yīng)過程中存在3個(gè)反應(yīng)平衡,如圖2所示.
圖2 標(biāo)記物反應(yīng)過程中的3個(gè)反應(yīng)平衡Fig.2 Three reaction balances of labels in the immune reaction
圖2中反應(yīng)(1)、(2)、(3)分別表示待測(cè)抗原與標(biāo)記抗體結(jié)合、過量標(biāo)記抗體與載體的非特異性結(jié)合、殘存的游離標(biāo)記物與載體的非特異性結(jié)合的反應(yīng)方程式.假定A表示為標(biāo)記抗體的量,A′為殘存游離標(biāo)記物的量,B為抗原的量,C為載體上抗體非特異性結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的量,D為載體上游離標(biāo)記物非特異性結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的量,x為抗體抗原結(jié)合的量,y為抗體與載體非特異性結(jié)合的量,z為游離標(biāo)記物與載體非特異性結(jié)合的量,那么,
由于x(抗體抗原結(jié)合的量)為特異性信號(hào),y(抗體與載體結(jié)合的量)和z(酶/金屬卟啉配合物與載體結(jié)合的量)為非特異性信號(hào),因此信噪比(R):
采用金屬卟啉配合物替代HRP作為標(biāo)記物的化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)方法,集合化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫檢測(cè)及酶標(biāo)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),克服了酶標(biāo)方法高非特異吸附本底信號(hào)及低標(biāo)記率的缺陷,進(jìn)一步提高檢測(cè)的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確度.該方法簡(jiǎn)便、快速,易實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化,不僅具有免疫反應(yīng)的特異性、化學(xué)發(fā)光反應(yīng)的高靈敏性,而且還具有化學(xué)標(biāo)記物的穩(wěn)定性.據(jù)此開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)金屬卟啉配合物標(biāo)記的化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析試劑及其臨床診斷試劑,可實(shí)現(xiàn)樣品的大量普查、隨機(jī)檢測(cè),達(dá)到快速、高靈敏度的檢測(cè)目的,具有巨大的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值和產(chǎn)業(yè)化前景.
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Theoretical Analysis on the Ascendancy of Metalloporphyrins as the Label in the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
CHEN Can-yu,YUAN Tong,ZHANG Xian-xia,HUANG Zhi-jian
(Research Center of Biomedicine and Health,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121,China)
In order to illustrate the ascendancy of metalloporphyrins as the label in the chemiluminescence immunoassay instead of HRP,the paper constructed simple model of chemiluminescence immunoassay,and analyzed the balance equations in the reaction.The results show that the signal-noise ratio can increase over two orders of magnitude with the metalloporphyrins as the label in theory.Comparing with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,highly purified metalloporphyrins can much decrease the non-specific adsorbed background signals as well as the systematic error of the detection,and greatly improve the sensitivity as well as the accuracy of the chemiluminescence immunoassay.
metalloporphyrins;label;chemiluminescence;immunoassay
R392-33
A
1674-232X(2011)03-0233-04
10.3969/j.issn.1674-232X.2011.03.009
2010-11-13
浙江省重大科技專門項(xiàng)目(2008C12063);杭州市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20100933B10);杭州師范大學(xué)科研項(xiàng)目(YS05203133).
陳燦玉(1981—),男,福建泉州人,助理研究員,博士,主要從事金屬卟啉配合物的合成及其在診斷試劑方面的研究.E-mail:chency@hznu.edu.cn