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        一氧化氮抑制缺氧誘導因子α亞基表達對大鼠缺氧性肺動脈高壓的作用*

        2011-10-24 01:47:25陳云榮戴愛國胡瑞成
        中國病理生理雜志 2011年1期
        關鍵詞:缺氧性肺動脈高壓

        陳云榮, 戴愛國, 胡瑞成

        (湖南省老年醫(yī)院-湖南省老年醫(yī)學研究所呼吸疾病研究室, 湖南 長沙 410016)

        一氧化氮抑制缺氧誘導因子α亞基表達對大鼠缺氧性肺動脈高壓的作用*

        陳云榮, 戴愛國△, 胡瑞成

        (湖南省老年醫(yī)院-湖南省老年醫(yī)學研究所呼吸疾病研究室, 湖南 長沙 410016)

        目的研究缺氧誘導因子α亞基(HIF-α)在一氧化氮(NO)抑制缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成中的作用。方法32只成年雄性SD大鼠隨機分為4組:常氧對照組(C組)、單純缺氧組(H組)、缺氧加左旋精氨酸組(L-Arg組)、缺氧加左旋精氨酸甲酯組(L-NAME組)。3個缺氧組常壓缺氧(10%)21 d并每天1次腹腔注射相應藥物。測定各組大鼠平均肺動脈壓(mPAP)、右室肥大指數(RVHI)、血管形態(tài)學指標;原位雜交和RT-PCR檢測HIF-α、誘導型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS) mRNA的表達,免疫組化和Western blotting檢測HIF-α、iNOS蛋白質的表達。結果3個缺氧組肺組織NO濃度較C組降低,且L-Arg組肺組織NO濃度高于H組,L-NAME組肺組織NO濃度低于H組。3個缺氧組mPAP、RVHI、血管壁面積與血管面積比值(WA%)、肺動脈中膜厚度(PAMT)都較對照組增高(P<0.05)。L-Arg組mPAP和PAMT較H組低(P<0.05),RVHI和WA%與H組比較差異無顯著。L-NAME組mPAP、RVHI、WA%和PAMT均較H組高(P<0.05)。3個缺氧組HIF-1α和HIF-3α mRNA表達較C組增高(P<0.05),3個缺氧組間HIF-1α mRNA表達差異無顯著,而L-NAME組HIF-3α mRNA表達高于L-Arg組(P<0.05),其它組間無顯著差異。L-NAME組HIF-2α mRNA高于C組,其它組之間差異無顯著。3個缺氧組HIF-1α、HIF-2α和HIF-3α蛋白質表達較C組均增高(P<0.05),且L-Arg組表達低于H組(P<0.05),L-NAME組高于H組(P<0.05)。直線相關分析表明,大鼠肺組織NO濃度與HIF-α蛋白質、iNOS mRNA及蛋白質表達水平、mPAP、RVHI、WA%和PAMT呈負相關(均P<0.05)。結論在缺氧性肺動脈高壓大鼠模型中NO主要在轉錄后下調HIF-α的表達,NO下調HIF-α的表達可能是其抑制缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成的重要機制。

        缺氧誘導因子; 一氧化氮; 高血壓,肺性; 缺氧

        缺氧誘導因子(HIF)是由α、β亞基組成的異二聚體,其β亞基為結構亞基,對氧穩(wěn)定;α亞基(HIF-α)是功能亞基,對氧敏感。HIF-α家族包括3個成員HIF-1α,HIF-2α、HIF-3α,在缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成過程中有重要作用,我們最近研究表明,缺氧時肺小血管HIF-α蛋白質表達增高,在缺氧大鼠和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的HPH發(fā)病中起著重要作用[1-3]。一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO) 可通過調節(jié)血管張力和血管平滑肌細胞的增殖而影響HPH的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。最近研究表明:缺氧時NO可降低HIF-α蛋白質的穩(wěn)定性,阻止缺氧誘導的HIF-α的蓄積。HIF-α可調節(jié)誘導型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的表達從而影響NO的合成。 NO和HIF-α在缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成過程中的相互調控值得研究。本實驗通過觀察大鼠HPH模型中左旋精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)和左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME)對肺組織、肺小血管HIF-α及表達的影響,探討NO是否通過調節(jié)HIF-α表達抑制缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成及NO和HIF-α在缺氧性肺動脈高壓形成過程中的相互調控,為HPH的防治提供新的理論依據。

        材 料 和 方 法

        1動物模型復制及分組

        32只清潔級成年雄性健康SD大鼠 (湖南中醫(yī)學院實驗動物中心提供),體重(270±30)g,隨機數字表法分為4組,每組8只:常氧對照組,3個缺氧組。常氧對照組(C組)每天腹腔注射生理鹽水1 mL。3個缺氧組分別為:單純缺氧組(H組),每天缺氧前腹腔注射生理鹽水1 mL;缺氧加L-Arg組(L-Arg組),每天缺氧前腹腔注射L-Arg(Sigma)500 mg/kg;缺氧加L-NAME組(L-NAME組),每天缺氧前腹腔注射L-NAME(Sigma)5 mg/kg。3個缺氧組按本研究室傳統(tǒng)方法[2]每天(10.0±0.5)%氧濃度常壓缺氧8 h。

        2平均肺動脈壓(meanpulmonaryarterialpressure,mPAP)測定及右室肥厚指數(rightventriclehypertrophyindex,RVHI)的測定

        按照我室的傳統(tǒng)方法[2]大鼠經1%戊巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg) 腹腔麻醉后,經右頸外靜脈插入微導管,通過壓力傳感器接上Medlab生物信號采集系統(tǒng)(南京美易科技有限公司) 測大鼠mPAP。經以上檢測后將大鼠處死,取出心臟置4 %多聚甲醛固定48 h,分別稱取右室(RV) 和左室+室間隔(LV+S) 的濕重,按RVHI=RV/ (LV+S) 計算RVHI。

        3肺小血管形態(tài)學分析

        大鼠左側肺組織以4%多聚甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,切片,厚度4 μm,蘇木精-伊紅(HE) 染色,每只大鼠選3張肺組織切片,每張切片以單盲法選取斷面積較圓的直徑100 μm左右的肺細小動脈5支,用病理圖像分析軟件(PIPS22020型,重慶天海醫(yī)療設備有限公司)測定肺動脈管壁面積/管總面積(ratio of vascular wall area to total vascular area,WA%)和肺動脈中膜厚度(pulmonary artery media thickness,PAMT),作為肺小血管重塑指標。

        4NO濃度測定

        5肺小血管壁HIF-α和iNOS的原位雜交

        寡核苷酸探針,地高辛標記的多相寡核苷酸探針(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司提供) 探針序列。HIF-1α:(1)5’-TTATG AGCTT GCTCA TCAGT TGCCA CTTCC-3’; (2)5’-CTCAG TTTGA ACTAA CTGGA CACAG TGTGT-3’; (3)5’-GGCCG CTCAA TTTAT GAATA TTATC ATGCT-3’。HIF-2α:(1) 5’-CGAAC ACATA AACTC CTGTC TTCAG TGTGC-3’;(2)5’-ATCCG AGAGA ACCTG ACACT CAAAA CTGGC-3’; (3)5’-GGGCA AGTGA GAGTC TACAA CAACT GCCCC-3’.HIF-3α:(1)5’-CGCAT GCACC GCCTC TGCGC TGCAG GGGAG-3’;(2)5’-ACATG GCTTA CCTGT CGGAA AATGT CAGCA-3’;(3)5’-ATATG AGGGC CTACA AGCCC CCTGC ACAGA-3’。iNOS:(1)5’-GTGGC GTAAA GTATG TGTCT GCAGA TATGC TGGAA-3’;(2)5’-GAAGC CATGA CCTTC CGCAT TAGCA GAGAA GCAAA-3’; (3)5’-TCTTC GGGCTTCAGG TTATT GATCC AAGTG CTGCA-3’。參照說明書及Hu等[4]雜交步驟,二氨基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB) 顯色棕黃色為陽性結果(主要在胞漿)。結果觀察: 每只大鼠選2張結構完整的切片,每張切片以單盲法選3支直徑100 μm左右的肺小動脈,圖像分析軟件(PIPS22020型,重慶天海醫(yī)療設備有限公司)檢測肺細小動脈管壁平均吸光度(A) 值作為管壁HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α和iNOS表達相對含量。

        6RT-PCR測肺組織中HIF-α和iNOSmRNA的轉錄

        取右肺組織0.1 g,按說明書用Trizol試劑(上海生工)提取總RNA, 逆轉錄后進行PCR,擴增引物由上海生物公司合成。PCR 反應條件: 94 ℃預變性5 min,94 ℃變性30 s,適宜溫度退火30 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,反應適當循環(huán),最后72 ℃延伸10 min。RT-PCR產物經1.5 % 的瓊脂糖凝膠(含0.5 mg/L 溴化乙啶) 電泳,凝膠圖像分析系統(tǒng)(上海Tanon Gis-2010)對擴增產物條帶吸光度半定量,計算待測條帶的吸光度與內參照β-actin的吸光度比值。引物序列、退火溫度、產物長度、循環(huán)數見表1。

        表1 各目的基因的引物序列、退火溫度、產物長度、循環(huán)數

        7肺小血管壁HIF-α和iNOS免疫組織化學

        Ⅰ抗:HIF-1α,HIF-2α、HIF-3α、iNOS均為兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體(Santa Cruz),1∶200稀釋。Ⅱ抗SABC測檢試劑盒(購自武漢博士德公司)。操作步驟參照李啟芳等[2]的方法, DAB顯色陽性結果(主要在胞漿) 顯棕黃色。結果觀察:肺小動脈血管選擇以及管壁HIF-α和iNOS的蛋白表達相對含量檢測同原位雜交。

        8Westernblotting檢測肺組織中HIF-α和iNOS蛋白質表達水平

        取大鼠右側肺組織0.1 g,剪碎加入1 mL改良RIPA裂解液[50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mmol/L NaCl、0.5%脫氧膽酸鈉、1 mmol/L EDTA、1% NP-40、0.1 mg/L PMSF和2 mg/L亮抑素],冰浴條件下組織勻漿; 4 ℃ 10 000×g離心,棄除沉淀,上清液即為肺組織總蛋白。Bradford法測定上清液總蛋白濃度,樣品分裝、貯存于-80 ℃中備用。每孔加入等量蛋白質樣品,7.5%十二烷基硫酸鈉-丙烯酰胺凝膠200伏恒壓電泳后,轉印至硝酸纖維膜。5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉2 h后,與1∶1 000稀釋的Ⅰ抗(Santa Cruz) 4 ℃溫育過夜。封閉液漂洗后加入1∶2 000稀釋的Ⅱ抗(Santa Cruz),室溫下?lián)u床雜交1 h。漂洗后增強化學發(fā)光法發(fā)光,X線膠片顯影,圖像分析系統(tǒng)(上海Tanon Gis-2010)對條帶吸光度半定量,計算待測條帶的吸光度與內參照β-actin的吸光度比值。

        9統(tǒng)計學處理

        結 果

        1NO抑制缺氧性肺血管重塑和肺動脈壓升高

        3個缺氧組肺組織勻漿NO濃度均降低,L-Arg組肺組織勻漿NO濃度高于H組,L-NAME組低于H組,見表2;3個缺氧組mPAP、RVHI都增高,并發(fā)生血管重塑。L-Arg組mPAP、RVHI較H組低(P<0.05),血管重塑不如H組明顯,L-NAME組mPAP、RVHI較H組高(P<0.05),血管重塑比H組更明顯,見表2。

        表2各組大鼠肺組織NO濃度及mPAP、RVHI(%)、WA%

        GroupNO(mol/gprotein)mPAP(mmHg)RVHI(%)WA(%)PAMT(μm)Control12.49±2.4816.9±2.523.8±3.834.8±5.58.4±1.3L-Arg7.95±1.25*24.8±3.2*26.8±2.5*55.6±5.6*16.5±2.2*Hypoxia5.47±0.91*△30.4±4.5*△28.9±1.9*61.2±4.9*19.8±3.1*△L-NAME2.08±0.36*△#35.1±3.9*△#32.0±1.6*△#69.8±7.0*△#23.3±2.9*△#

        *P<0.05vscontrol;△P<0.05vsL-Arg;#P<0.05vshypoxia.

        2NO抑制缺氧誘導的缺氧誘導因子升高

        2.1不同組HIF-α mRNA表達變化 原位雜交示肺小動脈HIF-1α mRNA在對照組呈陽性表達,缺氧組HIF-1α mRNA表達增高,呈較強陽性或強陽性表達,但H組、L-Arg組、L-NAME組3個缺氧組間HIF-1α mRNA表達差異無顯著,見圖2;RT-PCR示肺組織HIF-1α mRNA表達變化規(guī)律與肺小動脈相同,見表3、圖1。原位雜交示各組大鼠肺小動脈HIF-2α mRNA呈陽性表達,L-NAME組HIF-2α mRNA表達略高于C組,見表3、圖3。其它組間表達差異無顯著;RT-PCR示4組大鼠肺組織HIF-2α mRNA均有明顯表達,但各組間表達無明顯差異,見圖1。原位雜交示HIF-3α mRNA在對照組呈弱陽性表達,3個缺氧組HIF-3α mRNA均呈陽性或較強陽性表達,見表3、圖4,且L-NAME組HIF-3α mRNA表達高于L-Arg組(P<0.05),L-Arg組、L-NAME組與H組間比較差異均無顯著,RT-PCR示對照組HIF-3α mRNA表達較弱,3個缺氧組HIF-3α mRNA表達均較C組增高,見圖1。

        Figure 1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits (HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α)and iNOS mRNA C:control; H, hypoxia for 21 d; L-Arg: hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg; L-NAME: hypoxia for 21d with administration of L-NAME. The amplification of β-actin was used as a control.

        圖1RT-PCR檢測各組大鼠肺組織HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α和iNOSmRNA的表達

        Figure 2.Insituhybridization analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α mRNA expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D)(DAB,×400). HIF-1α mRNA was positively stained in control (A), and increased a little after exposure to hypoxia(B) (P<0.05), but no significant differences were observed among the three hypoxia groups(B, C and D).

        圖2肺小血管壁HIF-1αmRNA表達

        Figure 3.Insituhybridization analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α mRNA expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D) (DAB, ×400). HIF-2α mRNA was positively stained in control(A),and increased a little after exposure to hypoxia with administration of L-NAME(D) (P<0.05), but no significant differences were observed among A,B and C).

        圖3肺小血管壁HIF-2αmRNA表達

        Figure 4.Insituhybridization analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-3α mRNA expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D)(DAB, ×400). HIF-3α mRNA was poor positively stained in control (A), and increased significantly after exposure to hypoxia.

        圖4肺小血管壁HIF-3αmRNA表達

        2.2HIF-α protein表達變化 Western blotting示HIF-1α、HIF-2α蛋白在C組大鼠肺組織中有表達,HIF-3α在C組大鼠肺組織中呈較弱表達,缺氧組大鼠HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α表達均明顯增高,且它們在L-Arg組大鼠肺組織表達水平低于C組,而L-NAME組大鼠,肺組織表達水平高于C組,見圖5。免疫組化示HIF-1α蛋白在對照組肺小血管表達不明顯,在肺小血管中L-Arg組呈弱陽性表達,H組、L-NAME組呈陽性表達,且L-NAME組表達更明顯,見表3、圖6。HIF-2α蛋白在對照組肺小血管呈弱陽性表達,L-Arg組呈陽性表達,H組、L-NAME組呈強陽性表達,L-NAME組表達更明顯,見表3、圖7。HIF-3α蛋白在對照組肺小血管未見明顯表達(支氣管上皮呈弱陽性表達),L-Arg組呈陽性表達,H組、L-NAME組呈較強陽性表達,且L-NAME組表達更明顯,見表3、圖8。

        3NO抑制缺氧誘導的iNOS表達升高

        原位雜交示及免疫組化示對照組大鼠肺小血管iNOS mRNA和蛋白質呈陽性表達,見表3、圖9、10, H組iNOS mRNA和蛋白質呈強陽性表達。H組iNOS與L-NAME組、L-Arg組比較差別無顯著,但L-NAME組iNOS與L-Arg組比較差異顯著。RT-PCR結果與原位雜交結果一致,見圖5。

        Figure 5. Western blotting analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits (HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α) and iNOS protein levels in rat lung tissues during normoxia (control) and hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg and L-NAME. C: control; H: hypoxia for 21 d; L-Arg: hypoxia for 21d with administration of L-Arg; L-NAME: hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-NAME. The amplification of β-actin was used as a control.

        圖5各組大鼠肺組織HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α和iNOS蛋白質的表達

        Figure 6. Immunohistochemistry analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D)(DAB,×400). HIF-1α protein was induced in all three hypoxia groups, and it was significantly lower in L-Arg group, but significantly higher in L-NAME group than that in H group.

        圖6肺小血管壁HIF-1α蛋白質表達

        Figure 7. Immunohistochemistry analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α protein expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D) (DAB,×400). HIF-2α protein were induced in all three hypoxia groups, and it was significantly lower in L-Arg group, but significantly higher in L-NAME group than that in H group.

        圖7肺小血管壁HIF-2α蛋白質表達

        Figure 8. Immunohistochemistry analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-3α protein expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A) (control), 21d(B), or hypoxia for 21d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D) (DAB,×400). HIF-3α protein were induced in all three hypoxia groups, and it was significantly lower in L-Arg group, but significantly higher in L-NAME group than that in H group.

        圖8肺小血管壁HIF-3α蛋白質表達

        表3NO對大鼠肺小動脈HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α和iNOSmRNA和蛋白表達的影響

        GroupHIF-1αmRNAHIF-2αmRNAHIF-3αmRNAHIF-1αproteinHIF-2αproteinHIF-3αproteiniNOSmRNAiNOSproteinControl0.143±0.0180.130±0.0180.090±0.0050.082±0.0110.096±0.0070.050±0.0070.125±0.0170.130±0.020 L-Arg0.173±0.018*0.153±0.0160.220±0.020*0.112±0.012*0.184±0.019*0.141±0.017*0.232±0.029*0.223±0.030*Hypoxia0.172±0.020*0.152±0.0180.239±0.028*0.145±0.017*△0.239±0.028*△0.182±0.029*△0.248±0.041*0.244±0.025*L-NAME0.185±0.018*0.159±0.016*0.257±0.029*△0.205±0.021*△#0.294±0.028*△#0.233±0.025*△#0.283±0.032*△#0.272±0.032*△#

        *P<0.05vscontrol;△P<0.05vsL-Arg;#P<0.05vshypoxia.

        Figure 9.Insituhybridization analysis of iNOS mRNA expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A)(control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D) (DAB,×400). iNOS mRNA was increased in all three hypoxia groups, and was significantly higher in L-NAME group than that in H group, but no significant difference was observed between L-Arg group and H group.

        圖9肺小血管壁iNOSmRNA表達

        Figure 10. Immunohistochemistry analysis of iNOS mRNA expression in rat pulmonary arteries after exposure to hypoxia for 0 d (A)(control), 21 d(B), or hypoxia for 21 d with administration of L-Arg(C) and L-NAME(D) (DAB,×400). iNOS protein was increased in all three hypoxia groups, and was significantly higher in L-NAME group than than in H group, but no significant difference was observed between L-Arg group and H group.

        圖10肺小血管壁iNOS蛋白質表達

        4NO濃度與HIF-α蛋白質、iNOS表達及非小血管重塑指標的相關性

        直線相關分析表明,大鼠肺組織NO濃度與HIF-1α(r=-0.85)、HIF-2α(r=-0.89)、HIF-3α(r=-0.88)蛋白質、iNOS mRNA(r=-0.82)、iNOS蛋白質(r=-0.84)表達水平及PAMT(r=-0.87)、RVHI(r=-0.74)、mPAP(r=-0.83)、WA%(r=-0.87)呈負相關(均P<0.01)。

        討 論

        早期研究發(fā)現NO和L-Arg可通過抑制內皮素1(ET-1)、血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)等的表達[5],抑制HPH和HPSR的發(fā)生發(fā)展。HIF對常氧和缺氧狀態(tài)下介導生理和病理過程起非常關鍵的作用,Manalo等[6]認為肺動脈內皮細胞可能有5%的基因受HIF-1調控。我們研究發(fā)現HPH發(fā)展的不同階段HIF-α亞基基因表達在肺血管壁的動態(tài)變化有明顯差異[7],缺氧時HIF-1α可調控其靶基因iNOS、血紅素氧合酶1等表達,參與缺氧大鼠和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者缺氧性肺血管重塑(HPSR)的形成。我們研究還發(fā)現有絲分裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPKs)、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)通路調控HIFs,參與在缺氧大鼠和COPD患者HPSR的形成[8]。低濃度NO可減少缺氧[9,10]及去鐵胺[11]誘導的HIF-1α及其靶基因在培養(yǎng)細胞內的表達增高。本實驗中L-Arg組大鼠HIF-α表達均降低,L-NAME組大鼠HIF-α表達均增高,且HIF-1α、HIF-2α、HIF-3α蛋白質水平與肺組織NO濃度均呈負相關,提示缺氧性肺動脈高壓大鼠模型中NO可能通過調節(jié)HIF-α的表達,進而調節(jié)其靶基因的表達。

        我們先前研究表明,缺氧時肺組織HIF-1α在肺組織蓄積,可誘導iNOS表達增高,使NO合成增加[4]。本實驗中iNOS表達變化的趨勢與HIF-α一致,3個缺氧組(L-Arg組、單純缺氧組、L-NAME組)iNOS水平均增高,且L-Arg組表達低于H組,L-NAME組高于H組。iNOS的表達與HIF-α呈正相關,而與NO呈負相關,提示NO可能通過抑制HIF-α的表達,降低iNOS的表達水平,使NO合成減少。

        缺氧對HIF-α的表達調控主要通過影響HIF-α蛋白質的穩(wěn)定性,我們研究發(fā)現大鼠缺氧性肺動脈高壓發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中HIF-1α、HIF-2α mRNA僅輕度升高,而蛋白質表達水平明顯升高,說明其表達主要發(fā)生在蛋白質水平。低濃度NO可減少缺氧及去鐵胺誘導的HIF-1α在培養(yǎng)細胞內的蓄積,而對HIF-1 α mRNA水平無影響,說明NO主要通過對HIF-α的蛋白質穩(wěn)定性調節(jié)HIF-α的蛋白質水平[8-10]。本實驗中3個缺氧組(H組、L-Arg組、和L-NAME組)肺組織和肺小血管HIF-α蛋白質水平均增高,且L-Arg組表達低于H組,L-NAME組高于H組,而3個缺氧組間mRNA表達水平差異無顯著,提示NO對HIF-α表達的調控發(fā)生在蛋白質水平。

        我們研究發(fā)現HIF脯氨酸羥化酶(HIF prolyl hydroxylase,PHD)表達和活性的改變是導致HIF-α差異性表達的重要原因,NO降低HIF-α蛋白質穩(wěn)定性的作用可能與cGMP-蛋白激酶途徑無關,而與PHD活性有關[12]。Hagen等[9]發(fā)現這是由于線粒體細胞色素C氧化酶對O2的Km值比PHD低,NO抑制細胞色素氧化酶,氧分子重新分布,細胞內氧濃度增加,PHD活性增強,HIF-1α的降解增加,其它線粒體呼吸抑制劑也有相同作用。Callapina等[10]發(fā)現NO可使細胞內活性氧簇(ROS)形成增加,增強PHD活性,清除ROS后NO的作用減弱。Kozhukhar等[13]認為NO損傷線粒體及線粒體呼吸鏈,線粒體內2-酮戊二酸、亞鐵離子釋放入胞質增加PHD的活性。本實驗中NO增加HIF-α降解的機制是否通過增強PHD活性尚需進一步研究。尚有研究發(fā)現常氧時NO可以增加HIF-1α的蛋白質穩(wěn)定性[14,15],但本實驗中NO增加了HIF-α的降解,導致HIF-α蛋白質水平下降及其靶基因表達的下調。

        [1] 李啟芳, 戴愛國, 徐 平. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺小血管低氧誘導因子-α的表達[J]. 中華內科雜志, 2006, 45(2): 136-139.

        [2] 李啟芳, 戴愛國. 大鼠缺氧性肺動脈高壓過程中缺氧誘導因子1α和血紅素氧合酶1的變化[J]. 中國病理生理雜志, 2005, 21(7): 1260-1264.

        [3] 李熾觀, 戴愛國, 嚴鵬科. 低氧誘導因子1在低氧致肺動脈平滑肌細胞增殖中的作用[J]. 中國病理生理雜志, 2007,23(7): 1301-1305.

        [4] Hu R, Dai A, Tan S. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha upregulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in pulmonary arteries of hypoxic rat[J]. Chin Med J(Engl), 2002, 115(12): 1833-1837.

        [5] Blumberg FC, Wolf K, Sandner P, et al. The NO donor molsidomine reduces endothelin-1 gene expression in chronic hypoxic rat lungs[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2001, 280(2): L258-L263.

        [6] Manalo DJ,Rowan A,Lavoie T,et al.Transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial cell responses to hypoxia by HIF-1[J].Blood,2005,105(2):659-669.

        [7] Chen YR, Dai AG, Hu RC, et al. Differential and reciprocal regulation between hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha subunits and their prolyl hydroxylases in pulmonary arteries of rat with hypoxia-induced hypertension[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, 2006, 38(6): 423-434.

        [8] 孔春初, 戴愛國. 磷酸肌醇3-激酶調控缺氧誘導因子1α對大鼠缺氧性肺動脈高壓的作用[J]. 中國病理生理雜志, 2006, 22(11): 2132-2137.

        [9] Hagen T, Taylor CT, Lam F, et al. Redistribution of intracellular oxygen in hypoxia by nitric oxide: effect on HIF1α[J]. Science, 2003, 302(5652): 1975-1978.

        [10]Callapina M, Zhou J, Schmid T, et al. NO restores HIF-1alpha hydroxylation during hypoxia: Role of reactive oxygen species[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2005, 39(7): 925-936.

        [11]Callapina M, Zhou J, Schnitzer S, et al. Nitric oxide reverses desferrioxamine- and hypoxia-evoked HIF-1α accumulation-implications for prolyl hydroxylase activity and iron[J]. Exp Cell Res, 2005, 306(1): 274-284.

        [12]Wang F, Sekine H, Kikuchi Y, et al. HIF-1α-prolyl hydroxylase: molecular target of nitric oxide in the hypoxic signal transduction pathway[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2002, 295(3): 657-662.

        [13]Kozhukhar AV, Yasinska IM, Sumbayev VV. Nitric oxide inhibits HIF-1α protein accumulation under hypoxic conditions: implication of 2-oxoglutarate and iron[J]. Biochimie, 2006, 88(5): 411-418.

        [14]Metzen E, Zhou J, Jelkmann W, et al. Nitric oxide impairs normoxic degradation of HIF-1α by inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases[J]. Mol Biol Cell, 2003, 14(8): 3470-3481.

        [15]Quintero M, Brennan PA, Thomas GJ, et al. Nitric oxide is a factor in the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in cancer: role of free radical formation[J]. Cancer Res, 2006, 66(2): 770-774.

        Inhibitionofhypoxia-induciblefactorαexpressionbynitricoxideinratswithhypoxicpulmonaryhypertension

        CHEN Yun-rong, DAI Ai-guo, HU Rui-cheng

        (DepartmentofRespiratoryMedicine,HunanInstituteofGerontology,HunanProvinceGeriatricHospital,Changsha410001,China.E-mail:daiaiguo2003@163.com)

        AIM: To investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor α(HIF-α) in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.METHODSL-arginine was used as the NO donor. Male SD rats (n=32) were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1 group of normoxia (C group) and 3 groups of hypoxia. The rats in hypoxia groups were exposed to 10% oxygen merely (H group), and with administration of L-arginine (L-Arg group) or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME group). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), pulmonary artery morphometry and right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) were measured. RT-PCR andinsituhybridization were used to detect the mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were adopted to determine the expression of the proteins.RESULTSThe NO concentrations of the lung tissues in 3 hypoxic groups were lower than that in C group. In H group, the NO concentration was lower than that in L-Arg group, bwt higher than that in L-NAME group. mPAP, RVHI, ratio of vascular wall area to total vascular area(WA%) and pulmonary artery media thickness(PAMT) were higher in hypoxic groups than those in C group. mPAP and PAMT in L-Arg group were significantly lower than those in H group (P<0.05), but those in L-NAME group were signficantly higher (P<0.05) WA% and RVHI in L-NAME group were significantly higher than those in H group(P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between H group and L-Arg group. Compared with C group, the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and HIF-3α increased in hypoxia groups (P<0.05).For HIF-1α mRNA, no significant difference was observed among the 3 hypoxia groups, while the alteration of HIF-3α mRNA was more obvious in L-NAME group than that in H group (P<0.05). HIF-2α mRNA was higher in L-NAME group than that in H group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed among other groups. The proteins of HIF-α were induced in all 3 hypoxia groups (P<0.05), and they were significantly lower in L-Arg group (P<0.05)but significantly higher in L-NAME group (P<0.05) than that in H groups. Linear correlation analysis showed the negative correlations between NO concentration and the HIF-α protein, iNOS mRNA and protein, mPAP, RVHI, WA%, PAMT.CONCLUSIONNitric oxide may down-regulate HIF-α expression via posttranscriptional modification. The NO-mediated increase in HIF-α expression may be potentially involved in the inhibition of developing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

        Hypoxia-inducible factor; Nitric oxide; Hypertension, pulmonary; Hypoxia

        R363

        A

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2011.01.003

        1000-4718(2011)01-0014-08

        2010-06-20

        2010-10-23

        國家自然科學基金資助項目 (No.30570815);湖南省自然科學基金資助項目(No.07JJ3035);湖南省衛(wèi)生廳課題資助項目(No.B2006-178)

        △通訊作者 Tel:0731-84762793; E-mail: daiaiguo2003@163.com

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